Biboso et al, v. Victorias Milling &OP / GR No. L44360 / 3.3.!! /Gro"#s o$ %lo'ees ( Probationar' %lo'ees )*) / +ernan,o, -#.F: Ps assails thedecisionof Jacobe(OPPresl EA),declaringthat asProbationaryEmployees, theyarenot coveredbythemantleof laborprotectionasgaranteedbythe!onstittion"Ps areteachersinP#sschool, $hoservesina%ear&to&%earbasis,signingne$contractseachyear, stiplated as 'temporary as and $hen re(ired ntil) ma*ing Ps asprobationaryemployees" Psargesthatthey$eresb+ectedbyP#tonfair labor practice" P#ontheother handarges other$ise" ,-#!favored Ps, OP P#s, hence this"/0e Labor 1o,e ,oes not set t0e &a2i&"& #robationar' #erio, atsi2 &ont0s. 3n,er t0e Labor 1o,e, t0e #robationar' #erio, is t0e#erio, re4"ire, to learn a s5ill, tra,e, occ"#ation or #ro$ession.6not0er 7or,s, t0eLabor 1o,erecogni8es t0e#olic'o$ t0eB"rea"o$ Private9c0oolssettlingt0e&a2i&"robationar'#erio, $or teac0ers at t0ree 'ears.: 6. ;ON t0e OP 7as correct.#: .he petition, as noted at the otset, cannot prosper" ;0at is ,ecisiveis t0at #etitioners 7ere 7ell a7are all t0e ti&e t0at t0eir ten"re7as $or a li&ite, ,"ration./pon its termination, both parties to theemployment relationship $ere free to rene$ it or to let it lapse" 0t $as thedecision of private respondent that it shold cease" .here is no (estion here, as noted in the assailed order of PresidentialE1ectiveAssistant !lave, that petitionersdidnot en+oyapermanentstats"?6nt. 1at0olic Migration 1o&&ission >61M1? v. NLR1 & Galang / GRNo. !)))) / .30.*@ / Gro"#s o$ %lo'ees ( Probationar'%lo'ees )*) / +ernan, - #.F: 0!@!, non&proAt refgee org, hired P#as a Probationary cltralorientation teacher" 8 months in the Pro;, he $as advised orally and in$riting that she failed here evalation, therefore she is being terminated,thereafter she acted strangely to the point that she $as hospitaliBed C Ptoo* care of her and $as given her beneAts" On D"EE"D8 she sed P forillegal dismissal, nfair labor practice, npaid $ages and reinstatement" P!ontered, that she coldnt claim sch becase she $as terminated forfailre to (alify as a reglar employee as prescribed by her employer" -Adismissedthecomplaint bt orderedpayment of her $ages for thenconsmed 8 months, ,-#! a2rmed on ma+ority decision" 6. ;ON PR is entitle, to 0er salar' $or t0e "ne2#ire, #ortion o$0er si2 &ont0.#: ,ot entitled" FeAndnmeritorios, therefore, pblic respondent9sargmentthatthesecrityoftenreofprobationaryemployees$ithinthe period of their probation, as in the case of herein private respondent,+stiAed the a$ard of salary for the ne1pired portion of her probationaryemployment" .he termination of private respondent predicated on a +stcase negates the application in this case of the prononcement in thecase of ;iboso v" 3ictorias @illing !o", 0nc", 5E on the right of secrity oftenre of probationary employees" #ecords sho$that privaterespondent $as fondbypetitioner tobedeAcient in classroommanagement, teacher&stdent relationship andteachingtechni(es"+ail"reto4"ali$'asareg"lar elo'eeinaccor,ance 7it0 t0e reasonable stan,ar,s o$ t0e elo'er is a="stca"se$orter&inatinga#robationar'elo'ees#eciAcall'recogni8e, "n,er Brticle )*) >no7 Brticle )*? o$ t0e Labor 1o,e .he legal basis of pblic respondent is erroneos"B#robationar'elo'ee, as "n,erstoo, "n,er Brticle )*) >no7 Brticle )*? o$t0eLabor1o,e,isone70oisontrial b'anelo'er,"ring70ic0 t0e elo'er ,eter&ines 70et0er or not 0e is 4"aliAe, $or#er&anent elo'&ent. B #robationar' a##oint&ent is &a,e toaCor, t0eelo'erano##ort"nit'toobserve t0eAtness o$a#robationer 70ile at 7or5, an,toascertain 70et0er 0e 7illbeco&e a #ro#er an, eDcient elo'ee./0e 7or,E#robationar'E,as"se,to,escribet0e#erio,o$elo'&ent,ilies t0e #"r#ose o$ t0e ter& or #erio,, b"t not its lengt0. E/0e rig0t o$ a laborer to sell 0is labor to s"c0 #ersons as 0e &a'c0oose is, in its essence, t0e sa&e as t0e rig0t o$ an elo'er to#"rc0ase labor $ro& an' #erson 70o& it c0ooses./0e elo'eran, t0e elo'ee 0ave t0"s an e4"alit' o$ rig0t g"arantee, b't0e1onstit"tion. 6$ t0eelo'ercancoel t0eelo'eeto7or5 against t0e latter:s 7ill, t0is is servit",e. 6$ t0e elo'eecan coel t0e elo'er to give 0i& 7or5 against t0e elo'er:s7ill, t0is is o##ression.EVer B"iser, Bc"Fa & 6ntengan v. Leogar,o >MOL%? & Gen/ele#0one )*? / 1r"8, - #.F: Jonasan P# $as hired as an OJ., after $Gc, as an Pro; for Hmos" M days(55"D"65) before the end of her Pro; she $as dismissed on the grondthat she had not come p to the standards of the P Jotel" 4ing, -A fonddismissal+stiAed, appealing, ,-#! fond her to had become a reglaremployee then, hence this"6. ;ON P 0a, beco&e a Reg"lar %lo'ee.#: Iismissed"On t0e iss"e o$ illegal ,is&issal, 7e An, t0atJonasan7as#lace,b't0e#etitioneron#robationt7ice,Arst,"ring 0er on(t0e(=ob training $or t0ree 7ee5s, an, ne2t ,"ringanot0er #erio, o$ si2 &ont0s, ostensibl' in accor,ance 7it0Brticle)*. Jer #robationclearl'e2cee,e,t0e#erio,o$ si2&ont0s #rescribe, b' t0is article.%ven i$ it be s"##ose, t0at t0e#robation ,i, not en, 7it0 t0e t0ree(7ee5 #erio, o$ on(t0e(=obtraining, t0ere is still no reason 70' t0at #erio, s0o"l, not beincl",e, in t0e sti#"late, si2(&ont0 #erio, o$ #robation. Jonasan$as accepted for on&the&+ob training on April 5N, 5665" Assming that herprobationcoldbee1tendedbeyondthat date, it nevertheless coldcontine only p to October 5N, 5665, after the end of si1 months fromtheearlierdate" /nderthismorelenientapproach, shehadbecomeareglar employee of Joliday 0nn and ac(ired fll secrity of tenre as ofOctober 5N, 5665"Art" E76" 4ecrityof .enre=0ncases of reglar employment, theemployer shallnot terminate the services of an employee e1cept for a+st case or $hen athoriBed by this .itle" An employee $ho is n+stlydismissedfrom$or*shall beentitledtoreinstatement $ithotlossofseniority rights and other privileges and to his fll bac*$ages, inclsive ofallo$ances, and to his other beneAts or their monetary e(ivalentcompted from the time his compensation $as $ithheld from him p tothe time of his actalreinstatement" .he gronds for the removalof areglar employeeareenmeratedinArticleEDE, ED8andEDMof the-abor!ode" .heprocedreforschremoval isprescribedin#leO03,;oo* 3 of the Omnibs #les 0mplementing the -abor !ode".hese rles$ere not observed in the case at bar as Jonasan $as simply told that herservices $ere being terminated becase they $ere fond to bensatisfactory" ,o administrative investigation of any *ind $asnderta*en to +stify this grond"/0e #olic' o$ t0e 1onstit"tion is to give t0e "t&ost #rotection tot0e 7or5ing class 70en s"b=ecte, to s"c0 &ane"vers as t0e oneattete,b't0e#etitioners. /0is1o"rtis$"ll'co&&itte,tot0at #olic' an, 0as al7a's been 4"ic5 to rise in ,e$ense o$ t0erig0ts o$ labor, as in t0is case.PRs? / GR No. 06)46 / @..@4 / Gro"#s o$%lo'ees N Reg"lar %lo'ees >)*0? / P"no, - #.F: P#s are employees of P varying from5Pmos to M"N yrs, givenpermanency on 7"58"DD" P has a !;A $ith the employees /nion grantingits reglar employees aP8NPincreaseintheir $ages fromM"5"D7C8"85"6P" Amongthee1ceptions$erePro;s" P#s$eredeniedof theirdemand" After the e1piration of the !;A, P#s sed" -A dismissed, ,-#!reversed, assailingthatP#sareentitledtotheincreasebecasetheybecame #eglar Employees (#Es) H months after hiring" P claimsprescription" Jence this"6. ;ON PRs are covere, b' t0e increase.#: PetitionIismissed" Petitioner deniedtheir demandcontendingthate1cldes ?temporary or probationary employees " " " "? #eading ArticlesEDP and ED5 of the -abor !ode, providing for reglar and casalemployment respectively,it cannot be ,enie, t0at #rivateres#on,ents attaine, t0e stat"s o$ reg"lar elo'ees evenbe$ore @**.+irstl', t0e' #er$or& activities 70ic0 are necessar'or ,esirable in t0e "s"al b"siness o$ t0e #etitioner as an electriccoo#erative. /0e' are &eter ins#ectors, PBBO o#erators, "tilit'&en, ,isconnectors, line&en, &essengers, secretaries, cler5s,t'#ists, #l"&bers, &ec0anics, ,ra$ts&en, JR< #ersonnel,collectors an, electricians. 6n,ee,, t0eir a##oint&ents 7o"l, not0ave been reg"lari8e, i$ t0eir =obs 7ere not in,is#ensable in t0e,ail' o#eration o$ t0e #etitioner:s b"siness.9econ,l', t0e' 0a,7or5e, $or #etitioner $or &ore t0an si2 >6? &ont0s be$ore t0e'7ere given reg"lar a##oint&ents. /0e' 0a, been 0ire, onvario"s ,ates starting $ro& @*4.Brticles )*0 an, )* o$ o"r Labor 1o,e, s"#ra, #"t an en, to t0e#ernicio"s#racticeo$ &a5ing#er&anent cas"also$ o"r lo7l'elo'ees b' t0e sile e2#e,ient o$ e2ten,ing to t0erobationar' a##oint&ents, a, inAnit"&./0"s,Brticle )*,s"#ra, #lace, a ceiling on #robationar' elo'&ent, i.e., not toe2cee, si2 >6? &ont0s $ro&t0e ,ate t0e elo'ee starte,7or5ing. On t0e ot0er 0an,, Brticle )*0, s"#ra, ,eAne, 70en anelo'&ent s0all be reg"lar not7it0stan,ing an' 7rittenagree&ent to t0e contrar'. 6n ot0er 7or,s, t0e gra,"ation o$ anelo'ee $ro&cas"al or #robationar' to reg"lar ,oes not,e#en, on t0e arbitrar' 7ill o$ 0is elo'er. )*0? / Regala,o, - #.F: P# !o" e1ected a 8yr !;A $ith /Q!E/P.KFO (.ransport and KeneralFor*ersOrg) $Gce1piredonH"8P"DH, dringthenegotiationsfor therene$al of their !;A, PQO $as established, PQO applied for certiAcation,P# !o and PQO did not ob+ect, bt ob+ected on the proposition of PQO toinclde contractal $or*ers fromP##@" Pendente certiAcation, PQOstri*ed$henP!odismissedthecontractal $or*ers" OnH"E"DHthecertiAcation$as granted, andmovedfor election, /Q!E/P.KF$on"QimberlyP!ochallengedthevotesofHMcasal $or*ersallegingthatthey are not employees" PQO protested and motioned to inclde the votesof the !Es, P !o" opposed" -A Finally declared sch !asals as #Es, P !o"motioned, @O-E 4ec" Irilon a2rms, hence this" 6. ;ON t0e 1%s are reg"lars. #: A2rmed" .he Art" EDP of the -abor !ode ths provides for t$o *inds ofreglar employees, namely: (5) those $ho are engaged to performactivities $hich are sally necessary or desirable in the sal bsinessor trade of the employerR and ()? t0ose 70o 0ave ren,ere, at leastone 'ear o$ service, 70et0er contin"o"s or bro5en, 7it0 res#ectto t0e activit' in 70ic0 t0e' are elo'e,./0e in,ivi,"al#etitioners 0erein 70o 0ave been a,=",ge, to be reg"larelo'ees $all "n,er t0e secon, categor'. /0ese are t0e&ec0anics, electricians, &ac0inists, &ac0ine s0o# 0el#ers,7are0o"se 0el#ers, #ainters, car#enters, #i#eAtters an, &asons.6t is not ,is#"te, t0at t0ese 7or5ers 0ave been in t0e elo' o$P6MB%RLQ $or &ore t0an one 'ear at t0e ti&e o$ t0e Aling o$ t0e#etition $or certiAcation election b' P6L39BN(OLBL6B. O7ing tot0eir lengt0 o$ service 7it0 t0e coan', t0ese 7or5ers beca&ereg"lar elo'ees, b' o#eration o$ la7, one 'ear a$ter t0e' 7ereelo'e, b' P6MB%RLQ t0ro"g0 RBNP. /0e la7 is e2#licit. Bs longast0eelo'ee0as ren,ere, at leastone 'earo$service,0ebeco&es a reg"lar elo'ee 7it0 res#ect to t0e activit' in 70ic00e is elo'e,./0e la7 ,oes not #rovi,e t0e 4"aliAcation t0att0e elo'ee &"st Arst be iss"e, a reg"lar a##oint&ent or &"stArst be $or&all' ,eclare, as s"c0 be$ore 0e can ac4"ire a reg"larstat"s. Obvio"sl', 70ere t0e la7 ,oes not ,isting"is0, no,istinction s0o"l, be ,ra7n.As a conse(ence of their stats as reglar employees, those $or*ers notperforming +anitorial and yard maintenance service $ere perforce entitledto the payment of salary diLerential, cost of living allo$ance, 58th monthpay, and sch other beneAts e1tended to reglar employees nder the!;A, from the day immediately follo$ing their Arst year of service in thecompany" .hesereglaremployeesareli*e$iseentitledtovoteinthecertiAcation election held in Jly 5, 56DH" +erroc0ro&e P0ils, 9c0olsnagel & ;eber v. NLR1 & Bartsc0 >PR? /GR No. 0II3* / @.I.@4 / Gro"#s o$ %lo'ees N Reg"lar%lo'ees >)*0? / P"no, - #.F: P# $as initially employed as consltant&engineer, and is deployed to #Pas sch for P for 8 mos, e1tendable if agreed" After the 8 months, $Go anycontract, his services $ere still being engaged" On 7"DD P# $as diagnosed$G Psychological Iisorder, P then granted a vacation leave, from 6"ED"DD,he retrned on 5P"5"DD, assmed his position" Je $as dismissed, $G intentto reemploy on 5"8P"D6" P# sed, -A dismissed citing that after the end ofhis contract, he $as only engaged by P as a contractalon a monthlybasis, ,-#! reversed, hence this"6. ;ON PR beca&e an R%, t0"s t0ere 7as illegal ,is&issal.#:Bs,eAne,"n,ert0ela7, anelo'&ents0all be,ee&e,reg"lar i$ t0e elo'ee #er$or&s activities "s"all' necessar' or,esirable in t0e "s"al b"siness an, tra,e o$ t0e elo'er OR i$t0eelo'ee0as ren,ere,at least one>? 'ear o$ service,70et0er t0e service be contin"o"s or bro5en" B##l'ing t0ese t7o>)? tests, 7e An, t0at contrar' to t0e s"##ositions o$ #etitioner,Bartsc0 7as a reg"lar elo'ee o$ t0e latter.G;0ile t0e,esignationo$ colainant int0eservice is ,eno&inate,as1ons"ltant %ngineer, 'et t0e ,escri#tiono$ 0is ,"ties statesot0er7ise.H>/?0e colainant "n,er t0e ,eAnition o$ 0is #o7eran, ,"ties 0as been consigne, to an, relegate, to t0e categor'o$ anor,inar'tec0nical staCelo'ee..heterm9consltant9 ismerelymoreofamatterof nomenclatreasheisre(irednderthecontract to observe reglar o2ce hors" 0t therefore precldes the hiringof a mere 9consltant9 $ho is spposed to render part&time service to theprincipal employer"#espondents (petitioners herein) cold have terminated complainant fromthe service after the lapse of the three (8) months period stiplated in the!ontract of Employment" ;t management fond itself in dire need of thee1pertiseof complainantthatitdecidedtoe1tendtheservicesof thelatter for an indeAnite period$hich lasted ntil Febrary 58, 56D6 $henoneF" Feber representingrespondents deliveredtocomplainant theletteroftermination datedJanary8P,56D6"Fhen he $as terminatedfromtheservice, complainanthadmorethan(aliAedtobeareglaremployee" (/?0e e2tent o$ colainant:s services 7it0 res#on,entcover>e,? s"bstantiall' a #erio, o$ one >? 'ear, &ore or less, asa,&itte,b'res#on,entsint0e>ter&ination?lettero$-an"ar'30, @*@ . . . 70en it state,.:;e 7is0 it >sic? to t0an5 'o" $or'o"r val"able contrib"tion ,"ring t0e #ast ) &ont0s an, 0o#et0at 7ecanres"&easi&ilarl'$r"it$"l coo#eration70eno"r#ro=ectsarerea,'E . . . 0asinveste,in0i&t0estat"so$ areg"lar elo'ee "n,er t0e secon, #aragra#0 o$ Brticle )*0 o$t0eLabor 1o,e, as a&en,e,.;eingareglar employee, privaterespondent is entitledtosecrityof tenreandhis services maybeterminated only for cases provided by la$"9inger 9e7ing Mac0ines v. LVNPict"res, 6nc. v. P0ili##ineM"siciansG"il,, 91RB3)L@6M?..heplainlangageof theagreement reveals that thedesignationas collectionagent does notcreate an employment relationship and that the applicant is to beconsidered at alltimes as an independent contractor".his is consistent$ith the Arst rle of interpretation that the literal meaning of thestiplations in the contract controls (Article 587P, !ivil!odeR -a 4erte!igar and !igarette Factory v" Iirector of ;rea of -abor #elations, 5E84!#AH76S56D8T)"Nos"c07or,sasEto0irean,elo'E are#resent. Moreover, t0eagree&ent ,i,not A2 ana&o"nt $or7ages nor t0e re4"ire, 7or5ing 0o"rs. 1oensation is earne,onl'ont0ebasiso$ t0etangibleres"lts#ro,"ce,, i.e., totalcollections &a,e(4arra v" Agarrado, 5HH 4!#A HEN S56DDT)"/0ecollection agent ,oes 0is 7or5 E&ore or less at 0is o7n #leas"reE7it0o"tareg"lar,ail'ti&e$ra&eiose,on0i&(0nvestmentPlanning !orporation of the Philippines v" 4ocial 4ecrity 4ystem, E5 4!#A6EM S56H7TR 4ee also 4ocial 4ecrity 4ystem v" !ort of Appeals, 8P 4!#AE5P S56H6T)".he follo$ing elements are generally considered in the determination ofthe employer&employee relationshipR ?(5) the selection and engagementof the employeeR (E) the payment of $agesR (8) the po$er of dismissalRand (M) the po$er to control the employee9s condct"ArticleEDPis not theyardstic* for determiningthee1istenceof anemployment relationshipbecaseit merelydistingishesbet$eent$o*indsof employees, i"e", reglaremployeesandcasal employees, forprposes of determining the right of an employee to certain beneAts, to+oin or form a nion, or to secrity of tenre" Article EDP does not apply$here the e1istence of an employment relationship is in dispte"Magsalin & 1oca 1ola v. NO;M et al. / GR No. 4*4@) / I.@.03 /Gro"#s o$ %lo'ees N Reg"lar %lo'ees / Vit"g, - #.F: P!O hired P#s as $or*ers for a limited period, as sbstitte to reglar$henever navailable, after that they $ere hired on a day&to&day basis,P#s have $or*ed for atleast a year as sales rote helpers, they $ere laterdismissed, sing" P!O arges thatthe $or* assigned to P#4 $asUpostprodction activitiesV, $hich $as not indispensable in themanfactring, -A dismissed, !A reversed, hence this" 6. ;ON PRs ac4"ire reg"larit' o$ elo'&ent 7/ P1O.#: A2rmed, argment npersasive"/0e nat"re o$ t0e 7or5#er$or&e, &"st be vie7e, $ro& a #ers#ective o$ t0e b"siness initsentiret'an,notonaconAne,sco#e.Jere, t0e1o"rt0el,t0at t0e re#eate, re0iring o$ res#on,ent 7or5ers an, t0econtin"ing nee, $or t0eir services clearl' atteste, to t0enecessit' or ,esirabilit' o$ t0eir services in t0e reg"lar con,"cto$ t0e b"siness o$ #etitioner 1oan'. ;hile it pheld the legality ofa A1ed&termemployment, it has done so, ho$ever, $ith a sternadmonitionthat $herefromthecircmstancesit isapparent that theperiod has been imposed to preclde the ac(isition of tenrial secrityby the employee, then it shold be strc* do$n as being contrary to la$,morals, good cstoms, pblic order and pblic policy"0t is distingished from a speciAc nderta*ing that is divorced from thenormal activities re(ired in carrying on the particlar bsiness or trade";t, althogh the $or* to be performed is only for a speciAc pro+ect orseasonal, $here a person ths engaged has been performing the +ob forat least one year, even if the performance is not continos or is merelyintermittent, thela$deemstherepeatedandcontiningneedfor itsperformance as being s2cient to indicate the necessity or desirability ofthat activity to the bsiness or trade of the employer" .he employment ofschpersonisalsothendeemedtobereglar $ithrespect toschactivity and $hile sch activity e1ists"Bn' obvio"s circ"&vention o$ t0e la7 cannot be co"ntenance,./0e $act t0at res#on,ent 7or5ers 0ave agree, to be elo'e, ons"c0 basis an, to $orego t0e #rotection given to t0e& on t0eirsec"rit'o$ten"re,,e&onstratenot0ing&oret0ant0eserio"s#roble&o$ioveris0&ento$ so&an'o$ o"r#eo#lean,t0eres"lting"nevennessbet7eenlaboran,ca#ital. Bcontracto$elo'&ent is iresse, 7it0 #"blic interest. /0e #rovisions o$a##licablestat"tesare,ee&e,7rittenintot0econtract,an,Et0e #arties are not at libert' to ins"late t0e&selves an, t0eirrelations0i#s$ro&t0eiacto$laborla7san,reg"lationsb'sil' contracting 7it0 eac0 ot0er.E