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Linda Heitzman-PowellUniversity of Kansas Medical Center
Rachel WhiteIntegrated Behavioral Technologies, Inc.
Data-Based Decisions: Using Data to Determine
the Effects of an Intervention with an
Aggressive Adolescent male
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Despite the efficacy of employing function-based treatments, non-specific strategies designed to decrease challenging behaviors are implicated under certain conditions:◦ when maintaining variables cannot be identified or
controlled, ◦ when the challenging behavior must be reduced
rapidly, ◦ when function based treatment is not sufficient
enough (Lerman & Vorndran, 2002), or◦ when the target behaviors are unresponsive to
reinforcement techniques (Luiselli, 1984).
Introduction
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Jonathan received a diagnosis of Autism when he was four years old. Jonathan has a history of severe aggression, observed both in home and at school. He also has a history of chronic ear infections. His aggression appears to escalate when he is experiencing an infection in his ears. His school aggression was severe enough to warrant a placement in LakeMary Center, an alternative placement for children whom are not able to be served in their home school setting. His home aggression was severe enough that a case manager recommended therapeutic foster-care placement. In June, his current case manager began the reintegration process with in-home behavioral supports. Jonathan currently is on multiple medications to manage his aggressions.
Meet Jonathan
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Interview◦ Parent◦ Caregivers◦ School
Observation◦ School◦ Home
Real-time data collection Frequency Duration Intensity
ABC data
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Operational Definitions
Intensity Scale
Defining Data
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Jonathan engages in a series of behaviors that disrupt his, and others, environments. These behaviors include repetitive vocalizations, hitting, spitting, self-injury, injury to others and property destruction. An event will be considered over when Jonathan has exhibited a quiet body (hands, feet, mouth, and voice) for at least 5 minutes. A new event will be recorded if at least 5 minutes have passed since the end of a previous event.
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1 = pacing or perseverative statements (“moo moo”)
2 = crying or whining 3 = jumping or stomping 4 = screaming or yelling 5 = kicking or tripping 6 = property damage or slamming objects 7 = hitting, grabbing or pushing 8 = scratching or pinching 9 = biting 10 = self-injurious behavior
Intensity Scale
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Frequency◦ Number per day
Intensity◦ Based on scale with behavioral anchors
Duration◦ Based on time
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Function-based Intervention◦Possible functions (suggested by observation and ABC data) Escape from non-preferred activities Access to tangible reinforcers
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Functional Communication Training ◦ Escape
“No thank you” for immediate removal of non-preferred activities
◦ Access “Water (or any other item he might want)
please” ◦ However, escape and access to reinforcers were
not always plausible (e.g., activities regarding personal hygiene, access to dangerous materials)
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Access to reinforcers not contingent upon any particular behavior – delivered on a continuous schedule
No-demand
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BL FCT NCR/No Demand
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BL FCT NCR/No Demand In-Patient Schedule Extinction Quiet Room
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BL FCT NCR/No Demand In-Patient Schedule Extinction Quiet Room
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One of the more acceptable and less aversive procedures to de-escalate challenging behavior is contingent effort (Luce, Delquadri, & Hall, 1980).
Several studies demonstrated the effectiveness of contingent effort in decreasing challenging behavior beyond or in the absence of reinforcement based intervention. (Experiment I; Luce et al., 1980).
Additionally, contingent effort (stacking rings) significantly decreased aggression in both residential and classroom settings (Jackson, Tyminski, Frederick, Neary, & Luce, 2005).
Contingent Effort
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Despite successful uses of de-escalation procedures, these studies were conducted at residential or school settings and the extent to which the effectiveness and utility of contingent effort as a de-escalation procedure at home setting has not been well reported.
Therefore, the present study examined the effectiveness of an existing de-escalation procedure (Jackson et al., 2005) modified for use in the home.
Contingent Effort (cont.)
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Intervention was conducted at home and during family community outings
Materials: ◦1 ring stacking base◦5 color rings
Setting and Materials
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Design◦ Baseline (non-effective contingency
management & FCT) Alternating Treatments
◦ Treatment Changing Criterion
Initially, during the treatment phase, on the first occurrence of aggression, the child was:◦ Prompted to move to a designated room by
parents or staff ◦ Instructed to sit down and engage in a de-
escalation contingent effort (i.e., stacking rings).
◦ Required to complete the task calmly (no incidents of aggression) for a period of two minutes.
Procedures
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As aggression began to decrease, the criterion for contacting “ring stacking” changed:◦ Pre-cursor behaviors were targeted
1st criterion change targeted 3 instances of verbal escalation 2nd criterion change targeted 2 instances of verbal escalation 3rd criterion change targeted 1 instance of verbal escalation
If any incidents of aggression occurred during all criterion phases, the task was re-presented until he completed the task with no aggressive incidents for two minutes.
Rings and the stacking base were available when the child went on an outing
Procedures (cont.)
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An Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) chart was filled out by parents or staff upon the occurrence of aggression.
Aggression was defined as any attempt to hit, scratch, pinch, bite, kick, grab or push a person.
◦Intensity of each aggressive episode was scored on a scale of 1 to 10
◦Duration data was also recorded
Data Recording
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-505
101520253035404550556065707580859095
100
Jul-0
4Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dec
Jan-
05Feb M
ar AprM
ay Jun Ju
lAug Sep Oct Nov
Dec
Jan-
06Feb M
ar Apr
04 av
e.
Months
Num
ber
of I
ncid
ence
s
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of aggressive episodes
Average intensity
True BL (Med change only)
Med. Changes, FCT, No DemandAntecedent Control, Consequential Control, etc., Time-out
Contingent EffortBaseline for Contingent Effort
Intervention - Changing Criterion
Aggressions Pre-Cursors 3 2 1
All Recorded Incidents
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Behaviors◦ Silliness◦ Non-compliance◦ Inappropriate Language
Conditions◦ Access
Contingent upon expression of the behavior, the student was given the item for 15s
◦ Escape Contingent upon expression of the behavior, the
materials were removed and the student was given escape from the task 15s
◦ Play No demands; free access to reinforcers
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Attention◦ Noncontingent Reinforcement
Timer set for 20m When the timer goes off, Mom/Dad spend 2-3 minutes
◦ Functional Communication Teaching
Teach phrases such as “look at me”, “play with me” etc. In the presence of a NO-demand situation (free-time)
Model functional communication Require an imitative response
Escape◦ Extinction
In the presence of a demand: Do not attend or respond Continue to present demand
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Fre
quen
cyFunction-based Intervention
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
June06
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan'07
Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Aggression
Precursors
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Reduced overall number of aggressive behaviors from around 4 episodes per month to 0-6 (first month only) by the end of the reporting period.
The intervention also reduced pre-cursor behaviors from between 10 and 14 to between 0 and 4 per month.
Results – Function-based Intervention
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Contingent effort can be effectively implemented in a home setting even when trained staff are not readily available.
The same procedure has been successfully implemented at his school given the success at home.
As the challenging behavior is decreasing, the focus of the intervention needs to shift from decreasing challenging behavior to function-based interventions.
Discussion
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Staffing needs◦ 2004-2005
1:1 25+ hours per week 8-10+ hours per month from consultant
◦ 2005-2006 1:1 15-25 hours per week 4-6 hours per month from consultant
◦ 2007 1:1 10-15 hours per week 2-4 hours per month from consultant
◦ 2008-2009 1:1 <10 hours per week As needed (approximately 2 visits in 2 years)
Discussion (cont.)
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Jackson, A., Tyminski, J., Frederick, L., Neary, P., & Luce, S. (2005, May). Decreasing aggressive behavior: Utilization of contingent effort as a de-escalation procedure. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago, IL.
Lerman, D. C. & Vorndran (2002). On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 431-464.
Luce, S. C., Delquadri, J., & Hall, R.V. (1980). Contingent exercise: A mild but powerful procedure for suppressing inappropriate verbal and aggressive behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 583-594.
Luiselli, J. K. (1984). Therapeutic effects of brief contingent effort on severe behavior disorders in children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 257-262.
References
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Contact InformationLinda Heitzman-Powell
[email protected] of Kansas Medical Center
3901 Rainbow Blvd. Phone (913) 945-6604
Rachel [email protected]