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Legislation related to Urban Regeneration:
the Malaysian Experience
Jalan Sultan, Singapore
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Definition of REGENERATION
1.1: an act or the process of regenerating : the state of being regenerated
2.2: spiritual renewal or revival
3.3: renewal or restoration of a body, bodily part, or biological system
(such as a forest) after injury or as a normal process
4.4: utilization by special devices of heat or other products that would
ordinarily be lost
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Urban regeneration is the attempt to reverse thatdecline by both improving the physical structure,and, more importantly and elusively, the economyof those areas.
In all regeneration programmes, public money isused as an attempt to pump prime privateinvestment into an area
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In the most developed economies, the goal of URis to promote a “return to the city”, revitalise thecity centre, restore activity in a fiercelycompetitive international context, and implementinitiatives to improve the quality of theenvironment operating in a wide sense towards asmart growth.
http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Urban%20Regeneration.pdf
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Primary Objectives
of UR
economic: to attract investors, create employment, renew the
urban economy (as in the case of former industrial cities, e.g.
Manchester)
social: to enlarge the supply of urban housing and develop local infrastructure (“politique de la
ville” in France)
environmental: to improve living conditions, combat pollution
(Agenda 21), while taking into account the values and
preferences of society and each social group
cultural: to enhance architectural heritage (historic core) and urban tourism, or to attract research and
academic institutions (e.g. Alexandria)
http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Urban%20Regeneration.pdf
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The collapse of Britain's industrial
and manufacturing economy has
left many inner city areas blighted
by unemployment, riddled with
poor housing and socially
excluded from more prosperousdistricts.
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Urban regeneration is the attempt to
reverse that decline by both improving the
physical structure, and, more importantly
and elusively, the economy of those areas.
In all regeneration programmes, public
money is used as an attempt to pumpprime private investment into an area.
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Because regeneration schemes often take
years to complete, by the time they have
finished the government programme that
initially funded them has usually been
replaced. This means that current
programmes are often confused with pastprojects.
One important trend has emerged
over the years: the earlier projects
tended to focus on physical
regeneration, usually housing,
whereas later programmes have
attempted to stimulate social andeconomic regeneration.
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The Toffee Factory, Newcastle : Ouseburn BuildingWork space at Lower Steenberg’s Yard, north east England –by xsite architecture
http://www.e-architect.co.uk/newcastle/toffee-factory-ouseburn
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This is a part of Bilbao
that has undergone
urban renewal to have
a much better and
newer look. On the
before side,
everything looked run
down and dirty. On the
after side, there are
new buildings, roads,
and green areas, and it looks a lot better
Urban Renewal's
insight, 2015
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the aim of this project is to
understand the processes of
reform and transformation the
villa of Bilbao has sufferd
between the decades of 1980
and 1990, during his
restructuring, and that have
supposed for the city a
definitive step: being a
society dedicated almost
exclusively to the industrial
sector, to services turning into
an agile economy based on
the sector and into the
tourism.
https://csanchezlarrauri.wordpress.com/
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Mural painting in Penang
Revitalisation project of back lane at Kampung Cina, Kuala Terengganu
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Community support cleanliness
Tourist attraction
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Increased urbanization trends & regional competitiveness increased urbaninhabitants/population in urban area pressure to environment (scarcity of land andexisting facilities to maintain its capacity)
Rich in history as strong industrial city decline due to urban sprawl (encourage the use ofprivate vehicles), changing of industrial focus (less polluted, services-oriented, etc)
Rich in history – architecture significance in the past, monuments used to be populartourist areas
Underutilisation of urban infrastructure in the centre and overburdened infrastructures in theperiphery
Environmental degradation taking the form of deteriorating air quality, rising noise levels, lossof open space, and increased vulnerability of natural and man-made amenities.
http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Urban%20Regeneration.pdf
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Imposed regeneration after a long period of abandonment of derelict land (e.g.London Docklands), or severe dilapidation of living conditions in a district.
Opportunistic regeneration where public and private investors are on thelookout for available land for a big project (e.g. Bandar Malaysia).
Preventive or prospective urban regeneration in areas where the social andeconomic fabrics have deteriorated (e. g. Aleppo, Alexandria).
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Degraded and over populated city centres needing complex urban renewal andredevelopment,
Under–utilized urban land on potentially most valuable locations (waterfront andharbour areas) necessitating increased land-use efficiency through the initiation ofland recycling, in–fill development and re–development of underutilisedwaterfront area,
Declined or abandoned industrial or military areas as a result of economicrestructuring and global de–industrialization making necessary the promotion oflocal economic development based on restructuring and privatisation, theattraction of foreign investments and transfer of technology,
Peripheral, illegally built residential areas of poor standard demanding efficientinfrastructure and open spaces.
http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Urban%20Regeneration.pdf
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Analysis of current situation (SWOT)
Formulation of goals & objectives
To promote rehabilitation? To improve the environment? To preserve valuable
urban fabric?To reduce urban deterioration? Re-
structuring economy?
Developing strategies
Planning for UR
Key planning intervention? Location specific? Financial scheme? Organisational structures?
Control of land? How land is purchased? Conduct spatial
planning and programming (zoning and land uses)? Specific area plans?
Institutional Arrangements
Who will made the decisions? Planning obligations? PPP? Participation?
Results & evaluation
Benefits vs costs? Anticipated impacts?
http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Urban%20Regeneration.pdf
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A good legislative basis is often necessary to overcome rigidities in set patterns ofrelationships and decision making.
Enabling special legislation is often necessary in two aspects: setting the public-private partnership interface (development regulation, development rights,economic instruments, etc.), and supporting the process and related decisionmaking.
Neither is an easy endeavour, and experience shows that it takes a lot of time toprovide the legal framework for urban regeneration.
Because different legislation might be needed at different stages/levels of UR.
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Institutional:
complex and outdated urban management framework
poor implementation of policies/regulations
overlapping responsibilities between agencies
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Element Related Acts
1 Local Government • Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1976 (Akta 171)
• Akta Perancangan Wilayah Persekutuan 1962 (Akta 267)
• Akta Lembaga Pembangunan Langkawi 1990 (Akta 423)
• Akta Perbadanan Labuan 2001 (Akta 609)
• Enakmen Lembaga Bandaran (Cap 137)
2 Land matters • Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 (Akta 56)
• Akta Pengambilan Tanah 1960 (Akta 486)
• Akta Hakmilik Strata 1985 (Akta 318)
• Akta Pemeliharaan Tanah 1960 (Akta 385)
3 Building • Akta Jalan Parit dan Bangunan 1974 (Akta 133)
• Undang-Undang Kecil Bangunan Seragam 1984
4 Environment • Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 1974 (Akta 127)
5 Infrastructure and Utilities • Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990 (Akta 447)
• Akta Perkhidmatan Pembentungan 1993 (Akta 508)
6 Housing • Akta Standard Minimum Perumahan dan Kemudahan Pekerja
1990 (Akta 446)
• Akta Pemaju Perumahan (Kawalan dan Perlesenan) 1966
(Akta 118)
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---continues
7 Services • Akta Perkhidmatan Bomba 1988 (Akta 341)
• Akta Pusat Jagaan 1993 (Akta 506)
8 Heritage • Akta Benda Purba 1976 (Akta 168)
• Akta Warisan Kebangsaan 2005 (Akta 645)
Source: BicaraPakKebun.blogspot.com
> 20 acts
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http://www.kkmm.gov.my/akta_kpkk/akta%20warisan%20kebangsaan%202005.pdf
http://www.heritage.gov.my/download/Garis%20Panduan%202012/Garis%20Panduan%20Pemuliharaan%20Bangunan%20Warisan.pdf
Big Q: this is just a list of acts? how
about number of agencies? jurisdiction?
enforcement?
Guideline for conservation of heritage buildings (National
Heritage Department)2005 National Heritage Law
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Lihat kandungan Akta 645 dan GP
Fahami perbezaan istilah:
• Warisan (heritage)
• Pemuliharaan (preservation)
• Pemeliharaan (conservation)
• Menghidupkan semula (regeneration) maintain, adaptive use, infill (small scale), totally new (larger in scale), brownfield
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In Malaysia, relevant acts which focusing on urban conservation activities
(preservation of area, site and heritage buildings) are Akta Benda Purba
1976 (Akta 168) and National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645).
From a wider aspect of urban conservation, some sections of Act 172 cannot
simply be undermined
Even though Act 172 did not give power to specific parties to gazette and to
buy/rent/acquire heritage buildings, some content of Act 172 still give some
advantages for a heritage building to be conserved and maintain, given theexisting statutory to be carried out accordingly.
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Development Plan
Town and Country Planning 1976 (Act 172) introduced
“development plan system”
Under this system, National Physical Plan was prepared by
the Director General of TCPD, State Structure Plan
(Director General of State) and Local Authority will preparethe District Local Plan
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Proposal on Urban regeneration / redevelopment / new development
Planning permission
• Reports (EIA, TIA, SIA, LCP, etc)• Charges
Comply to various acts/guidelines
Comply with development plans
(RS, RT, RKK)
PBT /PBPT (Local Authority)
Proceed
Accept
Reject
Very powerful!
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Future challenge urban legislation and regeneration need to address issue of climate change + disaster risk reduction (urban conservation and heritage that resilient to disaster, natural and man induce)
26 April 2015, Nepal
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KHAIRUL HISYAM KAMARUDIN, PHD
Lecturer/Researcher in Planning (Rural Development & Sustainable
Tourism)
UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology
UTM Kuala Lumpur
Email: [email protected] / [email protected]
Website: http://khairulhkamarudin.wordpress.com
Thank you