Lecture 2: Phonetics!
Quick review
• Mental grammar
• Arguments for innate knowledge (paradox Arguments for innate knowledge (paradox of language acquisition)
• Descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar
Today’s agenda
• Articulartory phonetics– IPAIPA– Consonants– Features Features – Vowels
Exercises!– Exercises!
How you look to a phonetician
How you look to a phonetician
Tongue
How you look to a phonetician
Palate
Tongue
How you look to a phonetician
Palate
Velum
Tongue
How you look to a phonetician
Palate
Velum
Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)
How you look to a phonetician
Palate
Velum
Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)
Lips, teeth etc.
How you look to a phonetician
Al l PalateAlveolarridge
Velum
Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)
Lips, teeth etc.
How you look to a phonetician
NasalCavity
OralCavity
Do you remember now?
Tongue
Lips, teeth etc.
But firstBut first...
Forget Spelling!Forget Spelling!
Sounds ≠ Spelling
i
One Sound - Many Characters
he e seas ea
believe ie amoeba oe
Caesar ae key ey
see ee machine i
people eo seize ei
IPA: [i]
u
One Sound - Many Characters
too oo threw ew
to o lieu ieuto o lieu ieu
clue ue shoe oe
h h hthrough ough
IPA: [u]
‘a’
One Character - Many Sounds
dame e
dad ædad æ
father a
llcall ɔ
village ə, ʌmany ɛ
One Sound - Multiple Letters
shoot ʃ
either ∂character k
deal i
Thomas t
physics fphysics f
rough f
One Letter – 0 Sounds
mnemonic
psychologyp y gy
resign
ghostg
island
wholewhole
debt
Differences across Languages
• English: judge, juvenile, Jesus
• Spanish: jugar JesusSpanish: jugar, Jesus
• German: Johan, jung
F h J j’ j b• French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon
Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless
• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,
• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q
Consonants
• produced by closure/constriction of the vocal tract
IPAs for English consonants
IPAs for English consonants
[p]it ti it pit, tip, spit, appear…
IPAs for English consonants
[b]b ll l b b i k b bblball, globe, brick, bubble…
IPAs for English consonants
[t]t t ti k t ff dtag, pat, stick, stuffed…
IPAs for English consonants
[d]di d d l d b tt ddip, card, drop, loved, batted…
IPAs for English consonants
[k]kit h l h t iti dkit, school, character, critique, exceed…
IPAs for English consonants
[g]d b fi d i t Pitt b hguard, bag, finger, designate, Pittsburgh…
IPAs for English consonants
[ʔ]h h h t k B t ( f b t)uh-oh, hatrack, Batman (cf. bat)…
IPAs for English consonants
[f]f t l h hil h fffoot, laugh, philosophy, coffee…
IPAs for English consonants
[v]t d vest, dove, average…
IPAs for English consonants
[θ]th h t th thithrough, teeth, thing…
IPAs for English consonants
[∂]th th i th iththe, their, mother, either…
IPAs for English consonants
[s] h l d t soap, psychology, descent, peace…
IPAs for English consonants
[z]i d ki X d izip, roads, kisses, Xerox, design…
IPAs for English consonants
[ß]h i i ti shy, mission, nation, sure…
IPAs for English consonants
[Ω] i i l d i imeasure, vision, casual, decision…
IPAs for English consonants
[h]h h t h h h l h lwho, hat, rehash, hole, whole…
IPAs for English consonants
[tß] (cf. ç)h k t h f t tit tchoke, match, feature, constituent…
IPAs for English consonants
[dΩ] (cf. ‚)j d G J ll O i id ljudge, George, Jell-O, region, residual…
IPAs for English consonants
[m] l b k lmoose, lamb, smack, ample…
IPAs for English consonants
[n] d i knap, design, snow, know…
IPAs for English consonants
[˜]l thi k fi i ( f fi )lung, think, finger, singer (cf. finger)…
IPAs for English consonants
[l]l f f l ild l dleaf, feel, mild, applaud…
IPAs for English consonants
[®]f f H i reef, fear, Harris, prune…
IPAs for English consonants
[‰]it b tt dd l tt twriter, butter, udder, clutter, cuter…
IPAs for English consonants
[w]ith i i t ili htwith, swim, mowing, queen, twilight…
(cf. which, where, what, whale, why)
IPAs for English consonants
[j] b tif l ll tyou, beautiful, use, yell, yeast…
Another note: syllabic consontants
• Some consonants take up one syllable by itself
Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless
• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,
• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q
Voiced & voiceless consonants
• Consonants either voiced or voiceless.
• English pairs: English pairs: – b/p
v/f– v/f
– d/t
/– z/s–∂/θ
Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless
• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,
• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca bilabial
[b] [p] [m]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca labiodental
[v] [f]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca interdental
[∂] [θ]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca alveolar
[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca palatal
[ʒ] [ʃ] [dΩ] [tʃ] [j]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca velar
[g] [k] [ŋ]
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca uvular
Whe
Whe
am?
am?
airs
trea
airs
trea
p th
e a
p th
e a
u st
opu
stop
an y
ouan
you
ere
caer
e ca
glottis [ʔ][h]
Whe
Whe
Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless
• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,
• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q
Manner
• Stops: complete stoppage of air
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g][p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]...
• Fricatives : airflow is severely obstructed causing friction causing friction [f] [v] [θ] [∂] [s] [z] [Ω] [ß] [h] []
Fricatives & Affricates
• Palatal sounds [ʒ] [ʃ] [tß] [dΩ]• Palatal Fricatives [ʒ] [ʃ]• Palatal Fricatives - [ʒ] [ʃ]
[note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]]
• Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [tß] [dΩ] as in judge churchfricative - [tß] [dΩ] as in judge, church
Liquids, glides
• Liquids[l][r][ ][ ]– Lateral [l] : air escapes along sides of tongue
– Retroflex [r]: tongue is bunched upward and Retroflex [r]: tongue is bunched upward and back in mouth
• Glides: semi-vowels semi-consonants Glides: semi vowels, semi consonants [w] [j]
nasal
• Nasal: velum is lowered, and air flows through nasal cavityg y[m] [n] [˜]
Putting them all together Putting them all together… “Voicing, Place, Manner”
• how do we describe [p]?
Voiceless bilabial stopVoiceless, bilabial stop
Wh b [b]?What about [b]?
Features
• Ways of describing soundse.g., [p] = voiceless bilabial stopg , [p] p
• Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language used to store building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind
• Atoms of Speech• Atoms of Speech
Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982
ChartChart
Features
• Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech soundslarger number of speech sounds
• Goal: a set of universal features should make it • Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world
• Different languages choose different feature combinations
Sounds from other languages
• From Spanish: [ɲ] as in año ‘year’
–voiced, palatal, nasalvoiced, palatal, nasal
• From German: [X] as in Bach• From German: [X] as in Bach–voiceless, velar, fricative
• Other languages?
Spanish: año
German: Bach
Consonant exercises
For the following group of sounds, state the phonetic feature(s) they all share.
1. [g], [p], [t], [d], [k], [b][g], [p], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]2. [m], [n], [˜]
3 [t] [s]3. [t], [s]4. [Ω] [ß] [j]
5 [ʔ] [h]5. [ʔ], [h]
More consonant exercises
Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the phonetic descriptions, then give an English word that contains this sound.
1. voiceless bilabial stop2. voiced labiodental fricative3. voiced alveolar lateral liquidq4. voiceless palatal affricate5 voiced alveolar nasal5. voiced alveolar nasal6. voiced bilabial glide
• What are the features of the following sounds:
1. [t][ ]2. [∂]
3. [ß]ß4. [dΩ]
5. [˜][˜]
6. [h]
7 [w]7. [w]8. [®]
Even more consonant exercises
• See handouts
Phonetics page
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.htmlg
use the chart to learn!
• handout
What can you do to What can you do to alter the shape of pyour vocal tract?y
[i][i]
[ ][u]
[ ][æ]
You can....
• Raise or lower your tongue
• Advance or retract your tonguey g
• Round or not round your
• Tense or lax • Tense or lax
Test
• slowly pronounce the vowels, feel where the tongue isg
• look in the mirror as you pronounce them
• close your mouth and try to pronounce the • close your mouth and try to pronounce the vowels
l lli• use a lollipop
Front Central Back
i uɪ ʊ High
eɛ
oɔʌə
Midɛ ʌ Mid
Lowå æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i “sheep, sleep”p, p
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i “sheep, sleep”p, pɪ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i “sheep, sleep”p, pɪ “ship, slip”
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
iɪ
e
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
iɪ
eɛɛ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
iɪ
eɛ “led sped tread”ɛ led, sped, tread
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
iɪ
eɛɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
iɪ
eɛɛ
“bat, lad” æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ
eɛɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ
eɛɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ ʊ
eɛɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ ʊ“look, hood, soot”
eɛɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɛ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔɛ ɔ
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔɛ“caught, tall, dawn”
æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔɛ
å æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔɛ
“f th t D ”“father, cot, Don”å æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔʌɛ ʌ
å æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔʌɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”
å æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔʌə
ɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”
å æ
So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?
i uɪ ʊ
“metallic, Texas”eɛ
oɔʌəmetallic, Texas
ɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”
å æ
Here they all areHere they all are…
i uɪ ʊ
eɛ
oɔʌə
ɛ ʌ
å æ
Vowel features
• High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue
• Front/central/back: advance or retract Front/central/back: advance or retract tongue
• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips
• Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not
Front Central Back
i uɪ ʊ High
eɛ
oɔʌə
Midɛ ʌ Mid
Lowå æ
Front Central Back
i uɪ ʊ High
eɛ
oɔʌə
Midɛ ʌ Mid
a Low æround
Front Central Back
i uɪ ʊ High
eɛ
oɔʌə
Midɛ ʌ Mid
a Lowtense
æround
tense
Vowel features
• High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue• Front/central/back: advance or retract tongueg• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips• Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or notTense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not
E gE.g.[i] is a high, front, (unrounded) tense vowel.[ ] i hi h b k d l[u] is a high, back, round tense vowel.
Some dialectal differences
• caught/cot, dawn/Don[Mid back lax vowel d id b k t l] A i and mid back tense vowel]: many American
speakers do not have both of these.
• aunt/ant, plaza, etc
Diphthongs: two-part vowels (cf. monophthongs)
1. [åI] bite, aisle, choir, island
2 [ ] b d bt l d h2. [å¨] brown, doubt, loud, hour
3. [øI] boy, rejoice, annoy, poison[ ] y, j , y, p
4. [o¨] boat, grow, though, over
å5. [eI] bait, reign, great, they, gauge
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
å
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
II
åå
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
II
“side, my, kind”
åå
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
å
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
ʊ
å
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
ʊ“loud, brow, hour”
å
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
ɔ
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
ɔI
Diphthongs:Diphthongs:
“boy, annoy, toil”
ɔI
Now you have vowels & consonants
• …so you can transcribe sounds of words!
write
hthrow
textbook
Vowel exercises
• handouts
Speech Production - Summary
• Airflow set in vibration by vocal foldsAirflow modified by vocal tracty
• Vowels: shaping of oral cavity
• Consonants: narrowing or blocking of • Consonants: narrowing or blocking of oral/nasal cavity
Diff l h diff • Different languages choose different selections of articulatory gestures
Speech Perception
• Speech production processes must be undone by the eary
• Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibrationreconstructed from patterns of air vibration
• Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing possibly a system specialized for hearing speech
S b i ll d l d bi h• Substantially developed at birth
For tomorrow
• Phonetics Quiz (closed book)! Go over the exercises, and remember the consonant and vowel features
- no need to remember…
syllabic consonantsflap “r” [‰]
• Read LF phonology (up to 3.3) & Jackendoff Ch 5