Libraries: from technology artifacts to technology in practice
2015 AJCU-CITM / Library Deans Conference at Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, 18 May 15
Lorcan Dempsey
@LorcanD
https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelfoleyphotography/8673516232
211. The network reshapes
society and society reshapes the network
2. Cell phones and mobility as a service
3 library examples3. Citation management4. Institutional repositories
and research workflow5. Discovery and
discoverability
3
The social and the technical 1. Organization
2. Rightscaling3. The library in the
life of the user
3 issues
0
160,
000
320,
000
480,
000
640,
000
800,
000
960,
000
1,12
0,00
0
1,28
0,00
0
1,44
0,00
0
1,60
0,00
0
AJCU Library* Holdings in WorldCatMarch 2015
Collection size/scope varies widely
*Lacking St Joseph’s and St Peter’s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
WorldCat Duplication of Titles Held in AJCU Libraries
<5 libraries 5 to 9 10 to 24 25 to 99 >99 libraries
Systemwide duplication of holdings is high
> 99 libraries median: 81%
<5 libraries median : 1%
15 most comprehensive collections related to:
SAINT LOUIS UNIV
BOSTON COL
WOODSTOCK THEOL CTR (GEORGETOWN UNIV)
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
YALE UNIV
HARVARD UNIV
LOYOLA UNIV OF CHICAGO
MARQUETTE UNIV
FORDHAM UNIV
UNIV OF NOTRE DAME
DALTON MCCAUGHEY LIBR
UNIV OF TORONTO REGIS COL
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
COLUMBIA UNIV
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Saint Ignatius of Loyola, 1491-1556Total related works in WorldCat = 1,681
6 of the top 15 collections are held by AJCU members
BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE
BIBLIOTHEQUE NAT & UNIV STRASBOURG
BIBLIOTHEQUE SAINTE-GENEVIEVE
BM LYON
ECOLE NATIONALE DE CHARTES
STATE RES LIBR, OLOMOUC
MADRID-CASA DE VELÁZQUEZ
PARIS-ENS-ULM LSH
RENNES2-BU CENTRALE
BOSTON COL
CLERMONT FD-BCIU-PATRIMOINE
UNIV OF MICHIGAN
COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS
UNIV OF NOTRE DAME
UNIV OF SAN FRANCISCO
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Carlos Sommervogel, 1834-1902Total related works in WorldCat =74
15 most comprehensive collections related to:
AJCU libraries hold the largest collections
outside of Europe
15 most comprehensive collections related to:
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
HARVARD UNIV
GRADUATE THEOL UNION
YALE UNIV
SAINT LOUIS UNIV
GEORGETOWN UNIV
COLUMBIA UNIV
DUKE UNIV LIBR
NEW YORK PUB LIBR
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, SRLF
STANFORD UNIV
UCLA
UNIV OF NOTRE DAME
CORNELL UNIV
PRINCETON UNIV
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 1881-1955Total related works in WorldCat = 1,294
AJCU collections rival those of much larger research institutions
GONZAGA UNIV
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
UNC, CHAPEL HILL
NEW YORK PUB LIBR
BOSTON COL
UNIV OF OXFORD
HARVARD UNIV
CORNELL UNIV
COLUMBIA UNIV
YALE UNIV LIBR
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
BAKER & TAYLOR
PRINCETON UNIV
STANFORD UNIV
CAMBRIDGE UNIV
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Gerard Manley Hopkins, 1844-1889Total related works in WorldCat = 1,411
15 most comprehensive collections related to:
Gonzaga University library provides unparalleled coverage
Note: Georgetown University has the mostcomprehensive collections about GrahamGreene.
Gonzaga collections built around interestsof Fr Anthony Bischoff, S.J.
NetworkedAutomatedInternet of Things
Pervasive
SensorsMobile/CloudLocationAnalytics
Industrial internetSocio-technicalInformationalizationSocio-digitization
?
Technology as artifact
Technology in practice
Emergent workflow/behaviors
The technical reshapes the social – the social reshapes the technical
I borrow artifact/practice terms from Wanda Orlikowski, 2000. Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations
Micro-coordinatio
n
Ad hoc rendezvou
s
Situational
Tying place and
network.Maps
Visual
Tying place,
network and image
Cell Phone
Vesco, the politician responsible for sustainable transport in Lyon, played a leading role in introducing the city’s Vélo’v bike-sharing scheme a decade ago.
“Digital information is the fuel of mobility,” he says. “Some transport sociologists say that information about mobility is 50% of mobility. The car will become an accessory to the smartphone.”
End of the car age: how cities are outgrowing the automobilehttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/end-of-the-car-age-how-cities-outgrew-the-automobile
http://peterblade.blogspot.com/2012/05/inauguration-du-showroom-peter-blade.html
22
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-07/uber-is-winning-over-americans-expense-accounts
Mobility as a service
http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/end-of-the-car-age-how-cities-outgrew-the-automobile
“Uber – has effectively become the vascular system for business … or think of it this way: it is the broadband pipe for atoms.”
“Uber looks like a taxi business but really it's all about routing - it's trying to unbundle both car ownership and public transport and shift roads from circuit-switching to packet-switching.” B Evans. http://us6.campaign-archive2.com/?u=b98e2de85f03865f1d38de74f&id=ac5933501b
“More and more, Uber is positioning itself as a logistics company. The goal is to deliver people and things within cities as quickly as possible — relying heavily on Google’s Maps in the process..” NYT May 7 2015
Uber drivers— and other “on-demand” workers— have become increasingly vocal as the question the rights of these enterprises to operate outside of minimum wage laws, anti-discrimination statutes, workers’ compensation laws, and union-organizing rights. …
In a Wall Street Journal article about on-demand employment, One worker tells the WSJ, ‘We are not robots; we are not a remote control; we are individuals…”
http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshana-zuboff-on-the-sharing-economy-13500770-p4.html
Shoshana Zuboff on the sharing economy.
Health, Education, TransportSystemwide, policy, ….
Behaviors, firms
Running on data: Activity trackers and the Internet of Things http://dupress.com/articles/internet-of-things-wearable-technology/
A communication device.
Connecting identity, place and workflowsto reshape industries and behaviors.
This:
And this:
3 library examplesCitation management
Institutional repository > workflow is the new content
Discovery and discoverability
So in a relatively short time, a solitary and manual function has evolved into a workflow enacted in a social and digital environment. In addition to functional value, this change has added network value, as individual users benefit from the community of use. People can make connections and find new work, and the network generates analytics which may be used for recommendations or scholarly metrics. In this way, for some people, citation management has evolved from being a single function in a broader workflow into a workflow manager, discovery engine, and social network.
Dempsey & Walter, 2014
Provide and promote reference manager products.
Support – and help shape - emerging practices around citation management, research networking and profiles.
This:
And this:
Technology as practice
Emergent behaviors/workflows
Institutional repository > workflow is the new content
In a well-known article, Salo (2008) offers a variety of reasons as to why they have not been as heavily used as anticipated. These include a lack of attention to faculty incentives (‘prestige’) and to campus workflows. She concludes that IRs will not be successful unless developed as a part of “systematic, broad-based, well-supported data-stewardship, scholarly-communication, or digital-preservation program”.
Providing technology as artifact >Supporting emerging practices
http://www.slideshare.net/repofringe/e-prints42y
EPrints Update, Les Carr, University of Southampton, Repository Fringe, 2014
Her view is that publishers are here to make the scientific research process more effective by helping them keep up to date, find colleagues, plan experiments, and then share their results. After they have published, the processes continues with gaining a reputation, obtaining funds, finding collaborators, and even finding a new job. What can we as publishers do to address some of scientists’ pain points?
Annette Thomas, (then) CEO of Macmillan Publishers
A publisher’s new job description
http://www.against-the-grain.com/2012/11/a-publishers-new-job-description/
Support - and help shape - emerging practices around the complete research life cycle.
Provide system to manage research outputs.
This:
And this:
arXiv, SSRN, RePEc, PubMed Central (disciplinary repositories that have become important discovery hubs);
Google Scholar, Google Books, Amazon (ubiquitous discovery and fulfillment hubs);
Mendeley, ResearchGate (services for social discovery and scholarly reputation management);
Goodreads, LibraryThing (social description/reading sites);
Wikipedia, Yahoo Answers, Khan Academy (hubs for open research, reference, and teaching materials).
GalaxyZoo, FigShare, OpenRefine (data storage and manipulation tools)
Github (software management)
“...Google doesn’t judge you.”
(UKF3, Male, Age 52)
Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cubmundo/6184306158/
“I just type it into Google and see what comes up.” (UKS2)
“It’s like a taboo I guess with all teachers, they just all say – you know,
when they explain the paper they always say, “Don’t use Wikipedia.” (USU7, Female,
Age 19)
Learning Black Market
Image: http://wp.me/pLtlj-fH
Discovery is not just … the discovery layer
Discovery often happens elsewhere.
Discovery is enacted in emerging behaviors/workflows.
Put library resources in the workflow
Make institutional resources more discoverable.
Resolver configuration.
How do you engage with researcher profiling, reputation management, research information management, ….?
ExpertiseSpecial collectionsResearch and learning materials
In few collections
In many collections
A
Licensed
Purchased
Outside, inOCLC Collections Grid
Distinctive
Library as brokerMaximise efficiency
Low Stewardship
High Stewardship
Available
Inside, out
Library as providerMaximise discoverability
Reputation management
• Expertise and profiling
• Identity
• Make the institution, expertise, research outputs, discoverable, …
• New Knowledge work ( Kenning Arlitsch)
Are library resources visible where people are doing their work, in the search engines, in citation management tools, and so on?
Is library expertise visible when people are searching for things? Can a library user discover a personal contact easily? Are there photographs of librarians on the website? The University of Michigan has a nice feature where it returns relevant subject librarians in top level searches.
Are there blogs about special collections or distinctive services or expertise, which can be indexed and found on search engines? Are links to relevant special collections or archives created in Wikipedia. Can researchers configure a resolver in Scholar, Mendeley or other services?
As attention shifts from collections to services, are library services described in such a way that they are discoverable? On the website? In search engines? Is SEO a routine part of development? Schema?
Is metadata for resources shared with all relevant services? DPLA? WorldCat?
Do faculty have Orcids?Discovery is more than the discovery layer.
Discovery often happens elsewhere.Make institutional resources discoverable (inside-out).
Provide a discovery product to facilitateaccess to library collections.
Support – and help shape - emerging practices around discoverability of institutional, faculty and other resources.
This:
And this:
Make links to library collections availablein emerging user workflows.
Convergence, boundaries, cooperation
IT and Library
‘Digital’
NetworkComputeStorageSecurity
WorkflowData
Learning management,
Library, research support, Press, ….
Older model of integration: Integration
around artifact: IT and Library
organization. Common in the UK and some
other sectors in 90s.
A new model of integration:
Integrate around practices?
Shared support for data
management, research and
learning workflows, ..
RightscalingCollections, systems, services
Local
Shared
Third party
Every institution cannot do
everything. At what level should things be done?
Consortial? Network level
third party services?
Institutional?
Institutions have to make decisions about where they
can make a distinctive
impact, and where they
should share or outsource.
Our traditional model was one in which we thought of the user in the life of the library
… but we are now increasingly
thinking about the library in the life of the user as they enact new research and learning practices.
• Investigate & describe user-owned digital literacies – what people really do.
• Visitors and residents. • Position the library to support emerging
research and learning practices.http://www.oclc.org/research/themes/user-studies/vandr.html?urlm=168948
Manage systems and services to support research and learning.
Support – and help shape - emerging research and learning behaviors enacted in data-rich network environments.
This:
And this: