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French scholars undertook extensive research and restoration
of the temples, work which was continued by the Lebanese
Directorate General of Antiquities.
Baalbecks temples were built on an ancient tell that goes back
at least to the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Little is known
about the site during this period, but there is evidence that in
the course of the 1st millennium B.C., an enclosed court was
built on the ancient tell. An altar was set in the center of this
court in the tradition of the biblical Semitic high places.
During the Hellenistic period (33364B.C.) the Greeks identifiedthe god of Baalbeck with the sun god, and the city was called
Heliopolis or City of the Sun. At this time the ancient
enclosed court was enlarged, and a podium was erected on its
western side to support a temple of classical form. Although
the temple was never built, some huge structures from this
Hellenistic project can still be seen. It was over the ancient
court that the Romans placed the present Great Court of the
Temple of Jupiter.
The temple was begun in the last quarter of the 1st century
B.C. and was nearing completion in the final years of Neros
reign (37 68 A.D.). The Great Court Complex of the Temple
of Jupiter, with its porticoes, exedrae, altars, and basins, was
built in the 2nd century A.D. Construction of the so-called
Temple of Bacchus was also started about this time.
The Propylaea and the Hexagonal Court of the Jupiter Temple
were added in the 3rd century under the Severan Dynasty (193-
235 A.D.), and work was presumably completed in the mid-3rd
century. The small circular structure known as the Temple of
Venus was probably finished at this time as well.
When Christianity was declared an official religion of the Roman
Empire in 313 A.D., Emperor Constantine officially closed the
Baalbeck temples. At the end of the 4th century, the Byzantine
Emperor Theodosius tore down the altars of Jupiters Great
Court and built a basilica using the temples stones and
architectural elements. The remnants of the three apses of this
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basilica, originally oriented to the west, can still be seen in the
upper part of the stairway of the Temple of Jupiter.
After the Arab Conquest in 636 A.D., the temples were
transformed into a fortress, or qala, a term still applied to the
Acropolis today.
During the next centuries Baalbeck fell successively to the
Umayyad, Abbasid, Toulounid, Fatimid and Ayoubid dynasties.Sacked by the Mongols about 1260, Baalbeck later enjoyed a
period of calm and prosperity under Mamluke rule.
The SiteThe temple complex of Baalbeck is made up of the Jupiter
Temple and the Bacchus Temple adjacent to it. A short
distance away is the circular structure known as the Temple
of Venus. Only part of the staircase remains of a fourth temple
dedicated to Mercury, on Sheikh Abdallah hill.
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Parking
Entrance
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M2
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1a
3a
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3b
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The Great Temple of JupiterzHL{ e hG ,dG dG
The Great Temple orJupiter Temple [1-9]The complex of the Great Temple has four sections: the
monumental entrance or Propylaea, the Hexagonal Court, the
Great Court, and finally the Temple itself where the six famouscolumns stand.
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1- The PropylaeaCompleted in the mid-
3rd century A.D., the
Propylaea is approached
by a large semicircle of
stone benches (1a) and
a partially restored stair-
way. The entrance struc-
ture has towers at either
end and is fronted by12 granite columns. An
interior stairway goes to
the top of the Propylaea
where there is an excellent view of the area.
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Entrance
1
1a
2- Hexagonal ForecourtThree doors lead from
the Propylaea to the
Hexagonal Forecourt,
where 30 granite col-umns originally support-
ed the entablature. This
six-sided form was built
between the Propylaea
and the Great Court in
the first half of the 3rd
century A.D. At the end
of the 4th century or the
early 5th century, it was covered with a dome and transformed
into a church by the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius.
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3-The Great CourtBuilt in the 2nd cen-
tury A.D., the Great
Court covered an area
of 134 x 112 meters
and contained the main
installations of the cult.Structurally, the Court
is a platform built on
the leveled-off top of the
ancient artificial tell. The
tell was consolidated on
the eastern, northern,
and southern sides by vaulted substructures, and on the
western side by the temples podium. These substructures
supported the por ticos and exedrae around the Court and were
used for stables (3b) and storage. [You can visit the Museum
installed in the stables access from the parking].
The entire Court was enclosed by a succession of rectangular
and semi-circular exedrae or recesses decorated by niches (3a)
which contained statues. Surrounding the Court, in front of theexedrae, was an 84-column Corinthian colonnade of Egyptian
granite. On the exterior walls of the Court, the remains of medi-
eval battlements can still be seen.
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4 & 5- The Altar & the TowerTwo huge structures stand in the center of the Great Court:
a restored sacrificial altar (5) and a tower with only the lower
courses remaining (4). The tower, dating from the beginning of
the 1st century A.D., was probably built to allow the worshipers
to view the proceedings from the top.
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6&7- The Columns & the Ritual PoolsThe Great Court was
flanked by two solitary
columns of gray and red
granite (6). Two pools for
ritual washing (7), deco-
rated with relief carv-ings, were placed north
and south of both the
altar and the Propylaea
tower.
These structures were
destroyed when a
Christian basilica was built on the site at the end of the 4th
century.
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8- The Temple of Jupiter
After passing through the Propylaea, the Hexagonal Forecourt,
and Great Court, the worshiper at last arrived at the Temple
of Jupiter. This approach to the sanctuary through a series ofdefined spaces was an apparent oriental adaptation.
The Temple measures 88 x 48 meters and stands on a
podium 13 meters above the surrounding terrain and 7 meters
above the courtyard. It is reached by a monumental stairway.
Originally surrounded by 54 external columns, most of these
now lie in fragments on the ground. The six standing columns
(9) are joined by an entablature decorated with a frieze of bull
and lion heads connected by garlands.
The Podium is built with some of the largest stone blocks ever
hewn. On the west side of the podium is the Trilithon (8a),
a celebrated group of three enormous stones weighing about
800 tons each.
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5
7
8
9 7
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9- The Six Corinthian Columns
The six Corinthian columns of the Great Temple are the first
view the visitor has of Baalbeck. Thrusting 22 meters into the
skyline, they were built on a podium seven meters above the
Court. These six columns and the entablature on top give an
idea of the vast scale of the original structure.
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8a
10- Temple of BacchusThe smaller temple next to the Jupiter complex is a separate
building known as the Temple of Bacchus. Constructed during
the first half of the 2nd century A.D., it has been remarkably
well preserved.
While the Great Temple was dedicated to the public cult of the
Heliopolitan Triad, the smaller temple was apparently dedicated
to a mysterious cult centered around Bacchus, as suggested by
the grapes and poppies carved on the main doorway and other
carved Bacchic scenes.
Thirty-three steps lead up to the entrance and the whole structure
sits on a platform five meters high. The entrance through the lofty
monumental gate and the view of its ornate interior constitute oneof the loveliest sights of Baalbeck. The stairs on either side of the
doorway may have had some ritual function.
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11- The Arabic CitadelBehind the Temple of Bacchus and enclosing the lower area to
the southwest, a mass
of wall towers and bat-
tlements were built dur-
ing the Ayoubid and the
Mamluke periods. Theentrance to the citadel
was here, as well as a
mosque in the name of
the prophet Abraham.
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12- The 15th Century TowerThe 15th century tower
at the corner of the
Temple of Bacchus isa good example of the
Mamluke fortifications
of Baalbeck. From the
top of the tower a view
can be had of the sur-
rounding area. [You
are invited to visit the
Museum installed in the
Tower].
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13-The Round TempleThe Round Temple or
the so-called Temple of
Venus, located south-
east of the Acropolis,
was built in the 3rd cen-
tury A.D. Its design andsize, as well as its orien-
tation towards the Great
Temple, set it apar t from
the other Baalbeck tem-
ples. These attributes
also help identify it as
the temple of the Fortune of Baalbeck, the protector divinity of
the City. It was not by accident that during the Byzantine period
it was conver ted into a church dedicated to Saint Barbara, who
is the patron saint of Baalbeck to this day.
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14
14 & 15 - The Temple of the MusesNear the Temple of
Venus are the remains
of The Temple of the
Muses (14), dating
from the beginning of
the 1st century A.D., in
addition to the remains
of a portico (15).
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Around the TownH AfG a dL
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10m 50m 100m
Around the TownThere are a number of other Roman remains and Christian and
Islamic sites to visit in Baalbeck and its immediate neighbor-
hood.
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2- Qubbat as-Saadin(the Cupola of the Monkeys)Not far from the City Gate
is a two-room mausole-
um built in 1409, which
served as a burial place
for the Mamluke gover-
nors of Baalbeck.Theorigin of the name goes
back to the 19th cen-
tury, when an exhibitor of
monkeys took refuge in
the mausoleum that was
abandoned since the 15th century. He used to exhibit his mon-
keys in the souks of Baalbeck. The name Qubbat as-Saeedain
(the Cupola of the blissful two), which is used by many locals, has
no real or even historic proof.
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4- Remains of the Medieval WallThe Medieval Wall was built during the Ayoubid period over the
remains of the Roman Wall of the city. It was then restored during
the Mamluke period.
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Around the TownH AfG a dL
3- City GateNorthwest of the Acropo-lis near the army bar-
racks lay the remains of
a Roman city gate, part
of the fortifications that
surrounded the city.
5- QubbatDourisAt the southern entrance
of town is the site of an
octagonal structure com-
posed of eight Roman
granite columns. Built
during the 13th century,
it was originally covered
with a cupola and held
an Ayoubid tomb.
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6- The Great MosqueIn front of the Acropolis
entrance, this mosque
dates from the 7th-8th
centuries of the Umayy-
ad period. Built on what
was the site of the Ro-man forum and later a
Byzantine church dedi-
cated to St. John, the
mosque re-uses granite
and limestone columns.
There is a square mina-
ret in the Northwest corner of the courtyard.
Around the TownH AfG a dL
9- Boustan al KhanTo the south of the
temples are important
remains of public baths,
a market, and probably a
bouleuterion, or assem-
bly place.
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7- The Temple of Venus[Please refer to the Baal-
beck site map, number
13].
8- Old ShiiteMosqueThis Mosque was built
by the Harfouch family
who ruled Baalbeck dur-
ing the 17th century.
9
11
22
17
23
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10- QuarriesAt the southern entrance
of the town is a quarry
where the stones used
in the temples were cut.
A huge block, considered
the largest hewn stonein the world, still sits
where it was cut almost
2,000 years ago. Called
the Stone of the Preg-
nant Woman, it is 21.5
m x 4.8 m x 4.2 meters
in size and weighs an estimated 1,000 tons. There is another
quarry at Al Kiyyal, southwest of town, beyond Qubbat Douris.
Around the TownH AfG a dL
11- Roman TombsExcavated in the limestone cliff overlooking the city, thesetombs were part of the necropolis of Baalbeck during the Ro-
man period and were still in use during the Byzantine era.
12- Qubbat al-AmjadOn Sheikh Abdallah Hill are the remains of the Zawiya-Mosque
and tomb of Sheikh Abdallah al-Younini, built under the rule of
Al-Amjad, grand nephew of Saladin and governor of Baalbeck
between 1182 and 1230. It was constructed of stones from the
neighboring temple of Mercury.
13&14- Mercury TempleBuilt during the Roman period over an earlier temple dedicated
to the tutelary God of the city and protector of the crops andherds. The remains of the temple (14) are accessible through a
stairway carved in the bedrock (13).
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12
13
14
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15- Ras El-AinThis ancient spring, now
incorporated into mod-
ern Baalbeck, has been
a source of water since
antiquity. Here are traces
of a Roman shrine and aNympheum, as well as
remains of a Mamluke
mosque built in 1277.
Around the TownH AfG a dL
16-17-18&19 Ottoman BuldingsAll these buildings were erected during the Ottoman period.
They present many aspects of the architecture of this epoch.
20- The House of Ibrahim HaidarThis traditional Ottomanhouse, built by Ibrahim
Bek Haidar, is today the
property of the General
Directorate of Antiqui-
ties.
21- The House ofHabib Pashael-MoutranBuilt during the 19th
century, this house was
transformed into a Shi-
ite Mosque during the
second half of the 20th
century.
9h18 - 17 - 16fdG IdG e H
IdG N HG J ac AH Je IjY LhG J gh fdG
.IdG J a IQdG a
QM gGHG e - 20
J fdG RGdG e HAYR MG e QKBd edG jjdG
.QM H gGHG gh H
GdG TH M e - 21
dG a M dG J bh Y SdG dG dG dG Gg AH Oj.jdG dG e fdG
dG SCGQ - 15
dG dG zdG SCGQ{ f je a ch ,jdG e bdG
jdG LMG H eDj ezdG f{ fL dG ,dG ej e Gj eh .dG
QGe jH eh ,jKG odG HdG eGdG Hh U fehQdG GdG e kGAL qJ fc
Yh .dG Qe d bGY e eL WCG dG e He
.1277 Y oH ,ddG15
16
16
7 8
17
18
19
20
2117
17
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22 ChurchesDuring the early 20th
century two churches
were built in this area,
the Orthodox Church of
St. Georges and the Ma-
ronite church dedicatedto the Virgin Mary.
Around the TownH AfG a dL
23 The Palmyra Hotel andthe Roman TheatreDuring the early 20th
century, the Palmyra Ho-
tel was built over the re-
mains of the Roman the-atre of the city. Parts of
the theatres stones are
still visible in the north-
ern wall of the hotel fac-
ing the main street.
dGh GdH a - 23fehdG
jGH a GddG a bGdG VfG Y jdG dG
H GJ eh H a fehdG
a IgX dG dG IQM.dG jdG Y dG QGdG
Fc - 22
AH J jdG dG jGH agh dhG ,bdG Gg a c
hd SLQhL jdG cIdG c fdGh chPKQG
.fQGd
1
7
9
22
17
23
17
17
9
11
23
17
Most of the text is taken from:
The pamphlet BAALBECK, text: Elian Larwood, Marilyn Raschka,
Dr. Hassan Salam-Sarkis, The Ministry of Tourism.
Maps & text compilation: Assaad Seif.
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.S SCG :UdG J h FGdG OGYEG
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8/9/2019 Layout Baalbeck CS
18/19
www.DestinationLebanon.com
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Glossary
Acropolis: Any archaeological or non archaeological
agglomeration of buildings or structures that is
situated on an elevated (geographic/topographic)
platform.
Altar: Raised platform or structure where sacrifices
are offered and religious rites are performed.
Apse: Semi-circular area at east end of a church,
often with a domed or vaulted roof.
Basilica: Large church.
Battlement: A parapet or wall around a fort or castle,
with indentations or embrasures
(slanted openings) for shooting through.
Colonnade: A set of evenly spaced columns.
Cupola: Dome.
Entablature: The part of a classical temple above the columns,
consisting of an architrave (horizontal beam), a frieze
(a horizontal band of decorations or carvings),
and a cornice (a horizontal molding).
Exedra: A semi-circular extension of a structure (usually the
colonnade), furnished with seats on which people
usually sat to talk about philosophy and other important
subjects. In private houses, the exedra was a room
intended for conversation, fitted with a bench running
round the wall.
Heliopolis: The City of the Sun.
Mausoleum: Large, stately tomb.
Minaret: A tall, slender tower attached to a Mosque with one or
more balconies, used to broadcast the call to prayers.
Niche: A recess in a wall, often containing a statue,
bust, or vase.
Nympheum: A monumental fountain.
Podium: A raised platform that supports a colonnade or wall.
Portico: Covered walkway in the form of a roof supported by
columns or pillars.
Propylaea: A temple-like porch at the entrance of a temple
enclosure.
Qalat: Citadel, fort.
Qubbat: Refer to Cupola.
Tell: Artificial, manmade hill.