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Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology
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How Rockets Work
• Newton's Laws of Motion are:
–An object at rest tends to remain at rest
–An object in motion tends to remain in motion
–For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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Conservation of Momentum
• Newton's Laws are all contained in a more general principle called conservation of momentum.
• Momentum is mass times velocity
• In a system that is not disturbed from outside, the total momentum stays constant.
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Conservation of Momentum Means:
• If velocity is zero, momentum is zero (Newton's First Law)
• If velocity is not zero, and mass doesn't change, then velocity doesn't change (Newton's Second Law)
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Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law
• If mass changes somehow, then so does velocity.
• If an object is stationary, and flings off mass, the rest of the mass moves in the opposite direction.
• The flung off mass has positive momentum, the rest has negative momentum, and the total momentum remains zero (Newton's Third Law).
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Conservation of Momentum
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Rockets and Jets• Rockets and jets work according to
Newton's Third Law.
• They fire mass out at high speed and acquire velocity in the opposite direction.
• They do not need something to push against. They move because they are expelling exhaust gases at high speeds.
• Tthe rocket or jet is pushing mass away, and the mass is pushing back (equal and opposite reaction.)
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How Rockets and Jets Differ
• Rockets and jets expel mass by burning fuel.
• A jet gets the oxygen for combustion from the atmosphere
• A rocket carries oxygen in some form with it.
• Thus rockets can function outside the Earth's atmosphere; jets can't.
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Rockets are Mostly Fuel (and Oxygen)
• A rocket or jet has to carry all its remaining fuel with it. (And oxygen, if it’s a rocket).
• Most of the mass of the Space Shuttle is fuel, and most of that is used to get the remaining fuel off the ground.
• The miles-per-gallon fuel economy of the Space Shuttle in its first foot off the ground is pretty terrible!
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About Orbits and Satellites
• Satellites travel elliptical paths with the center of the Earth at one focus (Kepler's First Law)
• Inertia causes object to continue moving in a straight line
• Gravity pulls object to Earth
• Balance between the two = orbit
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Newton’s Mountain
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Important Orbits
• Low vs. High Inclination
• Almost all are Prograde
• Polar Orbits for global coverage
• Circular Orbits strongly preferred– Constant altitude– Constant speed
• Sun-Synchronous
• Geosynchronous
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About Orbits• You do not need to expend fuel to stay in
orbit
• Satellites need attitude control fuel to correct for atmospheric drag, lunar and solar gravity, etc.
• May want thrusters to help maintain orbits
• Spin stabilization helps
• Once below 200 km, atmospheric braking leads to re-entry
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Three Pioneers of Rocketry
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)– Worked out theoretical problems of
spaceflight
• Robert Goddard (1882-1945)– First Liquid Fuel Rocket
• Hermann Oberth (1894-1989)– Helped create operational rockets
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Robert Goddard -
First Liquid-Fuel
Rocket, 1926
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The V-1
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The V-2
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V-2: Air Force Museum
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V-2 shrapnel
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V-2 Components
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From Sapwood to
Sputnik• An existing rocket, the
SS-6, was used.• The warhead section
was removed• A cluster of four more
SS-6 engines was bolted around a central engine
• Very Dependable
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Sputnik I
• October 4, 1957• S- (with) +
put’ (path) +-nik (one who) =Sputnik
• Literally, one who follows the same path
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Early Rockets, Kennedy Space Center
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Early Rockets, Huntsville AL
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Gemini, 1965
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Sensor Technology• Passive (senses only ambient signals)
• Active (emits signals)
• Imaging
• Non-Imaging
• Scanning (mechanical or electronic)
• Non-scanning
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The Single Most
Valuable Product of the Space Program
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Crescent Earth
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Himalayas from Space Shuttle
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Volcano, Alaska
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Fringing Reefs
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Icebergs, Antarctica
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A Noble Myth
“In my life, I've seen the images from space of a blue-white-green world — there are no political lines drawn on this planet.
• Luis J. Rodriguez“The border between the United States and
Mexico is an imaginary line. It cannot be seen from space”
• The Border Zone:A History of Trade between the United States and Mexico, Julia Albright; Age of Irony, Winter 2004
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“You Can’t See Borders From Space”
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Mexican Border
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Mexican Border
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Menominee County, WI
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U.S.-Canadian Border
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Landsat View of
Green Bay
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Landsat View of Green Bay
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Landsat view of
Washington D.C.
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Radar Image of New York
City
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Spy Satellite Views of Soviet Aircraft Carrier
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Spy Satellite View of Soviet Airfield
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World Trade Center, September 11, 2001
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And Now For Something Completely Different….
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Gulf Stream in Infrared
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Ultraviolet View of Earth
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The Ocean Floor From Space
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Earth and Moon Together
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An Eclipse of the Sun – By Earth