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:86>
Nfmabo Boir` Ijbm-^ircirmii
@inuob ^atob7 [^Z@ 8:;
@inuob Mf`b7 @fmflaml Ipbrftaims
Nftb7 :>td
@fy, :86>
\irn Kiumt7 :,
Obfm @fmflb`bmt7 ^dbiry fmn Fppoakftaims ti
Xrinuktaim ie pri`itaimfo pbmmfmts
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FJ[^ZFK^
Beebktavb ipbrftaimfo pbreir`fmkb rbquarbs umnbrstfmnaml ie wdft vfoub as ti tdb kimsu`br. ^
umnbrstfmnaml waoo obfn ti anbmtaeakftaim ie fktavatabs ir prikbssbs mit-vfoubn jy tdb kusti`br fmn
krbftbs kist eir tdb irlfmasftaim. Obfm `fmflb`bmt, f kimkbpt wdakd pripisbs anbmtaeyaml wfs
fnnaml vfoub fmn kimtamuiusoy a`privaml tdb prikbss as f pdaoisipdy tdft dfs kdfmlbn diw ki`pfm
mit imoy am `fmuefkturaml jut fosi sbrvakbs, rum tdbar fktavatabs.
^db pdbmi`bmim dfs jbbm usbeuo am amnustry am kimkbpts sukd fs titfo qufoaty `fmflb`bmt, Cfmj
eavb [, kboouofr `fmuefkturaml, fmn titfo prbvbmtavb `fmflb`bmt. [i`b ie tdbsb fppoakftaims
bxpofambn watdam tdas rbpirt.
^diuld obfm dfs jbbm wanboy prfasbn jy `fmy rbsbfrkdbrs fmn prfktataimbrs foo ivbr tdb wiron, si
dfvb fosi rfasbn kimkbrms fjiut fmitdbr pdbmi`bmim tdft dfs poflubn tdb wiron miw3 [ustfamfjao
^db obfm pdaoisipdy sbb`s ti jb fjiut a`pob`bmtaml oiml tbr` lifos tdriuld sdirt tbr` fpprifkd
tdus, tdb assub ie bmvarim`bmtfo sustfamfjaoaty as ie lrbft kimkbrm.
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^FJOB IE KIM^BM^
FJ[^ZFK^ .. :
6.8 AM^ZINRK^AIM . >
:.8 OBFM @FMFLB@BM^ KIMKBX^[ . 5
:.6. ^DB KIMKBX^ IE \F[^B 5
:.6.6. Nbebkt .. 5
:.6.:. Ivbr Xrikbssaml 5
:.6.;. @itaim . 5
:.6.>. \fataml .;. EAUB [s .. 4
>.>. CFMJFM . 1
2.8. JBMBEA^[ IE OBFM @FMFLB@BM^ . 1
5.8. FZLR@BM^[ FLFAM[^ ^DB OBFM XDAOI[IXDQ . 1
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6.8 AM^ZINRK^AIM
Foo tdb stbps rbquarbn ti tfcb f prinukt ir sbrvakb eri` ats rfw stftb amti tdb wfataml fr`s i
kusti`br as nbeambn fs vfoub strbf` (Xbrbraf, :884). ^dbsb prikbssbs kiuon batdbr jb vfoub fnnbn
mim-vfoub fnnbn
Ufoub [trbf` @fppaml waoo jb nimb eir f pipuofr prinukt oamb3 Xri`itaimfo Xbmmfmts eir bnukftai
amstatutaims fmn kirpirftb amstatutaims. ^db mf`b ie tdb ki`pfmy eir wdakd tdas Ufoub [trbf` `f
jbaml nrfwm as kfoobn AMCA^ Ldfmf Oa`atbn (Amcat Ldfmf, :866). ^db ki`pfmy rbkbavbs sbvbrfo amquar
eri` koabmts eri` dbr koabmts wdi wasd ti prinukb pfrfpdbrmfoaf eir tdbar `frcbtaml kf`pfalms
kurrbmtoy turms niwm fjiut 58% ie rbqubst nub ti ivbroifnbn wirc skdbnuob.
Ivbr tdb ybfrs, tdb ki`pfmy dfs usbn f obfn ta`b ie, ft jbst, 6> nfys ti nboavbr f jftkd ie 28 atb`s,
tdb fvbrflb, ti bfkd kusti`br.
^db bmtarb prikbss eri` irnbr ti nboavbry as iutoambn fs eiooiws7
6. Fktavaty 67 tdb kusti`br `fcbs amatafo kimtfkt watd tdb ki`pfmy (tdriuld tbobpdimb) frbquarb`bmts frb rbkbavbn fmn rbkirnbn. ^das as rbkbavbn jy tdb ieeakb stfee.
:. Fktavaty :7Ieeakb stfee ki``umakftbs tdb rbquarb`bmts ti tdb lrfpdak nbsalmbr wdi trfmsoftdbsb anbfs amti lrfpdaks.
;. Fktavaty ;7Jfsbn im tdb nbsalm prinukbn, sf`pobs frb tdbm `fnb eir tdb koabmt ti fppri[f`pob wiin jfrs fmn itdbr `ftbrafos frb purkdfsbn eri` suppoabrs am s`foobr pripirtaims.
>. Fktavaty >7 ^wi sf`pobs frb prinukbn eir tdb koabmts fpprivfo.2. Fktavaty 27^db koabmt kimear`s tdb sf`pob qufoaty fmn tdbm lavbs li fdbfn eir prinuktaim ti
nimb. Kimear`ftaim ie irnbrs as nimb jy tdb koabmt salmaml fm flrbb`bmt fmn `fcaml f 2
nbpisat eir tdb titfo kist ie prinuktaim.
5. Fktavaty 57Irnbrs frb lavbm ti kfrpbmtbr ti `fcb wiinbm jfrs eir tdb pbmmfmts. ^db juocprinukbn jfsbn im sf`pob prinukbn.
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:.8 OBFM @FMFLB@BM^ KIMKBX^[
Jusambssbs, arrbspbktavb ie wdft amnustry tdby jboiml ti `ust eikus im nboavbraml vfoub ti tdb
kusti`br am irnbr ti sukkbbn am tdb jusambss bmvarim`bmt (Kunmby & Borin, :866).
@botim( :882) anbmtaeabn obfm fs f pdaoisipdy juaot im tdrbb `fam kimkbpts7 tdb anbmtaeakftaim ie
vfoub, tdb boa`amftaim ie wfstb fmn tdb lbmbrfo eoiw (ie vfoub ti tdb kusti`br). Kunmby & Borin
(:866) fosi sdfrb tdb sf`b ipamaim tdft at eikusbn im tdb anbmtaeakftaim fmn boa`amftaim ie wfstb am
prinuktaim, prinukt nbvboip`bmt fmn sbrvakb amnustrabs.
Obfm stfrtbn am Gfpfm watdam ^iyitf fmn tdb prinuktaim systb` wfs f kbfsbobss eoiw ie rboftavboy
sdirtbr prinuktaim oambs wdakd wbrb `irb beeakabmt (B`aoafma, :885). ^db \bstbrm wiron, watd EIZN
@itirs fs tdb obfnbrs, wfs usaml `fss prinuktaim jfsbn friumn `ftbrafos rbsiurkb pofmmaml (@ZX)
(@botim, :882). ^das systb` usbn ki`pobx ki`putbrasbn systb` eir tdb prinuktaim prikbss (@botim,
:882).
:.6 ^DB KIMKBX^ IE \F[^B
B`aoafma (:885) b`pdfsasbs wfstb fs f pbrkbptaim eri` tdb eamfo kimsu`br tdft fm fktavaty nibs mit
fnn vfoub ti tdb prinuktaim prikbss. ^das `bfms tdft wdft tdb irlfmasftaim tdamcs as a`pirtfmt `fy
mit jb tdb kfsb eir tdb kimsu`br. Fkkirnaml ti Jdfsam & Jurkdbr (:885), tdbrb kiuon jb up ti f >8%
rbnuktaim am wfstb ae obfm `fmflb`bmt as a`pob`bmtbn. ^dbrb frb 4 camns ie wfstb (Cfvfmfld &
Cramls, :866)
:.6.6. Nbebkts7 Cfvfmfld & Cramls (:866) jboabvb tdft f nbebkt ikkurs wdbm fm amki`pobtb ir
amkirrbkt atb` as pfssbn im ti tdb mbxt stbp am tdb prikbss ir ti tdb eamfo kimsu`br. Fkkirnaml ti tdb
futdirs, fvianaml nbebkts jblams watd umnbrstfmnaml tdb kusti`brs nbeamataim ie sbrvak b qufoaty.
Nbebkts rbsuot am rbwircaml fs f rbsuot ie prinukts jbaml eiumn ti jb nbebktavb fmn dfvb ti jb
rbwircbn ir naspisbn ie, jitd f kistoy prikbss. ^dby frb `famoy kfusbn jy piir ir amebrair
`fmuefkturaml prikbssbs fs f rbsuot ie batdbr du`fm brrir ir bquap`bmt jrbfcniwm ir jitd.
:.6.:. Ivbr prikbssaml7 Ivbr prikbssaml amviovbs bxbkutaml f tfsc am f `fmmbr tdfm rbsuots am
tdb lavaml tdb kusti`br ir rbkapabmt `irb tdfm wdft wfs rbqubstbn (Cfvfmfld & Cramls, :866). Eir
amstfmkb, wrfppaml fm atb` watd rujjbr, pofkaml at am pfpbr wrfppamls, fmn tdbm eamfooy puttaml at amti
f jix.
:.6.;. @itaim7 @itaim rboftbs ti bxkbssavb du`fm `ivb`bmt watdam tdb wircpofkb (Jdfsam
& Jurkdbr, :885). Xiir wirc frbf ofyiut kfm jb f `fgir kfusb ie tdas camn ie wfstb. F prikbss
sdiuon prinukb rboafjob rbsuots tdb earst ta`b at as pbreir`bn (Cfvfmfld & Cramls, :866). Eir tdas
rbfsim niujob(ir trapob) amspbktaim fmn kdbkcaml as kimsanbrbn f eir` ie wfstb jbkfusb tdbrb as f oit
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. \fataml7 \fataml as tdb anob ta`b krbftbn wdbm b`poiybbs wfat eir rbsiurkbs oacb
amviakbs, kipabrs, pfrts, `fkdambs, btk. eri` kiwircbrs (Cfvfmfld & Cramls, :866). ^das tfmsoftbs
amti niwmta`b wdbm pbipob fmn bquap`bmt frb mit krbftaml vfoub. Ae ipbrftirs, bquap`bmt,ameir`ftaim ir `ftbrafos nbofy tdb prinuktaim prikbss eir fmy rbfsim, ta`b as wfstbn fmn kist ie
prinuktaim waoo amkrbfsb eurtdbr a`pfktaml, ku`uoftavboy, im prieatfjaoaty.
:.6.2. Amvbmtiry/Jfkcoil7 Fkkirnaml ti Cfvfmfld & Cramls (:866), am fm fn`amastrftavb
prikbss, tdb su` ie foo tfscs wfataml ti jb prikbssbn as kimsanbrbn amvbmtiry ir jfkcoil.
Amvbstipbnaf (:86>) nbeambs amvbmtiry fs tdb rfw `ftbrafos, wirc-am-prikbss liins fmn ki`pobtboy
eamasdbn liins tdft frb rbfny eir usb ir kimsu`ptaim jy tdb kimsu`br. ^dby tfcb up spfkb fmn
spfkb kist `imby. ^dbrb as fosi tdb nfmlbr tdft tdby `fy jbki`b ijsiobtb.
:.6.5. ^rfmspirtftaim7 ^rfmspirtaml fmytdaml tdft nibs mit fnn vfoub ti tdb eamfo kimsu`br as
kimsanbrbn wfstb (Cfvfmfld & Cramls, :866). Fkkirnaml ti tdb futdirs, tdas nibs mit imoy amkounb
tdb `ivb`bmt ie `ftbrafos fmn niku`bmts, jut fosi tdb `ivb`bmt ie kusti`brs eri` imb nbsc ti
fmitdbr, f prfktakb vbry ki``im am livbrm`bmt amstatutaims.
:.6.
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wdft `fy jb vfoubn as tdb fjaoaty ti wftkd iur efviuratb `ivabs ft di`b3 eir itdbrs tdb vfoub `fy
jb rboftbn ti kist ir spbkaeak nbsalm ebfturbs ir bvbm tdb sazb. ^db kdfoobmlb eir tdb `fmuefkturbr as
ti nbvboip f prinukt pirteioai jfsbn im tdbsb vfoub pripisataims. Mit `bbtaml tdb kusti`brs vfoub
pripisataim `fy obfn ti foo tdb typbs ie wfstb `bmtaimbn fjivb.
Eoiw as prijfjoy tdb dfrnbst obfm kimkbpt ti umnbrstfmn. At as tdb kimkbpt wdakd `ist ijvaiusoykimtrfnakts watd `fss prinuktaim systb`s3 tdb ki`pfrasim ie imb pabkb eoiw vbrsus jftkd fmn
qubub prikbssbs (@botim, :882). ^db ofkc ie eoiw am `ist `fmuefkturaml prikbssbs as oacboy ti jb
wdft fkkiumts eir tdb dulb wfrbdiusbs wdakd diusb tdb `fss ie amvbmtiry wdakd kimsu`bs tdb
wircaml kfpatfo ie jusambss3 jitd stftb-iwmbn fmn pravftb. @botim (:882) furlubn tdb a`pirtfmkb
ie umnbrstfmnaml vfoub strbf` ti lfamaml f pripbr umnbrstfmnaml ie eoiw. ^db vfoub strbf`
uota`ftboy nboavbrs vfoub ti f kusti`br. Fkkirnaml ti tdb futdir, vfoub strbf` krissbs eumktaimfo
fmn, usufooy, irlfmazftaimfo jiumnfrabs.
>.8. FXXOAKF^AIM[ FMN EZF@B\IZC[ IE OBFM
Ivbr tdb ybfrs, Obfm dfs `ivbn fwfy eri` tdb pdaoisipdy usbn am `fmuefkturaml ear`s ti imb usbn
fkriss foo amnustrabs fmn sbktirs, amkounaml ieeakb prikbssbs (Kunmby & Borin, :866). Obfm
`fmuefkturaml dfs jbbm usbn am foo kimtambmts fmn am vfraius sbktirs amkounaml amnustry fmn sbrvakb
sbl`bmts (@iira, bt fo., :86;).
>.6. Kboo @fmuefkturaml7@fmuefkturbrs dfvb fniptbn amataftavbs fa`bn ft rbnukaml
tdb sbtup ta`b ie bquap`bmt, `fcaml `fmuefkturaml kboo `fmuefkturaml `irb eobxajob fmn a`privaml
qufoaty. ^db jbmbeats ie kboouofr `fmuefkturaml amkounb7 \irc-Am-Xrilrbss rbnuktaim, ipta`asftaim iespfkb, rbnuktaim am obfn ta`b, prinuktavaty a`privb`bmt, qufoaty a`privb`bmt, bmdfmkbn
ki``umakftaim fmn tbf`wirc, bmdfmkbn eobxajaoaty fmn vasajaoaty (Niokb`fskioi, :88>). \daob tdas
systb` dfs jbbm wanboy usbn, rbsbfrkdbrs dfvb fscbn tdb qubstaim ie wdbtdbr tdbrb kiuon jb `irb
beebktavb fmuefkturaml ofyiuts.
>.:. Gust-Am-^a`b (GA^) [uppoy7 ^db purpisb ie GA^ as ti rbspimn `irb quakcoy ti pusd
fmn puoo ie irlfmazftaims suppoy kdfam (@astry, :882). At as f pdaoisipdy wdakd as eikusbn im
a`privaml kimtamuiusoy fmn boa`amftaml wfstb am tdb prikbss. GA^ tfkcobs assubs sukd fs im-ta`b
nboavbry, qufoaty, `ama`fo amvbmtirabs fmn kist rbnuktaim (Lrfy, :868 katbn am (Xrfvfj, :86:). At fosi
sullbsts sbvbrfo amtbr`attbmt traps ti nboavbr rfw `ftbrafos wdakd rfasb tdb qubstaim ie
bmvarim`bmtfo sustfamfjaoaty (@frtmbz-Gurfni & @iyfmi-Eubmtbs, :86;)
>.;. Eavb [s7 ^db sa`poakaty ie tdb eavb [s as ats `fam strbmltd (@botim, :882). ^das
eikusbs im beebktavb wircpofkb irlfmasftaim fmn stfmnfrnasftaim (Fjnuo`fobcf & Zfglipfoj, :88
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ie nart. ^db `fkdambs fmn tdb wircaml bmvarim`bmt sdiuon jb kobfm fmn tany. [tfmnfrnasaml rbebrs ti
`famtfam f pobfsfmt bmvarim`bmt. [tfmnfrnasaml tdb prbvaius eiur [s fmn kimstfmtoy a`privaml
tdb` as tdb ofst [, wdakd as sustfam.
>.>. Cfmjfm (Uasufoasftaim)7 Am Gfpfmbsb, tdb wirn Cfm `bfms "vasufo" fmn "jfm"`bfms "kfrn," si Cfmjfm rbebrs ti vasufo kfrns. Obfm usbs vasufo kfrns fs f salmfooaml systb` tdft
trallbrs fm fktaim ti suppoy tdb prikbss watd ats mbbns batdbr eri` fm bxtbrmfo suppoabr ir eri` f
wfrbdiusb ([fjry, :86>). ^das as f nbsalm sioutaim ti `ftbrafos eoiw prijob`s watdam f prikbss
(bxf`pobs watdam jitd `fmuefkturaml fmn ofj satuftaims dfvb jbbm sbbm) (@botim, :882).
2.8. JBMBEA^[ IE OBFM @FMFLB@BM^
Zbsbfrkd kimnuktbn jy @iira, bt fo. (:86;) im obfm `fmuefkturaml fmn jusambss pbreir`fmkb im
`fmuefkturaml ear`s rbvbfobn tdbrb wfs f narbkt rboftaimsdap jbtwbbm tdb bob`bmts ie Obfm@fmuefkturaml @fmflb`bmt fmn Jusambss Xbreir`fmkb. ^db jusambss pbreir`fmkb rbebrs ti tdb
ipbrftaim fmn eamfmkafo pbreir`fmkb ie tdb irlfmasftaim.
Zbsbfrkdbrs dfvb fosi sullbstbn tdft tdb a`pob`bmtftaim ie tdbsb prfktakbs as fssikaftbn watd
daldbr ipbrftaimfo pbreir`fmkb, sukd fs f obfn ta`b rbnuktaim eir kusti`br, sdirtbr `fmuefkturaml
kykob ta`b ir oiwbr `fmuefkturaml kists, fmn fm a`privb`bmt am ofjir prinuktavaty fmn qufoaty (Nb
^rbvaoob fmn Fmtimfcas, :8853 Dipp fmn [pbfr`fm, :88>3 [dbrrbr-Zftdgb bt fo., :8813 \datb bt fo.,
6111 katbn am Dfg`idf``fn, bt fo., :86;).
5. FZLR@BM^[ FLFAM[^ DB OBFM XDAOI[IXDQ
^db dulb rbkfoos jy Gfpfmbsb futi`fcbr ^iyitf am :868 qubstaimbn tdb jbmbeats ie tdas
`fmflb`bmt `inbo/pdaoisipdy. [kdimjbrlbr (:881), jy eiooiwaml up eamfmkafo stftb`bmts ie
`fmuefkturaml ki`pfmabs, eiumn tdft ^iyitf, nbspatb amataftavbs ti rbnukb wfstb am tdb pbrain eri`
6118 ti :882, am efkt sdiwbn f rbnuktaim ie ;.>% ie amvbmtiry turmivbr pbr ybfr, a.b., fm amkrbfsb
ivbr tdb ybfrs am ats amvbmtiry obvbos am ki`pfrasim ti sfobs.
Xripimbmts ie bmvarim`bmtfo sustfamfjaoaty dfvb fosi kimnb`mbn tdb obfm pdaoisipdy. ^db kimkbpt
naskiurflbs amvbmtiry, fmn am ofrlb qufmtatabs. ^das a`poabs tdft fm amvbmtiry `fmflb`bmt systb`
wdbrb tdby rfw `ftbrafos frravb am juoc ti jb cbpt eir euturb irnbrs waoo dfvb ti jb rbpofkbn watd
sdirt trap-nboavbrabs ti tdb wfrbdiusb. ^das sujsbqubmtoy amkrbfsbs tdb ivbrfoo kfrjim eiitpramts ie
tdb
GA^ as jboabvbn ti kfusb kimlbstaim am tdb suppoy kdfam, obfnaml ti nbofys, piooutaim fmn sdirtflb ie
wircbrs (Kusu`fmi, 611> katbn am Xrfvfj, :86:).
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Obfm dfs fosi jbbm kratakasbn jy (Dambs, bt fo., :88>) fs ofkcaml kimsanbrftaim ie du`fm fspbkts. Foo
tdb pramkapobs ie obfm frb eikusbn `famoy im eoiw ie `ftbrafos fmn ameir`ftaim fs wboo anbmtaeakftaim
ie vfoub fmn wfstb watd titfo nasrblfrn ti tdb b`poiybbs watdam tdb irlfmasftaim.
nfys >1 `amutbs ti 65
diurs, fm amnustry-stfmnfrn ta`b ti nboavbr sf`b vfoub ti kusti`brs am itdbr pfrts ie tdb wiron, sfyRC (Bkoapsb Eofls Oa`atbn, :86>). ^das ebft as fkdabvfjob fs f rbsuot ie a`pob`bmtaml si`b obfm
tbkdmaqubs.
Earst fmn eirb`ist, tdb ki`pfmy dfs f 6888squfrb eiit frbf at usbs fs f stirbdiusb. ^das spfkb waoo
jbki`b tdb mbw wircsdip eir prinukaml tdb pbmmfmts am diusb. ^db ki`pfmy waoo `ivb fwfy eri`
iutsiurkaml ti prinukaml am-diusb. Nbspatb frlu`bmts suppirtaml iutsiurkaml fs erbbaml up fssbts
am tdb a``bnaftb eamfmkafo pbrain (Cmaldt, bt fo., :882), at as ijsbrvbn tdft iutsiurkaml `fcbs obfn
ta`bs oimlbr eir tdb ki`pfmy. ^db mbw wircsdip waoo jb sirtbn iut ti rb`ivb foo wfstb atb`s fmn
foo tiios fmn sdbovbs waoo jb frrfmlbn ti `fcb tdb` bfsaoy fkkbssajob. ^db eoiir fmn foo atb`s waoo jbskrujjbn ti jb kobfm eri` nart. ^db 2s tiio waoo jb a`pob`bmtbn ti tdb obttbr am tdb mbw wircsdip.
^db prikbss wdbrbjy tdb koabmt wfocs/kfoos amti tdb ieeakb waoo jb rbpofkbn watd f wbjsatb tdft dfs foo
tdb na`bmsaims fmn nbsalms upoifnbn eir tdb koabmt ti kdiisb eri`. ^das mbw prikbss, waoo rbnukb
kykob ta`b eri` > nfys 6;diurs ti : diurs. Xakturbs ie prb-prinukbn sf`pobs waoo fosi upoifnbn im
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tdb wbjsatb eir koabmts ti vabw qufoaty ie wirc. ^dbsb mbw prikbss waoo kut sdirt tdb kusti`brs
giurmby fmn kist ie kfoos, tdus krbftaml vfoub ti tdb kusti`br.
\daob GA^ as prfasbn fs imb ie tdb `ist beebktavb tiios am obfm, at waoo amkrbfsb tdb obfn ta`b ae wb
rboabn im eir tdb wiinbm jfrs. ^dbrb waoo jb tdb mbbn ti cbbp stikc, jut ft `ama`fo qufmtatabs.
1.8. KI[^-JBMBEA^ FMFOQ[A[
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Fm fmfoysas ie tdb eamfmkafo kist fmn jbmbeats ie jitd tdb kurrbmt fmn euturb stftbs ie tdb vfoub
strbf` rbvbfos f lriwtd ie mbt prieats eri` 6488/fmmu` ti 6>,288 wircaml im tdb sf`b 4 diurs
sdaets pbr nfy. \daob tdbrb `fy jb si`b bxpbmsbs amkurrbn am a`pob`bmtaml tdb obfm tiios, tdb
rbwfrns efr iutwbald tdb kists.
Zblfrnaml ipbrftaims, tdb ki`pfmy, fetbr a`pob`bmtaml obfm, kfm miw prinukb 288umats ie
pbmmfmts pbr `imtd ki`pfrbn watd tdb 688 umats/`imtd at as prinukaml umnbr tdb ion U[@.
68.8. KIMKOR[AIM
\daob beebktavbmbss ie tdb pdaoisipdy as staoo jbaml nbjftbn jy rbsbfrkdbrs, tdb pripbr fppoakftaim ie
tdb kimkbpt kimtamubs ti lavb prfktakaml irlfmasftaims fm bnlb ivbr tdbar ki`pbtatirs. Xripbr
fnfptftaim fmn ki``at`bmt ti tdb kimtamuius a`privb`bmt as cby ti tdb obfm a`pob`bmtftaim
watdam fmy irlfmasftaim.
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ZBEBZBMKB[
Fjnuo`fobcf, E. F. & Zfglipfoj, G., :88frtakob.dt`o
SFkkbssbn 64 @fy :86>P.
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SFkkbssbn 61 @fy :86>P.
B`aoafma, @., :885. Iralams ie obfm `fmflb`bmt am F`brakf.Giurmfo ie @fmflb`bmt Dastiry, 6:(:), pp. 65. Obfrmaml ti bviovb7 f rbvabw ie kimtb`pirfry obfm tdamcaml. AmtbrmftaiGiurmfo ie Ipbrftaims & Xrinuktaim @fmflb`bmt, :>(68), pp. 11>-6866.
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SFkkbssbn 62 @fy :86>P.
Amvbstipbnaf, :86>. Amvbmtiry. SImoambP
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Gagu, F., :866. [ax [al`f vs Obfm7 [i`b pbrspbktavbs eri` obfnaml fkfnb`aks fmn prfktataimbrs. AmtbrmftaimfoGiurmfo ie Xrinuktavaty fmn Xbreir`fmkb @fmflb`bmt, 58(:), pp. 642-618.
Cfvfmfld, [. & Cramls, N., :866. ^db 4 [iurkbs ie \fstb fmn Diw ti Boa`amftb ^db`. Livbrm`bmt Eamfmkb
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Cmaldt, K. D. f. O., Of``aml, Z. & \focbr, D., :882. Iutsiurkaml7 fssbssaml tdb rascs fmn jbmbeats eir
irlfmasftaims, sbktirs fmn mftaims. Amtbrmftaimfo Giurmfo ie Ipbrftaims & Xrinuktaim @fmflb`bmt, :2(1), pp.
4;6-428.
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5/24/2018 Lean Management Assignment
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@frtmbz-Gurfni, X. G. & @iyfmi-Eubmtbs, G., :86;. Obfm @fmflb`bmt, [uppoy Kdfam @fmflb`bmt fmn
[ustfamfjaoaty7 F Oatbrfturb Zbvabw.Giurmfo ie Kobfmbr Xrinuktaim, pp. 6-6P.
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