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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
PART III D: CHINALANDSLIDES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
FLOODS
TYPHOONS
EARTHQUAKES
LANDSLIDESS
DROUGHT EPISODES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
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CHINA’SCHINA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
CHINA’SCHINA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•LANDSLIDE HAZARDS•BLDG. INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
LANDSLIDE RISK LANDSLIDE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: LANDSLIDE GOAL: LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS LANDSLIDE DISASTER TOWARDS LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
LAND-SLIDESLAND-SLIDESLAND-SLIDESLAND-SLIDES EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
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MAP OF CHINA’S PROVINCES
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LANDSLIDES
LARGE VOLUME LANDSLIDES OCCUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN EARTHQUAKE’S
GROUND SHAKING OR A TYPHOON’S RAINFALL
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M8.0 BEICHUAN EARTHQUAKE GENERATED LARGE VOLUME
LANDLIDES
2:30 PM LOCAL TIME
MAY 12, 2008
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BEICHUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE: MAY 12, 2008
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTHQUAKE
• Epicenter was located 100 km (60 miles) from Chengdu, the provincial capital, which is on edge of the Tibetan foothills and home to about 10 million people.
• This earthquake occurred on a well known fault zone, which has generated destructive earthquakes in the past (e.g., on 25 August 1933).
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CHANGDU, 100 KM FROM EPICENTER
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COMPARISON WITH 1976 TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE
• The Beichuan earthquake was more than 2 x larger than the July 28,1976 Tangshan earthquake, which caused 255,000+ deaths.
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EMERGENCY RESOURCES
• More than 20,000 military personnel were ordered immediately to assist in high-damage areas.
• The number was increased substantially to deal with the “earthquake lakes.”
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SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF THE LANDSLIDES
• Some roads were impassable because of landslides, which hindered search and rescue,---
• but, worst of all, 69 unique “earthquake lakes” were created by the landslides in mountainous regions.
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SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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LANDSLIDE: JINGXIU
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LANDSLIDE: HANWANG
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LANDSLIDE: MIANZHU
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69 EARTHQUAKE LAKES
Created by the quake-induced landslides
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ONE OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES": BEI HE RIVER DAMMED BY LANDSLIDE DEBRIS
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DAYS 14-17: CHINA EARTHQUAKE SURVIVORS
NOW HAVING TO COPE WITH THREAT OF FLOODS FROM
69 EARTHQUAKE LAKES
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DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT MAKES RISK REDUCTION ON 69 "QUAKE
LAKES" A TOP PRIORITY
•Sixty-nine “Quake Lakes” created in mountainous areas by the debris from landslides appeared ready to burst their banks, and continuing rainfall was exacerbating the threat.
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$29 million in emergency funds and increased military
resources were allocated for the priority effort.
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DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT PLANS EVACUATIONS TO REDUCE RISK IF A "QUAKE LAKE" SHOULD BURST
•Authorities announced plans to evacuate more than a million people in anticipation of failure of the rock-and-mud embankments.
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EVACUATION CHALLENGE
•Evacuation would have to be accomplished within one to four hours, the time for the wall of water to reach and inundate scores of cities and rural villages
that were already devastated.
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BEICHUAN: 3.3 KM (2 MI) DOWN-STREAM FROM A "QUAKE LAKE"
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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FLEEING POSSIBLE FLOODING
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EVACUATIONS TO ESCAPE FLOODING THREAT
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EVACUATING
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EVERYONE GOES
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THIRTY GIANT EARTHMOVERS FLOWN IN TO QUAKE LAKES
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SOLDIERS DISPATCHED TO CREATE DIVERSION CHANNELS
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GOAL: A DIVERSION CHANNEL IN FIVE DAYS OR LESS
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EVERY HOUR IS IMPORTANT
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TANGJIASHAN, LARGEST OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES"
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RISING WATER IN TANGJIASHAN CAUSES EVACUATION OF YULI, MAY 31
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NO DAMAGE TO THREE GORGES DAM:1,000 KM AWAY
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SOLDIERS REPAIR CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM:DUJIANGYAN
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.