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GENETICSLab Biology- Chapter 9
Honors Biology- Chapter 12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLCqFo03Qpo&feature=related
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Modified genome of an organism Takes DNA from multiple sources and
combine them to form a new genome DNA from same species DNA from different species- Transgenic
organisms
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GOLDEN RICE
Insertion of genes to produce a precursor of vitamin A (beta-carotene)
Helps areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A
Golden rice
White rice
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DANGERS OF GMO’S
Unexpected allergies
Introduction of new genes to a population
Creation of invasive species
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HONORS- GENE EXPRESSION- EUKARYOTES
Gene expression- activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein
Chromosome coiling Euchromatin- uncoiled form Heterochromatin- condensed form
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HONORS- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
Transcription factors Proteins that regulate transcription Enhancer- noncoding sequence that helps
activate transcription
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GENETICS
Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring Gene- unit of heredity found of a DNA
molecule Encodes for a trait
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CHROMOSOMES OCCUR IN PAIRS
GENES OCCUR IN PAIRS
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ALLELE
Allele- symbols (letters) used to represent genes Potential alternate forms Ex. T=tall, t= short
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RECESSIVE
Trait expressed Capital letter
T=tall, B= purple Masks another trait
Trait that may not be expressed
Lowercase letter t= short, b=white Only expressed when
there is no dominant trait present
DOMINANT
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HOMOZYGOUS/PURE
Both alleles are the same Examples:
TT tt bb CC
Alleles differ Examples:
Tt Bb Cc
HETEROZYGOUS/ HYBRID
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GENOTYPE
Genetic make up Examples:
homozygous, heterozygous, GG, Bb, Qq
Physical appearance Examples:
Tall, short, blue, wrinkled
PHENOTYPE
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CROSS
Symbolic of
reproduction
_________x ___________
P Generation= Parental
generation
F1= first generation
F2= second generation
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PUNNET SQUARE
Diagram used to predict the phenotype and genotype of offspring
http://www.changbioscience.com/genetics/punnett.html
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_05/BL_05.htmlDoes not work on iPads
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REMEMBER!
Genetic recombination
Scrambling of genes
Occurs in meiosis during
prophase 1
Can alter probability of
genotype and
phenotype ratios