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9-1
Reinventing StreetsIn Support of Livable Communities
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9-2
Betsy Mastaglio, RLA
Steve Nieman, AICP
Presenters
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9-3
NHI 151043: Transportation and Land Use course
Smart Transportation Guidebook (joint NJDOT-PennDOT manual)
Corridor Planning Experience
Case Studies
Resources
www.smart-transportation.com
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9-4
A street designed and
operated to enable safe,
attractive and
comfortable access and
travel for all users
What is a ‘Complete Street’?
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org
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9-5
Complete Streets Act of 2009 (introduced
in March 2009)
To ensure that all users of the transportation
system, including pedestrians, bicyclists,
transit users, children, older individuals, and
individuals with disabilities, are able to travel
safely and conveniently on and across
federally funded streets and highways.
(Source: www.completestreets.org)
Legislation for Complete Streets
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9-6
States
• State of New Jersey: Complete Streets Policy
• State of Connecticut: “An Act Improving
Bicycle and Pedestrian Access”
• State of Pennsylvania: Appendix J of Design
Manual 1A, Bicycle and Pedestrian Checklist
Locals
• Franklin, Pennsylvania
• Philadelphia: “Complete Streets Executive
Order”
State and Local Initiatives
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9-7
Integrating Transportation & Land Use
Source: Charlotte Department of Transportation, Urban Street Design Guidelines
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9-8
Component Zones
Source: Indianapolis Regional Center & Metropolitan Planning Area, Multi-Modal Corridor and
Public Space Design Guidelines
BTZ - Bus Transit Zone
BZ - Bicycle Zone
FZ - Frontage Zone
PAZ - Pedestrian Activity Zone
PW - Pedestrian Way
SZ - Separation Zone
SPZ - Street Parking Zone
VTZ - Vehicle Travel Zone
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9-10
Historically, cars did
not dominate city
streets
Traditional Complete Street
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9-11
Seven Lanes, yet not ‘Complete’
Spartanburg, SC
Source: Michael Ronkin
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9-12
Economic
Environ-
mental
Health
Why do we Need Complete Streets?
Source: ralphygeogers.files.wordpress.comSource: streetfilms.org
Safety
Quality of
Life
Source: Mobility.tamu.edu
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9-13
Two-person household saves
$6,251 annually using public
transportation
Increase in property value and
retail sales near transit
Increased transportation
options increases pool of
potential buyers and employers
Integrating facilities for multiple
modes into the initial design of
roadways avoids retrofits
Economic Benefits
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9-14
Carbon emissions from
transportation expected to be
41% higher than today in
2030
28% of all metro trips are a
walkable/bikable 1 mile or
less
If 1 in 100,000 residents
replaced 1 car trip with 1 bike
trip per month, it would cut
CO2 emissions by 3,764
tons/year
Environmental Benefits
So
urc
e: M
ob
ility
.ta
mu
.ed
uS
ou
rce
: tr
ee
hu
gg
er.co
m
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9-15
Reduced auto emissions improves air quality,
reducing cases of asthma & other illnesses
National Institute of Medicine recommends
encouraging sidewalks & bikeways to fight
childhood obesity
Health Benefits
Source: pedbikeimages.org/Dan Burden Source: ralphygeogers.files.wordpress.com
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9-16
1/3 of all Americans do not drive
All ages feel safe, welcome & gain
independence
Provides options to avoiding traffic jams
and increase overall capacity
Quality of Life Benefits
Source: streetfilms.org Source: farm4.static.flickr.com
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9-17
Installing raised medians, redesigning
intersections and sidewalks reduced
pedestrian risk by 28%
Pedestrian
crashes are
twice as
likely on
streets
without
sidewalks
Safety Benefits
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9-18
Elements of a Complete Street
So
urc
e: P
roje
ct fo
r P
ub
lic S
pa
ce
s
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9-19
Elements of a Complete Street
Sidewalks Crosswalks Refuge medians Parking
So
urc
e: P
roje
ct fo
r P
ub
lic S
pa
ce
s
Bus lanes Landscaping Lighting
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9-20
Complete StreetsA How-to-Guide
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9-21
Three-Step ApproachA
Ho
w -
to -
Gu
ide
1. Consider the context
2. Design the space
3. Implement the changes
Lewes, DE
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9-22
1. Consider the ContextA
Ho
w -
to -
Gu
ide
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/Dan Burden
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9-23
Appropriate Settings
Small Towns
Mature Suburbs
Transit Villages
Co
ns
ide
r the
Co
nte
xtUrban Areas
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9-24
Engage the CommunityA
Ho
w -
to -
Gu
ide
Tailor solutions to the context
Plan for all transportation modes
Understand valued resources before starting engineering design
Scale the solutions to the problem
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9-25
Highway design is too
important to be left to
Highway Engineers.Tom Larson
Former PennDOT Secretary & FHWA Administrator
Co
ns
ide
r the
Co
nte
xtWhy Involve the Community?
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9-26
Find the clues to the future in:
Municipal comprehensive plans
Redevelopment plans and economic
development plans
Availability of infrastructure
Visioning workshops/ design charrettes
Discussions with municipal officials and
the public
What is Community’s Vision?C
on
sid
er th
e C
on
text
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9-27
Balance mobility and accessibility
Access to destinations
Connecting land uses
Support economic development/
revitalization
Consider Land Use
This or this
Source: www.farm3.static.flickr.com
Co
ns
ide
r the
Co
nte
xt
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9-28
Consider User Needs
Include space for motorists, transit users,
bicyclists, wheelchair users and pedestrians
Co
ns
ide
r the
Co
nte
xt
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9-29
2. Design the SpaceD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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9-30
Goals for Allocating Space
Improve Mobility and Access for all Modes
Improve Safety
Improve Livability and Quality of Life
Support Economic and Community Goals
Source: NYCDOT
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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9-32
This 5-lane Main Street went from this ….
Source: Michael Ronkin
Pottstown, PA
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
…. to a Complete Street
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9-33
Reduce Lane Widths
Roadways with high truck volumes may
need 12‟ lanes
Consider 11‟ lanes for roads at 35 mph
and higher
Consider
10‟ lanes
for low-
speed
urban
roadways
Re
du
ce
Lan
e W
idth
s
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9-34
1. Lane & Shoulder Width 2. Street Trees
3. Curve Radius 4. On-street Parking
Reduce Travel Speed
Source: Smart Transportation Guidebook
Re
du
ce
Sp
ee
ds
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9-35
In urban contexts, choose smallest curb radius that can accommodate the design vehicle
Balance need to accommodate truck turning movements with benefit of shortercrosswalks
Tighten Corner Curb RadiiR
ed
uc
e S
pe
ed
s
Source: Main Street… When a Highway Runs
Through It. A Handbook for Oregon Communities
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9-36
On-street parking is a desirable part of
the urban fabric
• Slows passing
cars
• Buffers
pedestrians
• Convenient
for shoppers
Consider 7‟ and 8‟ wide parallel parking
spaces
Provide On-Street ParkingR
ed
uc
e S
pe
ed
s
Source: spacingmontreal
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9-37
Full-width (8-12‟) shoulders are
critical on higher speed roadways
In urban and suburban areas,
shoulders of 4-6‟ are useful for retro-
fitting wide travel lanes for bicyclists
Need to accommodate pedestrians
on roads without sidewalks
Shoulder the LoadEn
ha
nc
e S
afe
ty
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/ Dan Burden
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9-38
Economic
activity is
supported by
providing
means to
arrive by car,
transit, bicycle
or foot
Access by Multiple ModesD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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9-39
Comfortable & accessible stop/station
Dedicated lanes vs mixed in right-of-way
Visibility of stop/station
Transit ConsiderationsD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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9-40
Transit Design – Bus Stops
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/ Dan Burden & Libby Thomas
Bus Bay
Bus Bulb-Out
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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9-42
On street vs. off street
How to negotiate intersections
Conflicts with driveways and on street parking
Buffering the bike lane increases safety
Bicyclist ConsiderationsD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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9-43
Contra-flow bike
lanes provide
for two-way
bicycle travel on
a one-way
street
Cycle tracks
provide a
separated path
within roadway
infrastructure
Physical Separation from Traffic
15th Street, Washington D.C.
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
Ninth Avenue, NYC
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9-44
The Bike BoxD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
Source: www.bikeportland.org
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9-45
Bicycle SignalsD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
Source: www.bikeportland.org
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9-46
Bicycle SignageD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
Source: www.bikeportland.org
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9-47
Continuous sidewalk, 5‟-8‟ width, free from
obstructions
Visible crosswalk treatments on major roads
Universal design (ADA)
• Audible
crossing
signals
• Accessible
ramps at
corners
• Detectable
warning
surface
Pedestrian Considerations
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/Dan Burden
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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9-49
Pedestrian Design Treatments
Crosswalks, signage and markings
Curb extensions and radius reductions
Raised medians
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/Dan Burden
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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9-50
NYC Herald Square
Before
After
Source: NYCDOT
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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9-51
A Shifting Paradigm
Source: Columbia Daily Tribune
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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Continuous SidewalksAppropriately Scaled D
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
Source: www.pedbikeimages.org/Dan Burden
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Appropriate Buffering from TrafficD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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Reduce perceived width of street, and
help calm traffic
Provide buffer strips of 4 to 5 ft. between
sidewalk and road
Consider safety in clear zone
Street TreesD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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Physical medians
are best for
pedestrians on
multi-lane roads
Width ranges
from 4 to 18 ft.,
depending in part
whether it houses
a left turn lane
Medians
Source: NYCDOT
De
sig
n th
e S
pa
ce
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Diverse Mix of Uses
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Human-Scale BuildingsD
es
ign
the
Sp
ac
e
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Infrastructure & Green Design
Ecologically sustainable infrastructure is low impact and incorporates best management practices to enhance environmental quality
Oth
er C
on
sid
era
tion
s
„Green‟ elements can support safety, mobility and visual quality in a Smart Corridor
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Benefits of Green Streets
Reduces impervious
surface
Improves water
quality
Reduces urban
heating
Enhances pedestrian
safety
Beautifies
neighborhoods
Source: New York City Dept of Parks & Recreation
Before
After
Oth
er C
on
sid
era
tion
s
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Permeable Paving
Suitable for parking lanes, sidewalks and
alleys
Oth
er C
on
sid
era
tion
sPortland, OR
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Infiltration Basins Structured „rain
gardens‟ that use plants and soils to filter, absorb and slow stormwater flows into area waterways
Oth
er C
on
sid
era
tion
s
Source: City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services
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Vegetated Swales
Greening the edges of
arterials and residential
streets can provide
natural and economical
stormwater management
Oth
er C
on
sid
era
tion
s
Source: City of Portland 2004 Stormwater Management Manual
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3. Implement the ChangesIm
ple
me
nt th
e C
ha
ng
es
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Implementation ToolsLand Use
Amend local comprehensive plans
Rezoning
Corridor zoning overlays
Design guidelines/review
Parking standards
and management
plans
Imp
lem
en
t the
Ch
an
ge
s
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State and Local Funding Sourcesfor Implementation
Home Town Streets
Main Street Program
Municipal budgets
Developer fees, contributions and built roads
Special assessment districts
Tax-increment finance (TIF) revenues
Parking fees
Imp
lem
en
t the
Ch
an
ge
s
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Implementation ToolsTransportation
More detailed study
Interim or phased
improvements
Change functional class or ownership
Access management
Imp
lem
en
t the
Ch
an
ge
s
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Transportation Funding Sourcesfor Implementation
Transportation Enhancements Program
Non-TE Surface Transportation Program
CMAQ Funds
Highway Safety Improvement Program
Safe Routes to Schools
Imp
lem
en
t the
Ch
an
ge
s
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Keep in TouchFollow us on Twitter:
http://twitter.com/TLUcourse
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Reinventing StreetsIn Support of Livable Communities