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Lecture Module:
Problem Understanding & Design
Specification
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© GIT 2
Key Concepts
• Design is a Problem Solving Process
• Multiple Phases of Design
• Customer Requirements
• Intrinsic requirements
• Problem understanding forms
• Functions vs Constraints
• Design Specifications & Target performance metrics
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Outline
© GIT 3
1. Review understanding of Design
Characteristics, types, process
2. Phases of Design
3. Customer requirements
Seeding questions; Needs/Wants ; Target Markets
4. Design Objectives/Requirements
5. Product Functions
6. Design Specifications
7. Quality Function Deployment
8. Summary
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2. Phases of Design
© GIT 4
A. Customer/Product Requirements
B. Design Specification
C. Conceptual Design
I. Concept Generation
II. Concept Evaluation
D. Detail Design
E. Prototyping
F. Design Finalization
I. Specification for Production
Manufacturing
Usable Life
End of Life
PR
OD
UC
T L
IFE
CY
CL
E
Start
End
Concurrent
NOT
Linear
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3. Customer Requirements
© GIT 5
Review Class Notes
Key Concepts:
Customer side : Needs, Wants, Desires
Product side : Features, Benefits, Quality
Design process is most successful iff. customers’
“quality function” is embedded in the product
QFD - Quality Function Deployment:
Design process originated in Japan to rigorously
ensure customer-centric product development
Seeding questions: Where can I sell product?
What is target Market?, Why will people buy
it? Why is it important?
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4. DT2 - Problem Understanding Form
© GIT 6
Ensures evaluation of all Customer Requirements
Establishes relationships between Customer Requirements and Design
Requirements using Relationship Matrix
• Customer WHATS into Design HOWS
Analysis:
• Blank Row – customer requirement not met; Engineer doesn’t care
• Blank Column – design requirement that customer doesn’t want
• Be aware of intrinsic requirements
Relationship
Matrix
Design Requirements
Custo
mer
Requir
em
ents
1 n Relationship Weight
Strong 9
Medium 3
Weak 1
None 0
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5. Product Functions
© GIT 7
• Actions the product must be capable of DOING
• Abstract formulation of task
What is a Product Function
Approach:
• Drill down to the “Hows”
What it is NOT
• A specific solution path - eg. “Turn Light On”
• A Constraint – eg. “Be smaller than…”
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8
5. DT3 Example: Active-Safety Car Seat
Consider the design of active-safety seats to
increase occupant safety
Use a Function Tree to establish/identify the
product functions
© GIT
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© GIT 9
5. DT3 Example: Active-Safety Car Seat
Close, but not quite there…
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© GIT 10
Active Safety Car-Seat
Be
Comfortable
Reduce
Injuries
Maintain
cushioning
Conform to
User Shape
Constrain
occupant
Adjust Occ.
motion
Sense
Collision
Increase
head space
Rotate seat
rails up
5. DT3 Example: Active-Safety Car Seat
Technically accurate, but not only solution
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© GIT 11
6. Design Specifications
• Numerical target (TPM) or constraint
• Derived from Design Standard, Design Constraint
(V.o.C), or Design Analysis
What is a Design Specification
Specification Categories
• Geometric
• Kinematics
• Dynamics
• Energy
• Costs
• Material
• Signals
• Safety
• Ergonomics
• Schedules
• Assembly
• Transportation
• Operation
• Quality Control
• Recycling
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© GIT 12
DT4 – Design Specification Sheet/List
• List of Design Specifications, Source, Design responsibility
• Tracks versioning by including date of modification or spec change
• Specifications arranged by category
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Quality Function Deployment
© GIT 13
Casual-wear in Japan [Photo from Dr. Singhose]
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5. DT5 – House of Quality
© GIT 14
Primary design tool in QFD
Ensures comprehensive
understanding of design task
and product requirements
Builds on P.U.F by adding
“rooms” for:
Design Trade-off & Analysis
Identification
Technical Importance
identifies key design
requirements for product
non-subjectively
Customer Competitive
Assessment
Technical Competitive
Assessment
Design Target Specification
Import
ance
Relationship
Matrix
Design Requirements
Custo
mer
Requir
em
ents
1 n
Import
ance
Correlation
Matrix
1 n R Absolute
Relative 1/ R
n/ R
TPMs
Custo
mer
Com
p.
Assessm
ent
Technical Competitive
Assessment
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5. H.o.Q Matrices
© GIT 15
Relationship Matrix:
• Relates Customer Requirements
to Design requirements
• WHATS to HOWS
• Symbolic Entries with larger
weighting scale
Relationship Symbol Weight
Strong 9
Medium 3
Weak 1
None 0
Correlation Matrix:
• Relates Design Requirements to
Design requirements
• Hows to HOWS
• Clearly identifies design trade-offs
• Demonstrates areas for
optimization efforts
Co-Relationship Symbol
Strong Positive
Positive
Negative
Strong Negative
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5. H.o.Q Example
© GIT 16
Product: A cup of coffee
Customer Requirements:
Be Hot, Taste Good, Smell Good,
Stimulating, Look like Coffee, No
Grounds, Reasonable Cost
Product Requirements:
Non-Toxic
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© GIT 17
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© GIT 18
1 :
R
1/ R
Technical Importance
8*9 + 3*6 + 9*9 +10*1 = 181
181 + 132 + 54 + 99 + 18 +108 …
… + 90 = 682
181 / 682 = 0.27
Absolute
Relative
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5. H.o.Q – Design Understanding Analysis
© GIT 19
H.o.Q Analysis:
• Identify Blank rows and columns
• Compare customer vs technical competitive
surveys
• Identify and Resolve conflicts
• Identify advantages (marketing points)
• Confirm target performance metrics
• Identify areas for detailed design optimization
• Strong negative correlations
• Target direction indicators
House of Quality is a comprehensive summary of the
understanding of a design task.
HoQ exposes areas for detailed analysis and additional evaluation
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5. HoQ – Detailed Example
© GIT 20
Product: Car door
Customer requirements?
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5. HoQ – Detailed Example
© GIT 21
Product: Car door
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8. Summary
© GIT 22
A. Customer/Product Requirements Problem understanding, Initial Analysis
B. Design Specification Target Performance Metrics, Design Constraints
C. Conceptual Design
I. Concept Generation
II. Concept Evaluation
D. Detail Design
E. Prototyping
F. Design Finalization
I. Specification for Production
DT1 – Objectives Tree DT2 – Problem Understanding Form
DT4 – Design Spec. Sheet DT3 – Function tree
DT5 – House of Quality (QFD)