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Language &
Linguistics By: Faith Willis, Karly Anderson, Linda Bashinskaya, Kaylan
McWilliams, and Niagara Tucker
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What’s the difference? Language is the expression or action of using sounds to communicate.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Derived from the latin word lingua which means “tongue”
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Origins of Language ❖ Originated around the time that
humans emerged in Africa. It then spread into Europe and Asia and on.
❖ ⅓ of the 5,000 different languages on Earth are found in Africa.
❖ Indo-European language is the most widespread language group.
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Merlin Donald Neuro-Anthropologist & Cognitive Neuroscientist
Proposed that:
- Development of the prefrontal cortex has led to more complex social interaction and language development.
- Brains needs culture to properly mold language.
Three stages of cognitive development through evolution:
1. Memetics skills 2. Language 3. External symbols
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The Anatomy of Language ● Shape of the larynx and other vocal organs has
evolved over the last 100,000 to create a wider range of vocal capabilities.
● The ability of the brain’s cortical region to logically organize sounds and meanings to create language. This sets humans apart from other species.
● Language to typically localized in the left hemisphere. Pierre Paul Broca studied this and discover that damage in the left hemisphere resulted in speech loss.
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Gender and Language Girls typically acquire language/read earlier and faster than boys
● Deborah Tannen says that men and women are different cultures, and that their interaction can be described as cross-cultural communication.
➔ Women- use language as “rapport-talk” or to establish intimacy or relationships. More emotional and relational use.
➔ Men- use “report-talk”, a much more competitive and informative speech style. More likely to use language to describe objects and events.
➔ Women are typically more expressive with language, while men are suppressive.
Could a language be sexist? Could English be sexist? Sexism & Language
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Language Acquisition Language typically starts with cooing, then babbling, then word formation. Nativist Noam chomsky- LAD language acquisition device (innate)
cooing>babbling>first words>holophrases>telegraphic speech.
Acquired vs learned: Infant directed speech (IDS)- also known as parentese/motherese Steinberg>Chomsky
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Phonology The study of sound representation and patterns in language and across languages.
● Abstract vs physical
Phonological awareness
- Phonological awareness leads to the use of invented spelling
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Invented spelling
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Phonemic Awareness The blend of phonemes creates a spoken word. Psychology of Accents 4:08
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LANGUAGES ● Monolingual: 40% of world population
● Bilingual: equal fluency - 43% of world population
● Trilingual: 13% of world population
● Multilingual: 3% of world population speak more than 4 languages
● Polyglot: less than 1‰ of world population speak 5 languages fluently
Moana Song 2:49
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Principles of Language ● Requires social networks ( It takes someone else to teach the language) ● Negotiation ● Came after culture ● Mimesis preceded Language ● Requires vocal motor skills
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● Humans had communicated with skills before language was created
● Language development is a result of practicing ○ For example: animals can not
change what they have learned already
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Six General Properties of Language 1. Communicative- have the ability to communicate — to exchange
thoughts and ideas
2. Arbitrary-the relationship between the form (the sounds / words / letters / characters) that we use have no natural/meaningful relationship with their meaning. Ex: the word livre is meaningless for someone who doesn’t speak French
3. Meaningfully Structured- there is a set of rules for each language.
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Six General Properties of Language 4. Multiply Structured- language builds on itself. Ex: listening first then talking
5. Productive- improving language through other medium. Ex: reading
6. Dynamic- slang, non-traditional words
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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) ● An approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the
means and the ultimate goal of study ● The purpose of CLT is to help students produce authentic language and
communicate with others ● A way to build good communication skills
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20zBOWrP2yc 2:40
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Syntax and Semantics Syntax: Rules for ordering and relating the elements of a language.
Ex: In English we put the noun in front of the verb in a sentence.
Semantics: the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdoIfEKw3eU&t=29s 3:24
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Reading/Writing ● Most children learn to read by 6 or 7 years old some learn by the age of 4 ● The best ways to learn to read are making time every day, Leave books in the
child’s room to enjoy, read to them before they go to sleep ● Help them read by running your fingers under the words as you read, Use funny
voices and sounds for animals, stop to look at pictures & keep reading with your child even when they’ve learned how to read.
● Around 15 months of age, children begin to randomly scribble on things ● Around age 2 or 3 they have better control their scribbles ● Around age 3 they transition by holding the crayon between their thumb and
middle finger ● Ages 3-5 they learn to write letters most by learning how to write their names and
draw pictures ● Ages 5-7 they tend to leave out words they don’t know ● Ages 5-7 they use letters and sight to tell or explain drawings
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Fun Facts ● There are 7,000 languages & dialects in the world ● Chinese is the most spoken language (1.2 billion speakers) ● Greek & Traditional Chinese are the oldest written languages still used today ● German is the Almost spoken mother tongue in Europe ● There are 13 ways to spell the “o” Sound in French ● There are 50,000 characters in the Chinese language but only need 2,000 of them
to read a newspaper ● Only 23 languages account for more than half of the worlds population ● 2,400 languages are currently in danger of becoming extinct ● Spanish is the second most spoken language ● The English language contains the most words with over 250,000 ● The first printed book was written in German ● German words can have 3 genders (feminine, masculine & neuter) ● 21 countries have Spanish as their official language
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Citations ● Language vs. Linguistics- http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol03/12/12.pdf ● Deborah Tannen- Gender & Language http://faculty.georgetown.edu/bassr/githens/tannen.htm ● Merlin Donald-
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0f26/24745758b4e7ab16f021c674fe0de44561e0.pdf ● “Hello” Photo-
https://www.123rf.com/photo_66149290_stock-vector-hello-word-cloud-collage-in-different-languages-of-the-world-background-concept.html
● Origins of Language- http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab13 ● Six General Properties of Language- notes from class ● Communicative language teaching
https://www.professorjackrichards.com/wp-content/uploads/Richards-Communicative-Language.pdf ● Fun Facts www.andiamo.co.uk http://takelessons.com ● Reading/Writing https://living.thebump.com www.healthychildren.org
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Citation ● Syntax- textbook “The Essentials of Child Development: A Chronological Approach” by Kraynok,
Seifert, and Hoffnung ● http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/ phonology ● http://www.readingrockets.org/article/invented-spelling-and-spelling-development spelling ● https://youtu.be/_JmA2ClUvUY baby convo
● https://www.k12reader.com/phonemic-awareness-vs-phonological-awareness/ awareness
● https://www.thoughtco.com/holophrase-language-acquisition-1690929 lang acquisition
● http://ilanguages.org/bilingual.php languages