Download - Lecture 1- Overview of Energy Scenario
1
Overview of Energy Scenario
Lecture 1
Energy: laws, forms and types.
Dr. Seri Lee
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 6316 8967
What is energy?
• Definition: Ability to do work
• Forms of energy: Potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear, wind,
tidal, light, etc.
• Two sources of energy supply: Nonrenewable
and renewable
• Nonrenewable: coal, petroleum, natural gases,
nuclear, etc.
• Renewable: biomass, geothermal energy,
hydropower, solar energy and wind energy
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Units: Energy and Power
• SI Energy Units:
– Joule [J]
• Other Energy units:
– Btu (British Thermal unit), Calorie
– 1 kWh = 3,412 Btu
• SI unit for Power:
– Watt [W] (=J/s)
• Other Power units:
– horsepower3
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1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (exact)
1 calorie = 4.1868 J (exact by definition)
1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 kJ
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60217733 x 10-19 J
1 Therm (100,000 kBtu) = 105.5 MJ
1 barrel of crude oil (BOE)* = 6.12 GJ
1 cu. ft. of natural gas = 1.055 MJ
1 short ton (2000 lb) of coal = 26.57 GJ
Other Energy units to SI units
*BOE: barrel of oil equivalent = 42 USG ≈ 159 litres ≈ 6.12 GJ
Other Power units to SI units
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1 horse power (hp) = 745.7 W
1 Ton of refrigeration = 3.517 kW
1 kcal/h = 1.163 W (exact by definition)
1 Btu/h = 0.2931 W
1 barrel per day of crude oil = 70.8 kW
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Source: National Petroleum Council
Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)
UraniumUranium
CoalCoal
GasGas
OilOil
Annual Global Consumption by Humans
(in 2010, 474EJ, equivalent to ~15TW)
Photosynthesis
Hydro
Wind
� less than 0.02% meets the global need
Total available energy
(GJ: gigaJ = 109 J; TJ: teraJ = 1012 J; PT: petaJ = 1015 J; EJ: exaJ = 1018 J)
Laws of energy
• 1st Law of Thermodynamic (conservation of
energy principle):
– Energy cannot be destroyed or created, but
it can change from one form to another.
– It treats all forms of energy the same quality.
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamic:
– It can evaluate the direction of a process.
– Different energy form has different quality.
– Energy conversion efficiency < 100%.
– Sets the efficiency level of heat engines and
reverse heat engines, called Carnot engine.7
Some forms of energy
� Potential energy
� Kinetic energy
� Chemical energy
� Electrical energy
� Light energy
� Heat energy
� Sound energy
� Etc.
Energy can change from one form to another but
the total amount of energy in the universe is
fixed (First Law of thermodynamic).8
• Potential energy
• Kinetic energy
9
http://sciencevault.net/11hscphys/84movingabout/843%20Work%20energy.
htm
http://www.fccsc.k12.in.us/les/tech/projects/grade8/braingame/jody/cat2A1.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/crossbow2.htm
Different forms of energy (con’t)
Different forms of energy (con’t)
• Chemical energy
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http://www1.curriculum.edu.au/sciencepd/energy/chem_flow.htm
http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/
http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight62.htm
Different forms of energy (con’t)
• Electrical energy
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Different forms of energy (con’t)
• Light energy
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http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/
Different forms of energy (con’t)
• Heat energy
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http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energy-information/05-solar-panels.htm
Some types of Non-renewable energy
1. Fossil energy
i. Petroleum
ii. Coal
iii. Natural gases
2. Uranium/Nuclear
3. Fuel cell (Non-renewable)
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Some types of Renewable energy
Assuming Sun, Earth and Water remain available:
1.Solar
2.Geothermal
3.Hydroelectric
4.Biomass
5.Fuel Cell (renewable)
6.Wind
7.Ocean Energy (Tidal, Wave, Ocean thermal
energy conversion)
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Solar Irradiance Map
Sweet spot for Solar Power Generation is >5 kWh/m2/day
Types of renewable energy (con’t)
• Solar energy: heat or electricity
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http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energy-
information/05-solar-panels.htm
PhotovoltaicSolar Thermal
Photovoltaic: From Sun Light to DC
• In a single-junction PV cell, from the whole
spectrum of the sunlight, only those photons
whose energy is equal to or greater than the
band gap of the cell material can free an
electron for an electric circuit. The lower-
energy photons are not used.
• In Multi-junction PV cell: cell materials with
different band gaps are used in cascade or
stack manner. • http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/
• Drawbacks: weather dependent, large surface
area needed.18
Types of renewable energy (con’t)
• Geothermal
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http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10-renewable-source-energy/
Geothermal energy source (con’t)
• Geo (earth) thermal (heat) energy is heat energy within the earth
core. It can be recovered as steam or hot water and use it to heat
buildings or generate electricity.
• Renewable: heat is continuously produced inside the Earth by the
slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that happens in all
rocks.
• heat from this magma. The temperature of the rocks and water gets
hotter and hotter as you go deeper underground.
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• The Earth has a number of different layers:
• The solid inner iron core and an outer core (magma) = very hot
melted rock at ~7,000oC
• The mantle: about 1,800 miles thick. Made up of magma and rock.
• The crust forms seabed and continents: can be 5 to 8 km thick
under the oceans and 24 to 56 km thick on the continents.
• The Earth's crust is broken into pieces called plates.
• Volcanoe is magma comes
close to the Earth's surface
near the edges of these plates.
• The lava that erupts from
volcanoes is partly magma.
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Geothermal energy source (con’t)
Countries generating Geothermal2010
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11. Costa Rica 166
12. Nicaragua 88
13. Russia 82
14. Turkey 82
15. Papua New Guinea 56
16. Guatemala 52
17. Portugal 29
18. China 24
19. France 16
20. Ethiopia 7.3
21. Germany 6.6
22. Austria 1.4
23. Australia 1.1
24. Thailand 0.3
Country MW
1. United States 3,086
2. Philippines 1,904
3. Indonesia 1,197
4. Mexico 958
5. Italy 843
6. New Zealand 628
7. Iceland 575
8. Japan 536
9. El Salvador 204
10. Kenya 167
http://www.our-energy.com/news/geothermal_energy_overview_2010.html
Types of renewable energy (con’t)
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http://www.tellmewhyfacts.com/2007_09_01_archive.htmlThree Gorges Dam(Capacity = 22.5 GW)
• Hydroelectric
Hoover Dam(Capacity = 2.1 GW)
Types of renewable energy (con’t)
• Biomass
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Biomass (con’t)
• Biomass is organic material made from plants and animals
(microorganisms)
• Biomass contains stored energy from the sun
• Renewable: we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste
will always exist
• Some examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, algae
and even garbage
• Wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making
electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes
• Converting Biomass to fuel:
– Methane or biogas (burn the waste)
– Ethanol (Corn or sugar cane)
– Biodiesel: leftover food like vegetable oil or animal fat.
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Types of renewable energy (con’t)
• Fuel Cell (renewable)
26Copyright KT Ooi
Types of renewable energy (con’t)
• Wind energy
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• Tidal energy
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Types of renewable energy (con’t)
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Overview of Energy Scenario
Lecture 2
Renewable energy
&
Impact of energy on environment
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Renewable energy
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
Status of renewable energy
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Status of renewable energy (con’t)
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Status of renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
By Region…
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Renewable energy (con’t)
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Impacts of energy usage on Environment
54Copyright KT Ooi http://www.tellmewhyfacts.com/2007_05_01_archive.html
Impacts of energy on the environment
Impacts of energy used on the environment
can be classified by:
1.Source
2.Pollutant
3.Scale
Ref: Energy systems and sustainability
Edited by Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everest and Janet Ramage
Oxford University Press, 2004
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Environmental Insults (by Human)
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Environmental Insults (by Human) con’t
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Environmental Insults (by Human) con’t
SO2 Emissions of energy option
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NOx Emission by Energy Option
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Impacts of Energy by Source:Oil
The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
1. Oil: Climate change, air pollution, acid rain, oil spills, oil
rig accident
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Oil SpillsOil Rig Accident
Impacts of Energy by Source:Oil
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www.goodforyou.com.sg/wordpress/...3D200808
Acid rain
Impacts of Energy by Source
The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
2. Natural gas: Climate change, methane leak, methane
explosion, gas rig accident
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Methane gas explosionwww.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2010/03/methane_bubbles-660x452.jpg
Huge methane leak in Arctic Ocean
http://www.france24.com/en/20100304-huge-methane-leak-arctic-ocean-study
Impacts of Energy by Source
The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
3. Coal: climate change, acid rain, environmental spoliation
by open-cast mining, land subsidence due to deep
mining, spoils heaps, ground water pollution, mining
accidents, health effects on miners.
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land subsidence due to mining
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/
Damage caused by land subsidence
http://www.dep.state.pa.us
Impacts of Energy by Source
The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
4. Nuclear power: radioactivity, misused nuclear materials
by terrorists, proliferation of nuclear weapons, land
pollution by mine tailings, health effects on uranium
miners.
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Health effects on uranium
5. Biomass: effect on landscape and biodiversity, ground water
pollution due to fertilizers, use of scarce water, competition
with food production.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
Ground water pollution due to fertilizers
6. Hydroelectricity: displacement of populations, effects on
rivers and ground water, dams (visual intrusions and risk of
accident), seismic effects, downstream effects on agriculture,
methane emissions from submerged biomass.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
Landslides on the Yangtze River
Relocatees
Hydroelectricity:
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
Visual intrusion and risk of accidence
www.powermortar.fi/
• Fuel cells
– Its problem is associated with the need to
produce hydrogen from the fossil fuel.
– Hydrogen leaks that accumulated in the
upper atmosphere, can potentially deplete
polar ozone layers.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
7. Wind power: visual intrusion in sensitive landscapes, noise,
bird strikes, interference with telecommunication.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
More than 15,000 wind turbines may kill 40,000 or more
birds annually nationwide, the majority in California.(http://www.francis.edu/uploadedFiles/Renewable_Energy/Manville_Bird%20Strikes%20Lines,%20Wind,%20Towers.pdf)
bird strikes
www.mywindpowersystem.com
8. Tidal power: visual intrusion and destruction of wildlife
habitat, reduced dispersal of effluents. (these concerns apply
mainly to tidal barrages, not tidal current turbines)
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
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Tidal power: may affect marine habitat.
Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
9. Geothermal energy: release of polluting gases (SO2, H2S,
etc.), ground water pollution by chemicals including heavy
metals, seismic effects.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10-renewable-source-energy/
10.Solar energy: sequestration of large land areas (in the case of
centralized plant), use of toxic materials in manufacture of
some PV cells, visual intrusion in rural and urban
environments.
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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
sequestration of large land areas
• Making solar or photovoltaic cells requires
potentially toxic heavy metals such as lead,
mercury and cadmium.
• It even produces greenhouse gases, such as
carbon dioxide, that contribute to global
warming.
• Still, the researchers found that if people
switched from conventional fossil fuel-burning
power plants to solar cells, air pollution would
be cut by roughly 90 percent
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http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,333158,00.html
Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)
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Overview of Energy Scenario
Lecture 3
Future of Energy
Making fossil fuel more sustainable
Energy Data (IEA)
• Statistics on Energy from International Energy
Agency, Access on July 2010.
Ref: Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2010)
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World Oil Production
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World Oil Consumption
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World Oil Reserves
World Oil, 2008(thousand barrels per day)
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Top World Petroleum Producers
Rank Country Production
1 Saudi Arabia 10,782
2 Russia 9,790
3 United States 8,514
4 Iran 4,174
5 China 3,973
6 Canada 3,350
7 Mexico 3,186
8 United Arab Emirates 3,046
9 Kuwait 2,741
10 Venezuela 2,643
11 Norway 2,466
12 Brazil 2,402
13 Iraq 2,385
14 Algeria 2,180
15 Nigeria 2,169
Top Oil Consumers
Rank Country Consumption
1 United States 19,498
2 China 7,831
3 Japan 4,785
4 India 2,962
5 Russia 2,916
6 Germany 2,569
7 Brazil 2,485
8 Saudi Arabia 2,376
9 Canada 2,261
10 Korea, South 2,175
11 Mexico 2,128
12 France 1,986
13 Iran 1,741
14 United Kingdom 1,710
15 Italy 1,639
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TOP OIL IMPORTER
Rank Country Imports
1 United States 10,984
2 Japan 4,652
3 China 3,858
4 Germany 2,418
5 Korea, South 2,144
6 India 2,078
7 France 1,915
8 Spain 1,534
9 Italy 1,477
10 Taiwan 939
11 Singapore 925
12 Netherlands 891
13 Belgium 706
14 Turkey 629
15 Thailand 572
World Oil, 2008(thousand barrels per day)
TOP OIL EXPORTERS
Rank Country Exports
1 Saudi Arabia 8,406
2 Russia 6,874
3United Arab Emirates 2,521
4 Iran 2,433
5 Kuwait 2,390
6 Norway 2,246
7 Angola 1,948
8 Venezuela 1,893
9 Algeria 1,888
10 Nigeria 1,883
11 Iraq 1,769
12 Libya 1,597
13 Kazakhstan 1,185
14 Canada 1,089
15 Qatar 1,085
OPEC; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Estimated Total Oil ReservesTop 17 countries as of 2011
Reserve Life
109 bbl 10
9 m
310
6 bbl/d 10
3 m
3/d years
Saudi Arabia 264 42 10 1540 75
Canada 175 28 2 330 188
Iran 137 22 4 560 112
Iraq 115 18 4 640 95
Kuwait 104 17 3 410 110
United Arab 98 16 3 430 104
Venezuela 98 16 3 460 93
Russia 74 12 10 1570 17
Libya 47 8 1 220 93
Nigeria 37 6 2 270 66
Kazakhstan 30 5 2 380 41
Qatar 25 4 8 1190 8
China 20 3 4 620 11
United States 19 3 1 140 46
Angola 14 2 2 350 15
Algeria 13 2 2 370 14
Brazil 13 2 4 560 9
Total of top 17
reserves1,243 198 64 10,100 54
Reserves ProductionCountry
World Oil Production 1900-2080
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The Peak
SELLERS MARKETSELLERS MARKETBUYERS MARKETBUYERS MARKET
EXPENSIVE & HARD-
TO-EXTRACT OIL
EXPENSIVE & HARD-
TO-EXTRACT OIL
CHEAP & EASY-TO-
EXTRACT OIL
CHEAP & EASY-TO-
EXTRACT OIL
Past oil
production Forecast oil
production
Future of Energy?Highlights of Energy Outlook 2010(International Energy Agency)
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In the IEO2010 Reference case—which reflects a scenario assuming that
current laws and policies remain unchanged throughout the projection
period.
World marketed energy consumption grows by 49 percent from 2007 to 2035.
Total world energy use rises from 495 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in
2007 to 590 quadrillion Btu in 2020 and 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035.
World marketed energy consumption
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
Figure 1. World marketed energy consumption
(quadrillion Btu)
1. Total non-OECD energy
consumption increases by 84%
2. OECD increases by only 14%.
3. Strong GDP (4.4 %/yr on average
as compared to 2.0% of OECD)
growth in non-OECD drives the
energy consumption.
OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
Energy use by fuel type
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Figure 2. World marketed energy use by fuel
type (quadrillion Btu)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
Note: Liquid fuels and other petroleum include petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived liquid fuels, such as ethanol and
biodiesel, coal-to-liquids, and gas-to-liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are natural gas liquids, crude
oil consumed as a fuel, and liquid hydrogen.
1. The use of liquids and other
petroleum grows from 86.1 mb/d
in 2007 to 110.6 mb/d in 2035.
2. Unconventional resources
(including oil sands, extraheavy oil,
biofuels, coal-to-liquids, gas-to-
liquids, and shale oil) from both
OPEC and non-OPEC sources grow
on average by 4.9%/yr over the
projection period.
World coal consumption by region
88Figure 5. World coal consumption by region (quadrillion Btu)
Electricity generation by fuel
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Figure 6. World net electricity generation by fuel (trillion kilowatthours)
Renewable electricity generation
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Figure 7. World renewable electricity generation by energy source, excluding
wind and hydropower (billion kilowatthours)
Carbon dioxide emissions
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Figure 10. World energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 2007-2035
(billion metric tons)
Kaya factors on CO2 emissions
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Wikipedia: The Kaya identity was developed by Japanese energy economist Yoichi Kaya . The Kaya identity is an equation relating factors that
determine the level of human impact on climate, in the form of emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. It states that total emission level can be
expressed as the product of four inputs: population, GDP per capita, energy use per unit of GDP, carbon emissions per unit of energy consumed.
The identity is expressed in the form:
F = P * (G / P) * (E / G) * (F / E) = P * g * e * f where
F is global CO2 emissions from human sources, P is global population, G is world GDP and g = (G/P) is global per-capita GDP, E is global primary energy
consumption and e=(E/G) is the energy intensity of world GDP, and f=(F/E) is the carbon intensity of energy.
Figure 11. Impacts of for Kaya factors on world carbon dioxide emissions
(index: 2007=1.0)
F
g
P
f
e
F = P * g * e * f
Remedies: Making Fossil Fuel more sustainable
1. Reduce pollutant emission from fossil fuel
2. Reduce the concentration of atm CO2 from
usage of fossil fuel.
– Carbon Capture or sequestration of atm
carbon in forest, below the earth’s surface
or in its ocean.
3. Use fuel cell
4. Use fossil fuel based hydrogen
– capture CO2 at source.93Book: Energy system and sustainability: Power for a sustainable future by G Boyle, B Everett and J Ramage
Co2 Injection: Oil Recovery
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CO2 injection: Coal-bed methane recovery
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Ocean Sequestration of carbon
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Methods for Ocean CO2 injection
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Fuel Cell: non combustion base energy conversion
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Fossil-fuel based hydrogen economy
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That’s all, folks!
Bye for now.