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Lesson 4: Threats to Watersheds
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Native Species
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Native PlantsIlima:
Indigenous to Hawai‘i(native range from China to
eastern Polynesia and Hawai‘i)
Photo: Forest & Kim Starr
‘Ōhi‘a: Endemic to Hawai‘i
(found nowhere else)
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Non-Native Plants
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Are all non-native species bad in
Hawai‘i?
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Non-native: Introduced or Invasive
Plumeria:Introduced, but not invasive
Photo: Forest & Kim Starr
Octopus/Umbrella tree:Invasive
Photo: Forest & Kim Starr
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How do non-native species become invasive?
• Variety of Habitat• Live just about anywhere
• Reproduce quickly• Lots of seeds, eggs, or babies
• Out-compete for resources• Use up food, water and space
• Lack predators or natural enemies• No disease and competition
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What makes a non-native species, bad?
Health
Environment
Economy
Quality of Life
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INVASIVE SPECIES COME TO HAWAI‘I WITH PEOPLE
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Native: The ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Tree :
Holds the forest together…connecting plants and animals with each other.
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Native Plants & Animals
I‘iwi bird in an ‘ōhi‘a tree.
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Strawberry guava: Invader!
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Feral Pigs
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Subcanopy
Ground Cover
• Emergent: These are the tallest trees in the forest slow down heavy raindrops and pull moistures from passing clouds.
• Canopy: This layer catches most of the raindrops and water flows down the branches, to its trunk and to the ground.
• Subcanopy: This layer absorbs tree drips from the layers above. It also covers the layer below to slow evapotranspiration.
• Ground Cover: Mosses and ferns form a spongy layer that holds water and covers the soil so it doesn’t wash away into streams an oceans. This is the darkest part of the forest. The less sun’s energy means less evaporation and evapotranspiration.
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Losing forest layers
Subcanopy
Ground Cover
Canopy: This layer catches
most of the raindrops and
water flows down the
branches, to its trunk and to
the ground.
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Loss of Habitat
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Erosion
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What’s being done?
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Results!
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What can you do to help?
Clean hiking shoes. Volunteer!