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Lecture 4
Weather Maps and Models
Chapters 3 and 4
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Homework
• Due Friday, September 22, 2006 (add to previous homework)
• Ch 4 TYU 2,6,9,12,14,17,18,23,25 TYPSS #2
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Meteograms
• Display state variables graphically over a period of time.
• AOS rooftop site:
http://rig.ssec.wisc.edu/
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Surface Station Model
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Surface Station Model
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Weather Symbols
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Surface Maps
Station Plots Dew point analysis
MSLP analysis (mean sea level pressure)
Temperature analysis
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Upper Air Station Plot
Upper air charts
http://www.aos.wisc.edu/weatherdata
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Upper Air chart(Constant pressure surface)
Upper air charts
http://www.aos.wisc.edu/weatherdata
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Forecasting Weather
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Weather Models
• Mathematical equations describe how:– Air accelerates or decelerates based on Newton’s
Laws– Mass of air and its properties move from one position
to another while conserving properties of mass and energy
– Mass of water vapor is moved and transformed to rain and snow
– Air is heated or cooling by condensation, radiation • These differential equations are integrated
forward in time by solving them numerically on a grid
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Two Basic types of Models
• Finite Difference Model– Solved on a grid– Taylor series approximations to continuous equations
• Spectral Model– Analysis of variables on a grid in real space is
transformed to a grid in wave space grid using a Fourier transform
– Equations moved forward in wave space analytically– Variables transformed back to real space
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Examples of Horizontal Grids
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Vertical Grid
Vertical grid may be :
•Height coordinate
•Pressure coordinate
•Sigma or terrain following coordinate
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Map Projection
Various map projections are used to take into account the curved Earth surface. For instance:
1. Mercator projection
2. Polar Stereographic Grid
3. Lambert Conformal
4. Spherical Grid
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Topography Representation
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Ensemble Prediction
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Look at AOS Web Page
• Real Time analysis and Prediction available on the Web:
Weather Maps (Current and Forecast Maps):
http://www.aos.wisc.edu/weather/index.htm (Maps drawn by UW AOS Department)http://cup.aos.wisc.edu (Tripoli’s NMS Model output)http://www.nws.noaa.gov/outlook_tab.php (National Weather Service Maps)http://weather.unisys.com/ (Unisys (Purdue) Maps….traditional leader in Internet map technology)http://www.meteo.psu.edu/%7Egadomski/ewall.html (Penn State Electronic Maps)http://www.atmos.albany.edu/weather/difax.html (NWS difax maps from SUNY Albany)http://www.rap.ucar.edu/weather/ (National Center for Atmospheric Research Weather)http://hdrweather.com/f2p2/default.htm (Colorado weather by Henz)