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Learning with Media:Learning with Media:Learning with Media:Learning with Media:
Educational Television for Educational Television for ChildrenChildren
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What is educational?• Academic Skills
– thinking skills like problem solving– academic content like vocabulary and math
• Prosocial Skills– altruism, positive interaction, self control
• Other Definitions– APPC Educational Strength
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Assumptions…1) Content is critical…
TV as a medium is neither good nor bad – it depends on what kids watch.
2) Children are active viewers…Children are cognitively active when watching TV.
3) The family is a socializing force…The family is the core socializing force influencing children’s use of TV and what they learn from it. (Huston & Wright, 1996)
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The Active Child…
TV is a one-way medium & learning is a two-way process.
How can we create educational content to…
1. attract & maintain children’s attention?
2. actively engage children (participatory learning)?
3. facilitate the learning of desired concepts?
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The Preschool Crowd…
• Sesame Street
• Blues Clues
• Dora the Explorer
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The Active Child…
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
• Stages of Development
– Sensorimotor Stage (infancy)– Preoperational Stage (2 – 5 yrs)– Concrete Operational Stage (5 – 11
yrs.)– Formal Operations (10 – 16? yrs.)Example of Conservation Task:
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The Active Child…Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive
Development
• Language Acquisition
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Social & Cultural Contributions
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The Role of Research…
• Formative Research: How can we make show better?
– Pilot test new program segments
– Measure attention, interest, production
• Summative Research: What do children learn?
– Evaluate effectiveness of programming
» A&E Sesame Street Biography
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Research Enhances Learning…
• Sesame Street Goals
– Communicate w/ low SES audience.
– Target children under age 6.
– Teach school readiness skills.
– Use entertainment production techniques.
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Summative Research Enhances Early Learning…
• Evaluation: The Early Window Project
– Research Question• Do Sesame Street and other educational
programs get children ready for school?
– Sample• 200+ (2 – 5 years / 4 – 7 years)• Low to moderate income families
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EWP Continued…– Method
• 3-year longitudinal study following 2 cohorts
– Measures• Office Visits
– Standardized Tests w/Children, Parent Interviews
• Home Visits– Home Observational Measure of the Environment
• Time-Use Diaries– Bi-Monthly Diaries Collected Via Telephone
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EWP Results
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Other Summative Research…
• School House Rock
• Reading Rainbow
• Mister Roger’s Neighborhood
• Fat Albert & the Cosby Kids
• Barney & Friends
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0 – 6 Media Use Report…
• Your questions…
– How young is too young?
– What are the most pressing concerns?
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Infants & Toddlers…
Baby Einstein videos…
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Media Policy:The 3-Hour Rule
• Children’s TV Act of 1990
• 3 hours of educational TV per week
• Broadcasters -The Jetsons educational?
• Necessary to provide broadcasters w/ educational guidelines.
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Media Policy:The 3-Hour Rule
• Air between 7am and 10pm;
• Education as a significant purpose;
• Regularly scheduled & typical length;
• Identified as educational on the air (E/I symbol) and in documents filed with the FCC and local stations.
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The 3-Hour Rule: APPC Educational Strength
• Lesson Clarity
• Lesson Involvement
• Lesson Integration
• Lesson Applicability
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The 3-Hour Rule…Results
Who is the target audience?
Preschool Age Children
7%
School Age Children
57%
Preteens/Teens36%
What are programs teaching?
Social/Emotional45%
Traditional Academic
41%
Mixed Content7%
Physical Well Being4%
Could Not Code3%
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The 3-Hour Rule…Results
Moderately Educational57%
Highly Educational20%
Minimally Educational23%
Highest Rated Programs:Bloopy’s Buddies (S)
Disney’s Doug (ABC & S)Disney Presents Bill Nye and Science Guy (S)
Popular Mechanics for Kids (S)Squigglevision (ABC)
Lowest Rated Programs:Inquirer High School Sports Show (S)
More than a Game (S)NBA Inside Stuff (NBC)
NFL Under the Helmet (FOX)Pressure 1 (S)Pressure 2 (S)
Sherlock Holmes in the 21st Century (FOX)