Download - Laundry in Hotels
LAUNDRY
In any residential establishment, a lot of dirty linen accumulates in the various units
and departments. It is essential to ensure a continuous supply of linen, which is well
laundered, so that operations can be carried out smoothly and efficiently.
Linen is an expensive item, so how it will be laundered requires serious consideration.
People involved in handling linen should have some knowledge of the process.
Moreover, the Housekeeper and Linenkeeper should have a good rapport with the
Laundry Manager.
Although it is essential that good quality linen be purchased, the life of the linen
depends on the care of linen in use and the treatment it gets at the laundry.
A good laundry facility ensures the following:
- careful handling of linen articles while laundering.
- correct processing and use of a suitable laundry agent.
- while materials are kept white, excessive bleach is not used.
- proper counting and records maintained to avoid shortages of linen.
- speedy operations to meet with operational requirements.
- sound policies regarding damages or loss.
A commercial or off-premises laundry refers to laundering activities performed
outside the establishment i.e. given on a contract basis to specialists in the field. In a
rare circumstance, the laundry is contracted and on-premises. An on-site or on-
premises laundry, however, refers to laundering activities carried on within the
establishment by staff employed by the hotel.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY
Advantages
• Time taken for laundering is reduced because transportation is eliminated.
• Linen is readily available especially in the case of emergency requirements.
• Control over the wash process and the laundry agents used making the wear and
tear on linen comparatively much lesser.
• Pilferage is reduced.
• The ‘par’ stock required is reduced.
• Revenue is earned from guest laundry.
Disadvantages
• Cost of equipment and its maintenance is fairly high.
• Related expenses like printing of forms, employee taxes, water taxes, energy costs
and insurance are high.
• More staff who are technically qualified and adequate space is required.
• Must be justified by an adequate amount of linen.
PRINCIPLES OF LAUNDERING
1. Removal of dirt and stains from the linen articles
2. Restoring linen articles to their original appearance as far as possible.
FLOW PROCESS CHART FOR INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERING
COLLECTION & TRANSPORTATION
ARRIVAL
MARKING
SORTING & COUNTING
WEIGHING
LOADING
WASHING & RINSING
HYDRO-EXTRACTION STARCHING
UNLOADING
IRONING/PRESSING TUMBLE DRYING
FOLDING
AIRING
TEMPORARY STORAGE
TRANSFER & USE
Collection & Transportation
Collection of linen may be done in the Linen Room, if the laundry is off-site but is
usually in the laundry itself, if the laundry is on-premises. During collection, all
accessories that cannot be washed such as metal items; epaulettes, etc. should be
removed at the time of collection. Certain linen items are collected separately. For
example, kitchen uniforms or dusters are separately collected, as are butchery aprons
and dusters, because they have a specific type of soil. Likewise, in a hospital, linen
from the surgical ward would be collected separately. The linen is usually packaged
in canvas bags lined with polyvinyl. Eyelets on the rim of the bag facilitate passing a
nylon cord through, which can be tightened in order to shut the opening of the bag. In
some cases elasticized net bags called ‘skips’ are used to collect linen.
Carrying the linen in canvas bags or skips is one means of transportation. Trolleys
are most popular for transportation and the collapsible wire cart can be used to
transport clean as well as soiled linen. Whatever the type of trolley, the soiled linen
should not hang over the edge of the trolley, as it looks unsightly. If planned at the
construction stage, an in-built chute is used for transporting linen from the floor
pantries. It is preferable to put linen into canvas bags before dropping it down the
chute so that wear and tear is reduced. However, this is rarely done, so it must be
ensured that the flooring at the base of the chute should be easy to clean.
The best collection system will vary from one operation to another but the increase of
soil must be eliminated in order to prevent incurring unnecessary expenses.
Arrival
On arrival, linen must be dealt with as quickly as possible. There must be a separate
section for guest laundry that is usually handled by the most experienced staff.
Processing linen for laundering as quickly as possible is necessary:
- to ensure that linen items are available as and when required.
- to avoid transfer of stains and prevent stains from becoming permanent.
- so that it does not provide a breeding ground for bacteria and pests.
- to prevent the formation of mildew on damp articles particularly bath linen.
- to avoid the possibility of linen getting misplaced or lost.
Sorting
In hospitals, the infection risk necessitates the need for using gloves when sorting out
linen. Gloves may also be used when handling hotel linen. Sorting is carried out
according to the type of fabric and item, colour as well as the degree and type of soil.
Sorting is done to separate those articles that need dry cleaning from those that will
go through the normal wash process. Those that need mending or stain removal will
be separated so that they can be dealt with accordingly. Also, different articles take a
different wash process in terms of temperature of water, type of laundering agent,
length of wash cycle, whether hydro- extraction should be done and if so, the length of
the hydro-extraction cycle.
It takes less effort to pre-sort linen than to post-sort washed linen which is 50%
heavier in weight due to water retention. Post-sorting is often essential in healthcare
processes.
Marking
Marking may be temporary (guest laundry) or permanent (monogramming of hotel
linen). It is the temporary marking that is carried out at this stage. Most good
establishments have a marking machine that attaches a heat sealed tape in an
inconspicuous place. The tag has scope for six characters and is intended to indicate
the initials of the guest as well as the room number. It provides a clear identification
and correct billing, and although it does not come off in the normal wash process, it
can be peeled off if so desired.
Weighing
Is carried out to conform to the capacity of the washing machine.
(Overloading)
There is no or low centrifugal action because the linen articles are too tightly packed
in the drum. Resultingly, there is inadequate friction and the deeply imbedded soil is
not removed so the wash process is ineffective. Certain synthetics develop creases as a
result of overloading that are difficult to get rid of in the subsequent ironing process.
Repeated overloading can cause the machine to breakdown.
(Underloading)
In this case, there is centrifugal action but inadequate friction because the linen
articles are too far apart
There is a good deal of wastage in terms of time, labour, laundry agents, water and
power.
Many modern machines have sensors that can gauge not only the load but also the
length of cycle, temperature of water, water level, the type and amount of laundry
agent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle. This is highly beneficial in the
conservation of water and energy as well as reducing wear and tear on the linen
articles.
Loading
Is often done manually or with a certain degree of automation. Where handling is
taboo, a fully automated system exists. Shovel type cranes are used for lifting and
depositing linen, thereby providing complete automation by eliminating the need for
handling by operators. Alternatively, weighed linen in bags is transported along a
track and directed to the opening of the washer extractor with the help of a nylon
cord. A lock in the lower half of the bag is released, dropping the soiled linen into the
washer extractor. Machines that tilt, provide ease in both loading as well as
unloading. Machines may be top loading, front loading or side loading.
Q WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF CORRECT SORTING?
Washing
This process is designed to perform three basic functions:
1. removal of soil
2. suspension of soil
3. discharge of the soil from the machine to the drain
In the wash process, the following factors must be considered :
1.Length of cycle :
If the cycle is too short, the linen will not be cleaned. If the cycle is too long, there will
be unnecessary wear and tear and the clothes may actually become dirtier as a result
of redeposition of soil.
2.Temperature of water:
If the temperature of water is too high, it is likely to damage the linen. If the
temperature is inadequate, the chemicals will not work effectively.
3.Water level :
Incorrect ‘dip’ levels can alter the concentration of the laundry agents rendering them
ineffective. In case of a gentle action the water level is usually higher forming a
protective envelope to the delicate linen.
4.Type and amount of detergent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle:
This is also a crucial factor that affects the quality of wash Deciding which laundry
agent should be used is dependent on the nature of the fabric being washed. Too little
detergent will result in an incomplete cleaning process. And too much may remain as
a residue after the rinse cycle is complete. It is important that the laundry agent is
introduced into the wash cycle at the appropriate time if it is to have the required
action.
5.Mechanical action:
This refers to the centrifugal action brought about by the movement of the drum that
causes friction between the linen articles and is radically affected by overloading or
underloading as well as the speed of the drum.
Modern machinery often operates on sensors, which are capable of gauging each of
these requirements for a specific load.
Q WHAT DOES THE TERM ‘FUZZY LOGIC’ REFER TO ?
Rinsing
Once the wash cycle is completed, rinsing becomes essential. Rinsing is carried out at
least twice and the purpose of this stage is to:
1. remove residue of laundry agents, which might show as patches on the linen after
ironing or irritate the skin.
2. remove suspended dirt, which remains in the carry over liquor in the load at the
end of the wash.
3. lower the temperature of the wash load by using a cold water rinse or alternatively
reducing the temperature of water in consecutive rinses.
A running rinse with an open drain is more effective but a larger volume of water is
utilized.
Hydro-extraction
Is the removal of excess moisture through centrifugal action and is equivalent to
wringing in handwashing.The absorbency of the fabric affects the length of the cycle
(6 to 8 mins.) and the residue of moisture (10% to 30 %)
Draining must precede hydro-extraction and hydro-extraction must precede tumble-
drying. Some articles cannot be hydro-extracted so there is a pumping action to draw
out the water from the linen load. Too short an extraction time will increase the
drying time and may hinder the proper operation of finishing equipment. The most
efficient extraction for cottons takes place at temperatures higher than 38º C but
lower than 55º C so that they are not too hot to handle. Polyesters and blends should
be extracted at a temperature below 38º C to prevent wrinkling.
The compact mass of hydro-extracted clothes is referred to as ‘cheese’.
Unloading
Transferring washed linen from the hydro-extractor to the Tumble Dryer is a difficult
task because of the added weight of moisture. Articles may be manually removed and
put into trolleys. Tilting and dumping machines reduce the physical effort of manual
unloading. A laundry cart can be positioned under the door and a pushbutton
operated to rotate the cylinder and empty its contents. Alternatively, the machine can
unload onto a conveyor belt that will transport the linen to the next set of operations.
Tumble Drying
This process is capable of rendering the linen completely dry by blowing hot air
ranging between 40º C to 60º C onto the articles as they are slowly circulated in the
rotating drum. For articles that are susceptible to damage by heat, there is the option
of simply airing by circulating air at room temperature. To avoid wrinkles and the
risk of spontaneous combustion, many dryers have a cool-down cycle at pre-
determined intervals. The process of tumble-drying creates a good deal of wear and
tear on the fabric as particles of lint come off the fabric in the drying process. The
time taken is approx. 30 mins. depending on whether the article is to be completely or
partially dried.
Finishing
For those articles that require a pressed finish, ironing and pressing are usual, but
there are also other finishing equipment. Articles like blankets, towels, candlewick
bedspreads, hosiery, etc. that do not require a pressed finish are only tumble-dried.
Folding
Can be done by machine but in most cases is carried out completely manually or at
least the finishing folds are done manually. The use of a folding stand helps minimize
this otherwise very labour-intensive operation. Manual folding makes it possible to
achieve the desired fold as well as ensure quality control. Employees in this area are
the one ones who ‘reject’ stained linen and are a good source for ascertaining what
types and quantities of stains commonly occur. This is an important stage in the
processing of laundered linen as it can be the ‘bottleneck’ in an otherwise efficient
laundry operation. Correct folding is important to the appearance of the article and
makes it convenient to store and use.
Airing
This is essential prior to storage, especially if the articles are to be stored in closed
shelves. It ensures that any moisture that is likely to cause mildew will be got rid of.
Storage
Should be properly done in a well–designed storage space. Linen should be allowed a
rest period to recuperate before it is used again. The life span of linen is greatly
increased if proper rotation of stock is carried out, thereby ensuring a ‘rest period’
between uses. As a general rule, at any given time, approximately 50% of the total
linen inventory should be on the shelves, 25% in use and 25% in processing. The
storage area must be isolated from the soiled linen and kept clean
Transfer
The linen is issued to the unit/department for use. Since transfer of clean linen is
usually done by linen trolleys, it is important to keep the trolleys clean.
Use
The linen is utilized for the necessary function intended and the cycle begins all over
again.
THE WASHING MACHINE
- the essential parts of the washing machine are shown in the above diagram.
- the machine may be top loading (lesser capacity), front loading or side loading (for
large loads in industrial laundering).
- the machine rotates for 15 seconds in one direction, stops and reverses direction for
15 seconds. This prevents the ‘roping’ of linen in the drum.
- the speed of rotation of the drum depends on the diameter and ranges between 40
to 60 r.p.m.
- centrifugal action of the drum causes friction between the clothes thereby
suspending dirt.
- the water level is referred to as ‘dip’.
- the temperature of water ranges from 30º C to 95º C
- machines operate on manual switches, dial settings, computerized cards or on
computer panels.
- modern machinery have sensors that can gauge the length of cycle, level and
temperature of water, amount of laundry agent and when it should be added in the
wash cycle as well as
the type of drum action, for a specific wash load.
- industrial machinery have a control panel which displays the stage in the wash
cycle in
progress, the time remaining for the completion of the cycle, the temperature of
water and the chemical in use.
- machines which carry out washing as well as hydro-extraction are called washer
extractors.
HYDRO-EXTRACTOR
Modern hydro-extractors work on the centrifugal action and the procedure is usually
part of the wash cycle. The drum rotates at high speed (at least ten times the wash
speed) and the clothes are pressed against the sides of the drum and water passes out
through the perforations and out through the open drain.
LAUNDRY AGENTS
DIVIDER
DRAIN
WATER INLET
CAGE / BASKET CASE / SHELL
THE WASH CYCLE
A complete wash cycle is composed of various stages and the time taken is approx. 40
to 50 minutes. It has been proven that quick wash cycles using large volume of water
broken down into the following sequence is most effective.
Flush
-
-
-
-
-
Suds
-
-
-
-
Bleach
-
-
-
Rinse
-
-
-
-
Sour & Soft
-
-
-
-
Extract
-
-
ADDITIONAL STAGES IN THE WASH CYCLE
These are essential where there is a specific type of soiled or the articles are heavily
soiled.
Soak
Break
Carryover Suds (Intermediate Rinse)
Intermediate Extract
Starch (Sizing)
There are four factors that are as basic to laundry operations as they are to any other
good cleaning operation.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF WASH
1.
2.
3.
4.
In addition to the correct handling of linen during the laundry procedures, correct
balance of these four factors (TACT) is required for maximum laundering efficiency.
If any one or more of these components is significantly out of balance, optimum
cleaning is unlikely. It is important that these factors be carefully considered when
designing wash formulas and when setting up the laundry.
TUNNEL WASHERS
These are also called batch washers or continuous washers and are in effect a series of
inter-connected washers. Each ‘bath’ is in a different cylinder and the load moves
from one cylinder to the next. Computerized systems automatically adjust the time,
temperature and chemicals to be used, so that each batch receives the required
treatment. Machines may be top transfer or bottom transfer. Tunnel washers have
distinct advantages in that they are timesaving, thereby reducing staff requirement.
There are also significant energy and water savings. Tunnel washers can also be
hooked up to an extractor and subsequently with conveyors to the dryer.
TUMBLE DRYER
Dryers are machines that dry laundry by tumbling it slowly in a perforated drum
exposed to hot air ranging from 40ºC to 60ºC in low capacity dryers and going right
upto 85ºC in an industrial dryer. There are programmes for delicate articles with low
or no heat. Dryers may operate on gas, electricity or steam. For speedy drying and less
wrinkling the volume of the dryer should be 25% more than the washer-extractor.
Most dryers have a microprocessor computer control system. Although suitable drying
times are usually recommended for specific fabrics, some dryers have sensors hooked
onto their microprocessors so that they can gauge the moisture in the load and cut the
dryer off automatically the moment the laundry is dry. This is a major preventive
factor against spontaneous combustion, as hot air blowing on ‘bone dry’ fabrics can
easily set it on fire. Furthermore, the dryer may have a post-drying cool down cycle
that also reduces the fire hazard as well as prevents the formation of wrinkles in no-
iron fabrics. The process creates a great deal of wear and tear on the fabric as particles
of lint come off in the drying process. A lint screen traps the lint particles and must be
cleaned regularly. Lint build-up restricts air-flow and reduces the rate of moisture
removal, thereby increasing energy consumption and costs. The length of the cycle is
dependent on the absorbency of the fabric, the residue of moisture and whether the
fabric is to be completely dried (approximately 40 mins.)
Modern dryers are equipped with high tech features such as signal lights, self-cleaning
lint screens, reverse cylinder drums as well as energy-saving devices like extra
insulation and heat reclaimers.
FINISHING EQUIPMENT
For those articles that require a pressed finish there are many finishing equipment.
Some of the more frequently used equipment are listed below.
Flatwork Ironer / Roller Iron / Calender
Is used for flatwork i.e. items like sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths, serviettes, aprons,
sarees, etc. The items are passed through heated rollers for ironing.
Press
Is for shaped articles (usually clothing) like shirts, trousers, etc. They are special
presses to perform specific functions and operation can be on electricity or steam.
Cabinet Dryer or Drying Room
Is a chamber where low-crease garments are suspended on hangers and steam or hot
air is circulated through the cabinet.
Puffer or Suzie
For coats and articles that do not crease heavily. The articles are put onto a dummy
that is inflated with steam to remove creases and then with hot air to remove the
moisture created by the steam.
Tunnel Dryer
Clothes are hung on conveyor belts that pass through a tunnel. Hot air blowing in the
tunnel, renders the articles completely dry by the time they exit. It is a fully automated
process that also transfers the linen to the next area of activity.
LOCATION AND PLANNING OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY
When planning an on-premises laundry it must be located far from guestrooms so that
guests are not disturbed. It is essential that the laundry be located near the linen room
for convenience and reducing transportation time. Ideally, the area should have an
outside wall since equipment need to be vented to the outside. With few exceptions, the
laundry is located in the basement because laundry equipment is very heavy and the
vibrations of the equipment are better absorbed. Such a location makes it imperative
to have a proper ventilation system. In circumstances where the laundry is located at
an upper floor, usually as a result of expansion, the floor may have to be structurally
re-inforced. Wherever the laundry is located, the walls of the room should be durable
and moisture resistant; ceilings should be at least ten feet high, must resist moisture
and absorb sound. A cement floor with easily cleanable floor drains and no spots
where water can pool is vital. The ideal size for a hotel laundry is difficult to
determine. The types and amounts of linen used, the average number of guests per
day, whether the hotel has one or more restaurants, whether there is a health club
and/or swimming pool, the types and capacities of laundry equipment, whether
employee uniforms are laundered at the hotel, whether there are guest laundry
facilities offered, are a few examples of the variables that must be considered not only
when determining the required area but also when planning the layout. Laundry
employee schedules must also be taken into consideration at the planning stage. To
run smoothly, a laundry needs to be well designed and have the right equipment
properly installed. Such laundries have an advantage of low maintenance costs.
In an existing laundry operation, it is necessary to observe for signs that indicate that
the laundry may need to be redesigned. These may include too many last-minute rush
jobs, piles of unprocessed linen, persistent linen shortages, excessive overtime among
laundry workers and overcrowding of the laundry workspace. The basic design
factors that need to be thought out when designing or redesigning an on-premises
laundry include location, size, equipment layout, utilities and labour Each lodging
operation is unique, therefore it is impossible to provide specific information on
equipment selection. Criteria that are applicable to the selection of all cleaning
equipment must be considered. Ease of operation is important and though most
machines have microprocessors that simplify procedures, it should be easy to train
operators particularly where there is a likelihood of a high staff turnover. The
versatility of equipment is important especially in a washer extractor. It should be
able to dispense a variety of chemical formulas and have different cycles to deal with
different laundry items and soiling conditions Regarding durability ,the equipment
must be well-constructed from robust materials with life-extending features such as
heavy duty motors and a load distribution speed. This is crucial, since they will be
handled by many operators. It is advisable to select a well established manufacturer
who specializes in laundry equipment and will provide a warranty, servicing and
spare parts back-up and training in operation and maintenance. A factor that is
frequently overlooked is how the equipment will be brought into the building.
Machines may work on gas, electricity or steam and should be connected to a
common master switch that can be switched off in case of emergencies. In any case,
fire-fighting equipment must be installed in this area.
LAYOUT OF A LAUNDRY
When planning the layout of a laundry, consider the work flow and wherever possible
ensure that the plan does not hinder the smooth flow of operations.To reduce
turnaround time between loads, ease of loading and unloading equipment must be
ensured – area for accumulating and sorting linen should be located close to the
washer extractor; dryers should be adjacent to the washer extractor, to save time and
employee effort; hinges of the washer extractors and the dryers are adjustable and
can be placed on the right or left side of the door, so the proper choice must be made
in accordance with the laundry layout in order to avoid employees having to walk
around the open door to get from one machine to the next; the folding area should be
located near the area where laundered linen is stored.
When positioning laundry equipment, the following must be considered:
- entrances and exits
- support columns and beams
- space between adjacent machines and adequate space between the back of the
machine and the wall which is essential to facilitate servicing and repair.
- power points for electrical supply and the required voltage. (gas and steam supply
in many other parts of the world)
- water supply lines with adequate pressure (10 gallons per Kg of linen approx.)
and preventing the occurrence of ‘water hammer’
- hot water supply lines must utilize heavy duty heating equipment which in recent
times is being substituted by the use of solar energy.
- water softening
- also the removal of iron, manganese and sulphur to eliminate staining and
enhance the action of the detergent.
- drain locations and proper drainage system that will keep up with the rapid
discharge rate of modern equipment. This is best met by a drain trough and the
normal floor drain is also installed to deal with overflows.
- a separate section to deal with guest laundry/valet service.
- local code for restrictions/ permit requirements.
- energy and water conservation as well as safety factors also affect decisions
regarding the selection of equipment.
- area must accommodate the total number of staff working at the busiest times
(approx.1 staff for 40Kg of laundry)
- the size of the property and the type of services offered are major considerations
for planning.
As technology strives to automate every face of hotel operations, computerized
laundry systems have been around for quite a while. The hotel cannot sell a single
room or a cover in the restaurant without the use of textile products. With the
realization of the potential benefits of cleaning up the laundry operations, more and
more streamlining processes are being introduced. Apart from exploring the options
of localized laundry operations that service multiple properties, outsourcing laundry
services, water reclamation and heat recovery systems to reduce hotel energy
consumption, some hotels are experimenting with Windows-based laundry software
and ozone washing.
LAUNDRY AGENTS
Water by itself is ineffective as a cleaning agent, due to a phenomenon known as
‘surface tension’. It will remove water-soluble dirt, but has little effect on oils and
grease. The addition of a detergent reduces the surface tension, allowing the water to
penetrate, wetting the garment thoroughly so that soil is more accessible.
Detergents
Classification of detergents
Synthetic/Active Detergent
Built- soap Detergent
Enzyme-action Detergent
Suspending Agent
The role of the suspending agent in cleaning is to hold the dirt in suspension and
prevent it from redepositing onto the surface of the article. It plays a crucial role in
the laundry agent due to the amount of time that the clothes rotate in the machine
while the dirt is in suspension. The suspending agent is carboxyl methyl cellulose.
Sequestering Agent
These act along with the suspending agent to hold dirt in suspension. They assist by
holding a greater amount of dirt in suspension thereby reducing the likelihood of
redeposition.
They also have the additional ability to dissolve lime salts that are responsible for
temporary hardness in water. Sodium polyphosphates act as sequestering agents.
pH Scale for laundry agents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
OTHER LAUNDERING AGENTS
Alkali
Alkalis used in the wash process include
1. Washing Soda
2. Sodium Phosphate
3. Sodium Hydroxide
4. Sodium Metasilicate
The role of the alkali in the wash process
Bleaches
These are used on white articles only. They remove colouring matter by their
oxidizing or reducing action. If not in liquid form, they should be dissolved in hot
water in order to ensure that no powder residue remains in the washing machine
which may affect later loads. The bleaches commonly used in the laundry process are
sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite.
Antichlors
These are agents used to neutralize the chlorine bleach and are essential particularly
in the case of polyesters. The use of chlorinated bleaches has a tendency to leave
yellow deposits.
Sour
This is used only in industrial laundering in the final rinse, to neutralize any alkaline
soap residues that may be present. It brings the pH of the linen articles to a level
between 5 and 6.5, which is agreeable to the human skin.and also gets rid of yellow or
brown deposits caused by residue alkali. Acetic acid is used as the sour. In cases
where there is a high iron content in the water, Oxalic acid is used which serves a
dual purpose, by also getting rid of the reddish, iron deposits. If starch is being used,
sour should be added 2 minutes before the starch to achieve a pH of 5.0 to 5.5. If a
sizing agent is being used, the ideal pH is 7.0 to 8.0 so sour is generally not used.
Fabric conditioner
A fabric conditioner or softener has surface active agents like a detergent but they do
not perform the function of cleaning. Fabric conditioners are based on cationic
surface-active agents, carrying a positive charge and creates anti-static properties.
A fabric conditioner is never used on loads where starch or sizing will be used.
The role of the fabric conditioner in laundering
Blue
This is an optical brightener/ whitener, which is in fact a very fine dye, which gets
bleached in the course of time. It has a fluorescent effect by reflecting the UV rays of
the sun. The laundry blue in a powder form tends to accumulate in the weave of the
fabric and causes it to turn grey.
Starch
This is a stiffening agent used to impart a better appearance to the fabric. The use of
starch has declined due to the minimum-iron finishes on fabrics and garments and the
reduced use of cotton in favour of man-made fibres. However there are some articles
that have a better feel and drape when starched and it is particularly essential for
napkin folds. Since polyesters do not have the ability to absorb starch they are
stiffened with sizing agents.
Types of starch
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
STAIN REMOVAL
A stain is defined as a discolouration brought about by contact with a foreign
substance which is difficult to remove.
Like first-aid in an accident, the treatment of stains requires immediate action. Some
of the first-aid treatments include blotting, grease absorbent, salt absorbent and often a
cold water rinse.
It is virtually impossible to guarantee stain removal, as the agents that are used to
remove the stain often have an adverse effect on the fibre contained in the fabric.
However a set of general rules for stain removal may serve as a guideline.
♦ Identify the stain
♦ Deal with the stain as quickly as possible. Remove excess staining material
immediately.
♦ Test the stain removal agent on an inconspicuous place.
♦ Avoid hot water on an unknown stain.
♦ Use simple methods before resorting to the use of chemicals.
♦ Use milder agents then stronger ones.
♦ Repeated mild applications are better than one strong one.
♦ Ensure that the stain removal agent has been neutralized or washed away.
There are two major factors which are responsible for ensuring correct stain removal.
One is the stain removal agent and the other is the method of stain removal.
It is important to select the right stain removal agent. However this becomes complex
due to the many fibres and fibre blends that are used in the fabric since they may get
damaged by the
agents used.
Stain Removal Agents
Some stain removal agents used for common stains
METHODS OF STAIN REMOVAL
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
Absorbent Detergents
Friction Solvents
Heat Reagents
Freeze Bleach
DRY CLEANING
This is a process by which textiles are cleaned using a solvent other than water. This
solvent is usually an organic liquid that acts first to remove the layer of grease which
bonds most grease particles to the surface and then to carry this dirt away.
The solvents used are
1. Perchloroethylene
2. Tri-chloro-tri-fluoro-ethane
The solvent is removed first by centrifugal action and finally by evaporation. The
solvent being expensive is filtered and recycled.
Darker coloured articles are dry-cleaned after the lighter coloured ones. All articles
require to be aired after the dry-cleaning process.
Where Perchloroethylene is not suitable, a system called Aquatex from Iowa
Techniques is used. It involves the use of bio-degradable chemicals and water and a
controlled stage-by-stage drying temperature that restores the article to its original
condition.
As technology vendors strive to automate every face of operations, some might think
that laundry service have been left behind. Computerized laundry systems have been
in use since the mid-eighties and today as hoteliers realize the potential benefits of
cleaning up the laundry operations, more and more streamlining processes are starting
to filter into the industry. Some hotels are experimenting with Windows-based laundry
software and ozone washing.
G.A. Braun has developed a cutting edge, interactive PC video-conferencing product
called Serview that enables certified technicians to provide customer service and
support through contemporary two-way high speed audio and video technology. It
integrates with Braun’s Washnet NT application, an automated Windows Program
that smartly communicates with microprocessors embedded in Braun laundry
equipment providing visual data and control. WashNet NT tracks laundry through the
system.
Ozone washing is an energy efficient system that can cut laundry costs by 50%.
Ozone is a powerful oxidizer formed when an electric current is passes through
oxygen. Ozone washing became popular in the US in the mid-eighties. It is carried out
by mass injecting ozone into the laundry system via the cold water lines. The resulting
ozonated water facilitates the breakdown of insoluble soils leading to a whole host of
benefits. Ozone washing, the brainchild of GuestCare inc., cuts detergent use by 60%.
It reduces the need for hot water and can cut enegy costs by 80%. The returns on
investment could be as little as two years. Little hot water, reduced chemicals and
shorter wash cycles greatly extends the life of linen and also the life of the laundry
staff.
GUEST LAUNDRY
Among the many amenities provided by a hotel, one of them is laundry service for the
guest.It is an amenity which is essential in resort hotels where guests are long-staying
and prefer to travel light. Even if a full-fledged laundry service is not available, at
least some facility for ironing is required as clothes get crumpled in packing. It is a
source of revenue in hotels and may serve as a means of preventing them from
washing clothes and hanging them out to dry in hotel guest rooms.
Laundry service may be Normal (Ordinary) or Urgent (Express) and provide
Drycleaning, Washing and Ironing. The time gap between the collection and delivery
is dependent on whether the laundry is on-premises or off-premises.
A guest may avail of laundry service by either telephoning the Housekeeping Desk
and a Room Attendant is sent to collect the laundry Alternatively, if the Laundry is on-
premises, the Order-taker in the Laundry cabin will receive the call and the Valet
Runner will collect the laundry. If the hotel provides a Laundry Hanger, the guest may
hang this out on the doorknob indicating that there is laundry for collection.
Laundry lists are provided in the room or the format is printed on the laundry bag.
Should the guest wish to avail of laundry services, the necessary details will have to
be entered like the date, room no., name of guest, no. of type of articles and service
required. If a list is filled in, it is signed by a guest and kept along with the articles to
be laundered in the laundry bag. The staff collecting the laundry must check the
articles given against the entries made. They must also look out for tears and damages
or guest belongings left behind on/in the articles. It is especially important to check if
the guest has left laundry for collection when the laundry is off-premises.
It is absolutely essential to mark guest articles before despatch to an off- premises
laundry in order to prevent any mix-up. Marking is done on a marking machine which
usually indicates only the room number but may also indicate the initials of the guest.
The heat-sealed tape used for marking does not come out in the normal wash
procedure but can be peeled off if so desired. The laundry list is used for making the
bill which is charged according to the service requested.
Extra care must be taken when handling guest laundry. If stains and damages are
present, they must be dealt with prior to the laundering process. As it is directly
related to guest satisfaction, staff working on guest laundry should be most
experienced. The machine capacity is also smaller to deal with smaller loads and
control the quality of wash. Instructions for washing and washing symbols on the
garment must be strictly adhered to and small items are tied loosely in a net
bad,.prior to loading to prevent them from getting lost. When delivering guest articles,
some will be folded while others are placed on hangers. Folded articles are put
together in a laundry bag with the room number written on it, while hanging articles
are clubbed with a tie label indicating the room number.
LAUNDRY PROCEDURES
for different fabrics
LAUNDERING OF COTTONS
The process of laundering cotton fabrics is dependent on the texture of the fabrics,
fastness of colour and the finish appropriate to its use.
Sorting is a major stage according to
- fine ,delicate cotton (mulmul, muslin)
- white and light fast colours
- dark, fast colours
- non-fast colours
A further classification into coarse articles, bed linen and personal articles and table
linen.
This sorting will be responsible for deciding
- the temperature of water in the main wash
- the need for disinfection/sterilization
- the detergent used
- the speed of rotation of the drum
- the length of the wash cycle
- the use of bleach and optical brighteners
- the need to starch
- hydro-extraction
LAUNDERING OF SILK
Silk should be washed frequently as perspiration damages the fabric. Never soak
articles as it weakens the fabric nor should they be subjected to high heat (wash
temperature approx. 30º C)
The detergent should have a good surfactant and should not depend on mechanical
action for cleaning. No harsh chemicals should be used. The final rinse of silk articles
should be carried out with a little vinegar in it. (1 tspn /10 litres water) in order to
preserve lustre. Silk is too delicate to be hydro-extracted. Silk should never be sun-
dried as this damages the fabric and causes yellowing of the fabric. Ironing is on
medium heat as silk scorches easily. The article must be evenly dampened and water
should never be sprinkled on the fabric as it leaves watermarks.
Ensure that the articles are completely dry so that creases do not reappear on the
portion which is damp. Ironing is carried out on the reverse in order to preserve
lustre and air all silk garments after ironing. Silk is usually dry-cleaned.
LAUNDERING OF WOOL
In the laundering of wool, the articles must be shaken out to remove the dust particles
that are held in the loosely constructed weave. Hand-knitted garments are very
susceptible to felting and stretching. Mark the outline of the article prior to washing
and arrange it in its original size and shape after laundering and dry flat.
In the laundering of wool, the following should be avoided:
- application of friction
- fluctuating and high temperatures
- use of strong laundry agents
- wringing tightly and hydro-extraction
- hanging the fabric when wet
- prolonged soaking as it makes the fabric weak
The capacity of the machine, may have to be disregarded due to the bulkiness of the
articleThe movement of the drum should be gentle and a scrubbing brush should
never be used.The wash cycle should be short and water temperature (not more than
35º C). The rinse cycle should be thorough and borax is added to the final rinse water
to prevent matting. No hydro-extraction is permitted but there is instead a pumping
action for the removal of moisture. Usually ironing is not required, but wherever
necessary, iron when the article is completely dry, using a low temperature and
ironing on the reverse of the article. It is very essential to air to fabric after ironing.
LAUNDERING OF SYNTHETICS
These are manufactured so that they shed dirt quickly in the wash. However if they
become heavily soiled, (especially collars and cuffs and saree borders) they become
difficult to clean, so it is better to wash them after every use.
Soaking the garments before laundering is beneficial as it loosens the dirt. Care must
be taken when loading the machine as overloading results in creases which may be
difficult to remove later. The application of friction should avoid the use of a
scrubbing brush and should be restricted to heavily soiled parts only. The wash cycle
is short and carried out at a low temperature (30º C) Rinsing should be carried out in
water at room temperature. The hydro-extraction cycle is also short as synthetic
articles have a low absorbency. Iron on low heat but quickly as if there is a prolonged
contact it is likely to scorch the fabric.
TEST YOURSELF 1. Draw the layout of an on-premises laundry in a four-star hotel having 200
rooms.
2. How and why are clothes sorted prior to the laundry process?
3. Draw a flow diagram for the Laundry Process with a brief explanation of
each stage.
4. List the stages in a wash cycle with a brief explanation of each stage. What
is TACT?
5. Classify detergents and explain the use of each type.
6. Explain the role of an alkali in the wash process.
7. What is drycleaning?
8. Differentiate between:
Laundry Chute and Laundry Skip
Blue and Bleach
Tunnel Dryer and Tumble Dryer
Sour and Soft
Physical and Chemical methods of stain removal
Cage and Case of the washing machine
9. What special care (give any two points) must be taken when laundering
guest articles.
10. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of having an OPL.
11. Give two problems that may result from the overloading of a washing
machine.
12. Give two reasons why soiled linen should be dealt with as quickly as
possible.
13. Give two reasons why laundry machines should be installed with adequate
spatial requirements around it.
14. Give two major factors to be considered when planning to have an OPL.
15. Give the correct term for the following:
The compact mass of hydro-extracted clothes.
Laundry agents used to neutralize chlorine bleach residues.
The action brought about by the rotation of the drum in a washing machine.
The level of water in a washing machine.
A flatwork ironer or roller press.
The optional stage in the wash cycle intended for greasy soil.