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EDU 702: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY‘Mixed Methods Research’
Lecturer: Dr. Johan
Presented by :-Huwaida binti Tajudin 2013422458 Hanafi bin Hasbullah 2013401686
Saiful Nizam bin Mat Saat 2013416388Mohd Faizal Ridha 2013426796
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MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
What does it mean?
- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods
in a single study.
- Those who engage in such research argues that the use of
both methods provides a more complete understanding of
research problems than does the use of either one.
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What does it mean?
• Started in the early 1950s.
• Only has achieved a significant place
in educational research.
• The first journal devoted to it began
publication in 2005.
• There are different views to what
a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is.
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Examples of the kinds of mixed-methods studies
“Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies
in Research on Teachers’ Lives, Work, and
Effectiveness.”
“Closed and Open-Ended Question Tools in a Telephone
Survey About ‘The Good Teacher’.”
“Emotions and Change During Professional
Development for Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study’.”
“Telling It All: A Story of Women’s Social Capital Using
a Mixed Methods Approach’.”
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There are different views to what a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is :-
Numerical and statistical analysis.
In-depth information, often in narrative form,
frequently obtained through the analysis of
written communication.
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What does it mean?
- Qualitative – Developing a holistic picture and
analysis of the phenomenon being studied
with an emphasis on ‘thick’ rather than
‘selective’ description.
- Quantitative – Observation and interviewing,
prominent instruments used in qualitative
research, are also commonly found in
quantitative studies.
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Why do mixed-methods research
IT HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS:
1. Clarify and explain relationships
found to exist between variables.
2. Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.
3. Mixed method studies can help to confirm or
cross-validate relationships discovered between
variables, as when quantitative and qualitative
methods are compared to see if they converge
on a single interpretation of a phenomenon.
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Drawbacks of Mixed-Method Studies.
• You might ask “Why all research problems are
not addressed using mixed methods designs?”
1. Extremely time-consuming and expensive to
carry out.
2. Many researchers are only experienced in only
one type of research.
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Avoiding the drawbacks
1. Multiple researchers
with differing areas of
expertise work as a team.
2. Better off doing a purely
quantitative or qualitative
study and doing it well.
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1) THE EXPLORATORY DESIGN Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze
data separately)
QUALITATIVE data collection precedes
quantitative data collection.
Greater emphasis is placed on the QUALITATIVE
data in the study.
Example: You first conduct interviews and then follow
up with a few individuals who answered positively to
the questions by giving out survey forms.
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SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
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2) THE EXPLANATORY DESIGN• Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze
data separately)
• Collecting QUAN data first followed by collecting
QUAL data second
• Greater emphasis is placed on the QUAN data in the
study
• Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow
up with a few individuals who answered positively to
the questions through interviews.
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SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
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3) THE TRIANGULATION DESIGN
• Collecting both QUAN and QUAL data
• Collecting these data at the same time in the
research procedure
• Analyzing the QUAN and QUAL data separately
• Comparing or combining the results of the QUAN
and QUAL analysis
• Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and
collect individual interviews (qualitative) and then
compare the results
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SEQUENTIAL OF TRIANGULATION DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAN DATA COLLECTION QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYZE QUAL DATA ANALYZE
DATA RESULTS ARE COMPARED/COMBINED
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Advocacy lenses • Presence or absence of an ‘advocacy lens’ – a factor used
to categorized the mixed-method designs.
• Occurs when – the researcher’s worldview implies that the
purpose of the research is to recommend the improved
treatment to participants in the world outside the research.
• ‘Worldview’ is a comprehensive view of the world and
human life.
– (including everything)
• Example of worldview that involve advocacy lens are:
– feminist theory, race-based theory and critical theory
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Example of research:
A research wanted to triangulating(dividing)
quantitative and qualitative methods.
A research on the student academic performance.
Between white suburban school with primarily black
inner-city (poorer central section of city) school.
Purposes of research might be:-
Improve condition and academic school black inner-
city student
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SAMPLING • Qualitative researchers - use purposive sampling.
– Researchers select participants who have experience with central concept
being investigate.
– Small sample size (to get considerable amount of details)
• Quantitative researchers - choose individual who are
representative of a larger population.
– to get generalize result
• Generally random sampling strategies are preferred, however, it is
often not suitable in educational research.
• Thus, convenience, systematic or purposive sampling must be
used.
• Sample sizes are much larger than qualitative studies.
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• Example of the research
• A researcher might randomly select two high
schools for the study on drug. (suburban schools)
• Survey the 800 graduating.
• Then conduct six focus group using purposive
sample of students.
• Finally conclude by randomly selecting 40 students
as subjects.
• *researcher must make a number of decisions with
regard to sampling before beginning a mixed-methods
study.
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MIXED MODEL STUDIES Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) defined
Mixed model studies as those that ‘combine qualitative and quantitative aproches within several different phases of the research proses.
Single study- involve an experimental study, then qualitative data collection after it has been converted to numbers.
Mixed-model study- qualitative and quantitative study ma be addressed in three phases. (refer book page 563)
Complicated system for classifying research design.Because the three phases occur very rarely in practice.
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STEPS IN CONDUCTING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
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EVALUATING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
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EVALUATING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
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ETHICS IN MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
Three ethical concern
Protecting participant identityprivacy
Treating participants with respectsensitivity
Protecting participants from both physical and psychological harmInjury and pressure
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SUMMARY
• Mixed method studies becoming popular and common in educational research.
• The values lies in combining qualitative and quantitative methods (complement each other)
• Requires time, energy and resources in both quantitative and qualitative methods.
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Thank YouFor your attention..