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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
EGYPTPART 1: FLOODS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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EGYPT
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POLITICAL MAP OF EGYPT (Note: Aswan)
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Egypt has frequent earthquakes, floods, flash floods and landslides, dust
storms, sandstorms, periodic droughts, and hot, driving
windstorms called khamsin, which occur in the spring.
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT
FLOODS
STORMS
EARTHQUAKES
DUST STORMS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
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Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions create situations favorable for FLOODS
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THE NILE RIVER
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THE NILE’S FERTILE DELTA
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FLOOD-PRONE COMMUNITIES ALONG THE NILE
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THE NILE RIVER
• The ancient Egyptians thought of the annual floods as the annual coming of the god Hapi.
• They did not realize that the annual flood cycle happened after rainfall in the mountains to the south swelled the tributaries and small rivers that form the northward-flowing Nile River.
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FLOODING IS A PART OF THE EGYPTIAN CULTURE
• The annual flooding of the Nile River (Arabic: النيل وفاء a natural ,(عيدcycle, has been a part of Egyptian culture since ancient times.
• It is celebrated annually as a holiday (known as Wafaa El-Nil) for two weeks starting August 15.
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THE ANNUAL RYTHMN OF LIFE ALONG THE NILE
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THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE
• The first indications of the rise of the Nile River and the beginning of the flood cycle are typically seen as early as the beginning of June.• A steady increase in water level occurs until the middle of July.
• The Nile continues to rise until the beginning of September, when the level remains stationary for a period of about three weeks, sometimes a little less. In October it rises again, and reaches its highest level. From this period it begins to subside, and though it rises yet once more and reaches occasionally its former highest point, it sinks steadily until the month of June when it is again at its lowest level
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THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE (Continued)
• The water level in the Nile continues to rise until the beginning of September, then the level remains stationary for a period of about three weeks.
• In October the water rises again and reaches its highest level.
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THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE (Continued)
• From October to June, the water level in the Nile continues to subside until it once again reaches its lowest level in June.
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ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
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HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
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FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE
• EROSION
• SCOUR
• MUDFLOWS
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A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES
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LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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The annual flood cycle of the Nile River has made the
difference between living and dying for thousands of years in
Egypt.
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THE NILE AS A SOURCE OF LIFE
• The annual floods of the Nile River brought nutrient-rich silt from the mountains to the Nile delta, which produced bountiful crops.
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ABOUT THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF WATER
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THE NILE AS A SOURCE OF DEATH
• When the water levels in the Nile River are too high, flooding prevents deposition of the nutrient-rich silt in the Nile delta, reducing agricultural output.
• When water levels are too low for flooding, the result is low agricultural output and possible starvation.
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TOO MUCH WATER
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A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
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Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
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FLOODS IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING
FLOODS IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT.
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THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
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EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• FLOOD HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
FL\OOD RISK FL\OOD RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
FLOOD DISASTER FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL)
FOR BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL)
FOR BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS
PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE STRATEGIC COLLABORATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS
TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS
PROTECTION OF A COMMUNITY’S PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, & INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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THE ASWAN HIGH DAMTHE ASWAN HIGH DAM
After ten years of construction, the Aswan High Dam in Egypt was completed on July 21, 1970.
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The Aswan High Dam, located on the Nile River just north of the border between Egypt and Sudan, was built to control the frequent cycles of flooding and
drought within Egypt.
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THE ASWAN (HIGH) DAM
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THE ASWAN (HIGH) DAM
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THE ASWAN HIGH DAM
• At 364 feet (111 meters) high and about 2.4 miles (3.8 kilometers) wide, the Aswan High Dam was a marvel of construction in 1970, costing about $1 billion to build.
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ELECTRICITY
• In addition to preventing flooding of the Nile River, the Aswan High Dam brought electricity to households and villages across Egypt that had never had it.
• This dam's 12 turbines are capable of generating ten billion kilowatt-hours annually
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FRESH WATER
• The reservoir (Lake Nasser) with a gross capacity of 136,927,000 acre-feet (168.9 billion cubic meters). behind the Aswan High Dam provides a source of fresh water for the Egyptian people during drought years.
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Unfortunately, before the dam could be built, 90,000
of Egypt’s poor and Sudan’s Nubian nomads
had to be relocated