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Learning in an insect herbivore: Learning in an insect herbivore: How rewards affect color and odor How rewards affect color and odor discrimination in a hungry locust.discrimination in a hungry locust.
• Dr. Martin S. ShapiroCalifornia State University, Fresno
• Dr. Spencer BehmerOxford University
• Corlisa BeltOxford University
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Animals in PsychologyAnimals in Psychology
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MollusksMollusks
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HoneybeesHoneybees
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Schistocerca gregariaSchistocerca gregaria
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Two-sided Y-mazeTwo-Sided Y-MazeTwo-Sided Y-Maze
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EnclosureEnclosure
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Experiment 1Experiment 1
• Color discrimination: Yellow and Green.• Amount of reward: 3 mg vs. 12 mg wheat grass.
• Nine choices: Equated experience with both options.
• Measured: Choice and response Latency.• n = 12
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Enter Time
Choice of Green
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Approach Time
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Exit Time
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Forced Exposure
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Choice of Yellow
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CHOICECHOICE
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CHOICECHOICE
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Enter Time
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Approach Time
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Exit Time
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Experiment 2Experiment 2
• Odor Discrimination: Peppermint and Lemon.• Amount of reward: 3 mg vs. 12 mg. • Nine choices: Equated experience with both options.
• Reversed: Rewards reversed for each option for an additional 9 choice runs (18 choices in total).
• n = 12
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Odor ArmOdor Arm
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CHOICE
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CHOICE
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Enter Time
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Approach Time
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Exit Time
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Experiment 3Experiment 3
• Odor Discrimination: Peppermint and Lemon.
• Artificial Diet: – 21% protein : 21% carbohydrate – 7% protein : 7% carbohydrate
• Nine choices: Equated Experience with both options.
• n = 12
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CHOICE
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Enter Time
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Approach Time
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P = 0.038
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Exit Time
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SummarySummary
• Good choice results.
• Good discrimination of color and odor. (odor showed less bias.)
• Approach time was significant in all three experiments. by latency
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Continuing work at Cal State FresnoContinuing work at Cal State Fresno
with with Schistocerca americanaSchistocerca americana
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Future ExperimentsFuture Experiments
• Delay to Reinforcement.– Self Control.– Risk Sensitivity.– Energy Expenditures.
• Effects of Carbohydrates and Proteins on Learning.– Nutrient-Specific Deprivation.– Risk Sensitivity with variability in specific nutrients.
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THANK YOU!!!