Latin American Independence
Colonial Economy
Portuguese and Spanish colonies; Brazil, Mexico, most of South America
Encomienda system Haciendas European diseases kill Indians Slaves introduced to South America
Colonial Society Social classes and ranks; royal officials,
owners of officials, owners of large estates, mine owners
Peninsulares, original citizens of Spain or Portugal
Creoles, Spaniards born in colonies Mestizos, American Indian and European
background Mulattoes, African and European
ancestry
Haiti’s Slave Revolution
1791 slave revolt in Saint Domingue
Mulattoes and blacks united under the leadership of Toussaint-Louverture, a free slave, only successful slave revolted by slaves anywhere in the world
Mexico and Central America Napoleon's conquest of Spain provided
a perfect time for the colonists to gain independence
“the cry of Dolores” Revolts in Mexico led by Hidalgo, Pavon
and Iturbide, all failed Iturbide would declare independence in
1821 Central America declared independence
from Mexico in 1823.
Spanish South America Independence led by Simon Bolivar "the
Liberator" La Palta in 1811, New Granada in 1819,
Venezuela in 1821 Bolivar became president of Gran Colombia
(Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
Martin and O'Higgins led revolts in Chile and Peru, 1818
Upper Peru became a separate republic and named Bolivia
Foreign Reactions to Independence
The Monroe Doctrine, 1832, President Monroe claimed that US would not intervene in colonies, and would oppose any power that tried to reestablish lost or new colonies