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Lecture-03
• PC History
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Evolution of Computer s
• Mechanical Calculators
• Mechanical Computers
• Electronic Computers– Tubes– Transistors– ICs
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Highlights
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“Napiers Bones” for calculating
• 1617 “Napiers Bones” was the starting point that lead to the search for a better way to achieve mathematical calculations. – John Napier created “Napiers Bones” for
calculating. – Similar to abacus.
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digital adding machine
• 1642– Blaise Pascal introduced Pascaline digital
adding machine.– First adding machine.– Could add numbers entered on dials.
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calculator capable multiplying
• 1671– Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a
calculator capable of adding and multiplying.
– It was built in 1694.
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first successful mechanical calculator
• 1820– Charles Xavier Thomas developed first
successful mechanical calculator that was capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.
Calculator
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Mechanical Computers
• 1822– Charles Babbage (father of computers)
invents the Difference Engine.• Solved polynomial equations.• Steam-powered and capable of printing results
Father of computers
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program-controlled, mechanical computer
• 1833– Charles Babbage designed a general-
purpose, program-controlled, automatic mechanical computer.
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Never built
– Called the Analytical Engine.– Capable of working on 50 digit numbers with a storage
capacity of 1,000 50 digit numbers.– Input would have been accomplished through punch cards.– Considered first true general purpose computer.– Would have included:
Input device Control unit
Processor Storage
Output device
– Never built because intricate gear and mechanisms could not be built.
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Punch cards & IBM
• 1890– Punch cards developed by Herman
Hollerith for input and storage.– Herman later founded Tabulating Machine
Company, also known as IBM.
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vacuum tube
• 1906
Deforest invents a vacuum tube that later serves as one of the first types of electronic switches in a computer circuit.
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binary numbers
• 1937
Iowa State College professor invents the base-two (binary) numbers instead of the traditional base ten.
Bits - Short for “Binary Digits”
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First electronic digital computer
• 1942– First digital computer created by a
physicist, John V. Atanasoff using vacuum tubes (patented in 1906) as switches.
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Stored-program technique
• 1945– John Von Neumann demonstrated that
computers did not needed to be rewired to enter a new program.
– Stored-program technique became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers.
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Transistorised Computers
• 1947– First transistors developed.– The invention of the transistor that lead
revolution to the miniaturization of circuitry.
– EDVAC and UNIVAC computers appeared.• They did not need to be rewired for new
programs.• Used RAM.
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First large scale electronic computer
• 1946– First large scale electronic computer built for the
military.– ENIAC, Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator• Operated on 10 digit numbers, could multiply two such numbers 300 times a
second by finding the value of the product from a multiplication table stored in memory.
• Used 18,000 tubes, needed 1,800 square feet of space, consumed 180,000 watts of power.
• Punch cards used for input and output.
• Registers used for adders and quick-access storage.
• Programs were entered into ENIAC by rewiring it.
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Integrated circuit Computers
• 1959– Integrated circuit developed.– Texas Instruments invented the IC
(Integrated Circuit)– Third generation computers were born.
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First microprocessor 4004
• 1971– First microprocessor.– 4-bit Intel 4004– Smaller than a thumbnail, with 2300
transistors on board.– As powerful as the first electronic
computer, ENIAC and cost $200.
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First personal computer
• 1975– First personal computer sold, Altair.– Used CP/M (Control Program for
Microprocessors) and BASIC language.
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Computers Kit
• 1975
MITS introduced the “Altair” featuring an 8080 processor and 256 Bytes of memory for $395.
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First Personal Computers
• 1975
IBM introduced the”Model 5100” with 16 Kilobytes of memory for $9,000.
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Apple Computers
• 1976
Apple introduced the “Apple I” for $666.
• In the 1980’s,
Apple was the primary dominating force behind PCs.
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IBM started developing personal computers
• End of 1980– IBM started developing personal
computers.– Contracted out operating system and
software development to a small company, Microsoft.
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The IBM Personal Computer
• Wednesday, August 12th, 1981, IBM changed the face of computing by releasing the “IBM PC”
• Digital Research was originally contacted to write the OS (Operating System) but balked.
• A small, fledgling company named Microsoft eagerly took up the task
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What is a PC?
• “IBM Compatible” or “Clone”
• Who controls Hardware and Software?
• Microsoft was free to sell their OS (DOS) to anyone, making IBM clones seemingly identical to their competition
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IBM compatibles
• Now– IBM compatibles made and improved by
hundreds of companies.– Apple Macintosh is a closed system and
they control the primary system software.
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What is a PC?
• Intel is the leader in PC processors
• Intel develops chipsets to support their processors
• Intel develops new expansion buses such as PCI and AGP
• Intel makes motherboards for leading vendors such as Dell and Gateway
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System Types
• 8 Bit
• 16 Bit
• 32 Bit
• 64 Bit
• PC/XT systems
• AT systems
• ATX systems
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System Types
• PC - Personal Computer
• XT systems - Extended Systems (PC + HD)
• AT systems - Advanced Technology 16 bits
• Shape, layout, Power supply brought different Form Factors:
PC/XT, AT, AT/Desk, AT/Tower, Baby-AT, LPX, ATX, NLX, SFX, ATX Auxiliary, ATX12V, ATX Optional, Dell Proprietary ATX
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Moore’s Law
• Each new chip contains roughly twice as much capacity as its predecessor, and each new chip is released with 18-24 months. Computing power is rising exponentially over a brief period of time.
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10M(transistors)
1M
100K
10K
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
4004
8080
8086
80286
80386
80486
Pentium, 66MHzProcessor, 1993, 5.5 M
PII, 350 MHz1999, 27 M 500
(MIPS)
25
1.0
0.1
0.01
2000 2005
P4A, 2,5 GHz2002, 55 M
20 nm, 20GHz2007, 1000 M