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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 1
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Introduction to FORTRAN
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
ENCE 202
Spring 2000
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Introduction
n FORTRAN
– FORTRAN = FORmula TRANslation
– Developed for the IBM 704 Computer
– Developed by John Backus and a team of13 other programmers
– Developed between 1954 and 1957
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 3
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Introduction
n FORTRAN is a high-level languagesuch as BASIC, C, and C++
n A compiler translates each statement inthe program into a sequence of basicmachine language instruction
C B A X += *
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 4
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Introduction
Compiler
Source Program(high level language)
Object Program(machine language)
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 5
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Program Development
n A program consists of
– Input
– An execution logic (computation)
– Output
n A flow chart is used to develop thestructure
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 6
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Program Development
n EXAMPLE 1: Volume of a Cylinder – Input:
• Diameter, D
• Height, h
– Computation•
– Output:• Volume, V
h
D
V ×
= 4
2π
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 7
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Program Development
n Flow Chart for Example 1
– A flow chart is a block diagram that summarizesthe program structure and logic flow
BEGINENTER:D and h
CALCULATE:V
h D
V
=
4
2π
OUTPUT:Display
Volume(V )END
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 8
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Program Development
n EXAMPLE 2: Height of a Cylinder – Input:
• Diameter, D
• Volume, V
– Computation•
– Output:• Height, h
2
4
D
V
hπ
=
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 9
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Program Development
n Flow Chart for Example 2
– A flow chart is a block diagram that summarizesthe program structure and logic flow
BEGINENTER:
D and V
CALCULATE:V
OUTPUT:DisplayHeight(h )
END
2
4
D
V h
π
=
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 10
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n The following is a format of a simpleprogram:
• PROGRAM NAME
• Opening documentation use
• Variables declaration
• Program statements• END
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 11
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n FORTRAN Statements• Positions 7 to 72 of a line can be used. To
continue on the next line, use any character onposition 6 of the next line
n Constants – Examples
• -12
• 1.2345• 12.45-e10
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 12
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890C
Statement in columns 7 to 72
Statement labels in columns 1 to 5
Character different from 0 or blank in column 6
Indicates a continuation of the preceding line
C or * in column 1 indicates a comment
Fundamentals of FORTRAN
Column 73
And beyond
Are ignored
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 13
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Data Types
– Integer
– Real
– Double Precision
– Complex
– Character
– Logical
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 14
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Variables – Variables starts with a letter
– The first letter defines the variable type• Integer or real
– The default types are• I, J, K, L, M, and N
• These are integers variables if they are used asthe first letter in names
• Otherwise, they are treated as real variables
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 15
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Type Statements
– REAL list of variables
– INTEGER list of variables
– CHARACTER*n list of variables with size
n (default n = 1)
– PARAMETER (param 1 = value 1, param 2 =
value 2 , ….etc ) – DATA list 1 /data 1 /, list 2 /data 2 /, , list n /data n ?
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 16
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Examples: Type statementsREAL X, Speed, Height
INTEGER I, M, Q
CHARACTER*2 Var1, Var2
PARAMETER (PI = 3.14159, E = 2.71)
DATA w/1.3/, x,y/2.3, 5.6/
DATA w,x,y/1.3, 2.3, 5.6
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 17
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Arithmetic Operations
– Addition +
– Subtraction -
– Multiplication *
– Division /
– Exponentiation **
Example:Area = (3.14)*(D**2)/4
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 18
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Priority Rules
** from right to left
* and / from left to right
+ and - from left to right
NOTE:
To avoid confusion, always use parentheses
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 19
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Standard Library Functions
– Examples
• SQRT (argument), Square Root
• ABS (x), Absolute value
• COS (y) Cosine of argument
• LN(x) Natural Logarithm
• Etc.
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 20
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n Assignment Statements
Variable = expression
– Examples
x = 0.234
y = sqrt(x) / 2 + height**3
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 21
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n List-directed Input and Output
PRINT *, output-list (separators are commas )
n Examples:PRINT * è (print a blank line)
PRINT *, ‘Test, Test’ è Test, Test
PRINT *, ‘Interest’ =, Int è Interest = 5
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 22
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Fundamentals of FORTRAN
n List-directed Input and Output
READ *, input-list (separators are commas )
n Examples:PRINT *, ‘Enter Velocity and Time?’
READ *, ‘VELOC0, TIME
READ *, Int, ANote: It is a good practice to prompt the user that
input is needed, using PRINT statement beforeREAD with prompt information
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Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 23
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202
FORTRAN
Handout 1 Example: Simple Program
n This program calculates the velocity andheight of a projectile given its initialheight, velocity,and constantacceleration
0
002
:Velocity
2
1 :Height
vat v
ht vat h
+=
++=
Dr. Assakkaf
Slide No. 24
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ENCE 202FORTRAN
Handout 1 Example: Simple Program
PROGRAM PROJECT
C Th is program calculates the velocity and height of a projectile given itsC initial height, initial velocity, and constant acceleration. Variables used are:
C HGHT : initial height
C HGHT : height at any timeC VELOC : initial vertical velocityC VELOC : vertical velocity at any time
C ACCEL : vertical acceleration (Gravity)C TIME : time elapsed since projectile was launched
REAL HGHT , HGHT, VELOC , VELO, ACCEL, TIME
ACCEL = - .
PRINT *, `Enter initial height, initial velocity, and time?`READ *, HGHT , VELOC , TIME
HGHT = . * ACCEL * TIME ** +VELOC * TIME + HGHTVELOC = ACCEL * TIME + VELOC
PRINT *, `AT TIME `, TIME, ` THE VERTICAL VELOCITY IS `, VELOCPRINT *, `AND THE HEIGHT IS `, HGHTEND