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LING 001: Morphology I
Luke Adamson and Lefteris Paparounas
University of Pennsylvania
September 18, 2019
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Introducing morphemes
1 Introducing morphemesThe role of meaningMorphemes and words
2 Overview of morpheme types
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Introducing morphemes
What you’ve been told so far:
MorphologyThe study of the structure of words.
A (potentially different) definition:
MorphologyThe study of morphemes and how they combine.
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Introducing morphemes
Morphemes
A classic definition:MorphemeThe smallest linguistic unit connecting sound and meaning.
Some morphemes:dog-s as in dog-s’s as in The big unfriendly-looking dog’s leash
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
1 Introducing morphemesThe role of meaningMorphemes and words
2 Overview of morpheme types
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
Why meaning?
Principle of compositionalityThe meaning of a complex expression is a function of the meanings of itsparts (and the way they are put together).
(attributed to Gottlob Frege)red things chairs
red chairs
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
Why meaning?
Phonemes aren’t meaningful individually.There’s nothing puppy-like about each of the sounds making up theword dog.
But morphemes may be.I.e. individually meaningless units combine to yield larger meaningfulones.
‘duality of patterning’
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
What compositional phonology would look like
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
Natural language phonology doesn’t work this way!
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
What compositional phonology would look like
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
Natural language phonology doesn’t work this way!
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
What compositional phonology would look like
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
gbarks
ohas a tail
dhas 4 legs
Natural language phonology doesn’t work this way!
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Introducing morphemes The role of meaning
Morphemes have meaning
But morphology does:
dog
{ ...}
-splural
doga domesticated canid
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
1 Introducing morphemesThe role of meaningMorphemes and words
2 Overview of morpheme types
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Preliminary facts about morphology
Often irregularEnglish past tenses: played, walked but also sang, brought, saw...
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Preliminary facts about morphology
Cross-linguistically variableEnglish nouns have 2 forms: a singular and a plural (dog, dogs).Estonian nouns, on the other hand...
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Preliminary facts about morphology
Sometimes hard to distinguish from syntax‘Agglutinative’ languages like Turkish:
(1) Uygarlaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına
(1) Uygarcivilized
-laşvblz
-tırcaus
-aable
-maneg
-dıknmlz
-larpl
-ımız1pl.poss
-danabl
-mışpst
-sınız2pl
-casınaas.if
‘as if you are among those who we were not able to civilize’
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Preliminary facts about morphology
Sometimes hard to distinguish from syntax‘Agglutinative’ languages like Turkish:
(1) Uygarlaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına
(1) Uygarcivilized
-laşvblz
-tırcaus
-aable
-maneg
-dıknmlz
-larpl
-ımız1pl.poss
-danabl
-mışpst
-sınız2pl
-casınaas.if
‘as if you are among those who we were not able to civilize’
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
What about words?
We’ve been discussing morphemes, and have assumed that they combineto form words.
We’ve defined morphemes. How about words?The concept of a ‘word’ is elusive. (At least) two phenomena make thisclear:
‘Extreme agglutination’ (the Turkish example above)Clitics
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Clitics vs affixes
Clitic (first pass at a definition)A morpheme that is phonologically dependent on another morpheme.
(from Greek klinō ‘to lean on’)English possessive (clitic) vs plural (affix).
(2) Attachmenta. The dogs walked in the park.b. The dog with the sharp teeth’s leash was pink in color.
(3) Selectivitya. *The reds chairs.b. The woman who I ran into’s purse.
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Clitics vs words
How many words are in the following sentences?
(4) You will go to class tomorrow.
(5) You’ll go to class tomorrow.
Question formation shows that will is phonologically independent, but ’llisn’t:
(6) Will you go to class tomorrow?(7) *’ll you go to class tomorrow?
But will and ’ll are clearly related somehow; we don’t want to say they’recompletely separate entities.
Perhaps they’re the same syntactically, and the word vs cliticdistinction is phonological...
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Clitics vs words
How many words are in the following sentences?
(4) You will go to class tomorrow.(5) You’ll go to class tomorrow.
Question formation shows that will is phonologically independent, but ’llisn’t:
(6) Will you go to class tomorrow?
(7) *’ll you go to class tomorrow?
But will and ’ll are clearly related somehow; we don’t want to say they’recompletely separate entities.
Perhaps they’re the same syntactically, and the word vs cliticdistinction is phonological...
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Clitics vs words
How many words are in the following sentences?
(4) You will go to class tomorrow.(5) You’ll go to class tomorrow.
Question formation shows that will is phonologically independent, but ’llisn’t:
(6) Will you go to class tomorrow?(7) *’ll you go to class tomorrow?
But will and ’ll are clearly related somehow; we don’t want to say they’recompletely separate entities.
Perhaps they’re the same syntactically, and the word vs cliticdistinction is phonological...
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Introducing morphemes Morphemes and words
Can we always identify morphemes?
It’s not always easy:Multiple mappings
e.g. One-to-many: Ancient Greek lu-ō (‘dismantle’, 1sg activeindicative) vs lu-ē (‘dismantle’, 3sg active indicative) vs lue-tai(‘dismantle’, 3sg middle indicative)
Non-concatenative morphology, e.g. Semitic root-and-patternmorphology.
katab pefective activekutib perfective passiveaktub imperfective activeuktab imperfective passive
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Overview of morpheme types
1 Introducing morphemesThe role of meaningMorphemes and words
2 Overview of morpheme types
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Overview of morpheme types
An overview of morpheme types
A discussion of parts of speechGet into the diversity of morpheme positions/functions/propertiesTalk a little about allomorphy and word structure
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
You’ve probably heard of some of the parts of speech of language:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.
How do you actually know what a word’s part of speech is?
–Partly on the basis of its syntax:the happy penguinN
–But also on the basis of morphology!smart-ERADJ, smart-ESTADJ
strange-LYADV
EN-robeV
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
You’ve probably heard of some of the parts of speech of language:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.
How do you actually know what a word’s part of speech is?
–Partly on the basis of its syntax:the happy penguinN
–But also on the basis of morphology!smart-ERADJ, smart-ESTADJ
strange-LYADV
EN-robeV
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
You’ve probably heard of some of the parts of speech of language:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.
How do you actually know what a word’s part of speech is?
–Partly on the basis of its syntax:the happy penguinN
–But also on the basis of morphology!smart-ERADJ, smart-ESTADJ
strange-LYADV
EN-robeV
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
You’ve probably heard of some of the parts of speech of language:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.
How do you actually know what a word’s part of speech is?
–Partly on the basis of its syntax:the happy penguinN
–But also on the basis of morphology!smart-ERADJ, smart-ESTADJ
strange-LYADV
EN-robeV
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
An illustration of this comes from the poem Jabberwocky (excerpted):
‘Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch!”
He took his vorpal sword in hand;Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum treeAnd stood awhile in thought.
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Overview of morpheme types
Parts of speech
An illustration of this comes from the poem Jabberwocky (excerpted):
‘Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch!”
He took his vorpal sword in hand;Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum treeAnd stood awhile in thought.
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
The morphemes that make up words and sentences come in a couple types:
Free Morphemessingle morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words,like family, quick, ostrich, google...
Bound Morphemescan’t appear on their own as independent words, like -s, un-, cran-,-ing, etc.
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
The morphemes that make up words and sentences come in a couple types:
Free Morphemessingle morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words,like family, quick, ostrich, google...
Bound Morphemescan’t appear on their own as independent words, like -s, un-, cran-,-ing, etc.
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
The morphemes that make up words and sentences come in a couple types:
Free Morphemessingle morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words,like family, quick, ostrich, google...
Bound Morphemescan’t appear on their own as independent words, like -s, un-, cran-,-ing, etc.
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
We have core morphemes to which others attach, and we call these bases,stems, or roots
Then we have different types of affixes, which are generally bound:Prefixes
re-, un-, en-, out-...Suffixes
-ed, -ish, -ian, -ling...Infixes
un-effing-believable
.
..Note that bases aren’t always free! re-ceive, con-ceive, de-ceive...
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
We have core morphemes to which others attach, and we call these bases,stems, or roots
Then we have different types of affixes, which are generally bound:Prefixes
re-, un-, en-, out-...
Suffixes-ed, -ish, -ian, -ling...
Infixesun-effing-believable
.
..Note that bases aren’t always free! re-ceive, con-ceive, de-ceive...
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
We have core morphemes to which others attach, and we call these bases,stems, or roots
Then we have different types of affixes, which are generally bound:Prefixes
re-, un-, en-, out-...Suffixes
-ed, -ish, -ian, -ling...
Infixesun-effing-believable
.
..Note that bases aren’t always free! re-ceive, con-ceive, de-ceive...
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
We have core morphemes to which others attach, and we call these bases,stems, or roots
Then we have different types of affixes, which are generally bound:Prefixes
re-, un-, en-, out-...Suffixes
-ed, -ish, -ian, -ling...Infixes
un-effing-believable
.
..Note that bases aren’t always free! re-ceive, con-ceive, de-ceive...
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
We have core morphemes to which others attach, and we call these bases,stems, or roots
Then we have different types of affixes, which are generally bound:Prefixes
re-, un-, en-, out-...Suffixes
-ed, -ish, -ian, -ling...Infixes
un-effing-believable
.
..Note that bases aren’t always free! re-ceive, con-ceive, de-ceive...
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
Another dimension: content vs. function:
ContentReferential, informational
throw, green, sand...open-class
googlev, Uberv...Function
grammatical, obligatoryto, -s, -ed, the...
closed-class
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
Another dimension: content vs. function:
ContentReferential, informational
throw, green, sand...open-class
googlev, Uberv...
Functiongrammatical, obligatory
to, -s, -ed, the...closed-class
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
Another dimension: content vs. function:
ContentReferential, informational
throw, green, sand...open-class
googlev, Uberv...Function
grammatical, obligatoryto, -s, -ed, the...
closed-class
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJ
Sometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growV
Sometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJ
Often have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-s
Grammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walk
In English, they’re always suffixesIn general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme TypesLastly: derivational vs. inflectional
Derivational morphemesSometimes change the part of speechatomN ∼ atom-icADJagoraphobeN ∼agoraphob-icADJSometimes change the meaninggrowV ∼ out-growVSometimes they seem to do bothbreakV ∼break-ableADJOften have limits on their distributionsatom-ic vs. *chair-ic
Inflectional morphemesDon’t change categorybeak ∼ beak-sGrammatically requiredJane walk-ed vs. *Jane walkIn English, they’re always suffixes
In general, derivational morphemes appear closer to bases thaninflectional morphemes (able + ity + s = abilities, *ablesity)
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Overview of morpheme types
Morpheme Types
Summary:Free/Bound = independently a word or notAffixes/Bases = position in a wordContent/Function = referential or grammaticalDerivational/Inflectional = Defining the content meaning or thecategory of the word vs. grammatically required by that type of word
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Overview of morpheme types
AllomorphyOne further issue is allomorphy – when you get the same morphemes indifferent ‘realizations’ depending on the context:
Consider the formation of the plural in English. You generally get (atleast) a base and a plural suffix.
But note the differences in pronounciation for adding -s to form theplural:
bee-s or dog-s (like the z in zeal)heart-s (like the s in seal)fox-es (with an extra vowel before a z sound)
This allomorphy is predictable based on phonology (more on that inanother lecture)! But there’s also irregular allomorphy for the plural:
child ∼ childrenfoot ∼ feetmouse ∼ mice
tooth ∼ teethfish ∼ fish...
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Overview of morpheme types
AllomorphyOne further issue is allomorphy – when you get the same morphemes indifferent ‘realizations’ depending on the context:
Consider the formation of the plural in English. You generally get (atleast) a base and a plural suffix.
But note the differences in pronounciation for adding -s to form theplural:
bee-s or dog-s (like the z in zeal)heart-s (like the s in seal)fox-es (with an extra vowel before a z sound)
This allomorphy is predictable based on phonology (more on that inanother lecture)! But there’s also irregular allomorphy for the plural:
child ∼ childrenfoot ∼ feetmouse ∼ mice
tooth ∼ teethfish ∼ fish...
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Overview of morpheme types
AllomorphyOne further issue is allomorphy – when you get the same morphemes indifferent ‘realizations’ depending on the context:
Consider the formation of the plural in English. You generally get (atleast) a base and a plural suffix.
But note the differences in pronounciation for adding -s to form theplural:
bee-s or dog-s (like the z in zeal)heart-s (like the s in seal)fox-es (with an extra vowel before a z sound)
This allomorphy is predictable based on phonology (more on that inanother lecture)! But there’s also irregular allomorphy for the plural:
child ∼ childrenfoot ∼ feetmouse ∼ mice
tooth ∼ teethfish ∼ fish...
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Overview of morpheme types
How Morphemes Combine into Structures
Words/sentences are not unstructured strings of morphemes
Consider the ambiguity of unlockable:
[un-lock] - able = “able to be unlocked”(e.g. there’s a key that unlocks a door)un - [lock-able] = “not able to be locked”(e.g. a door always stays open; no key)
The same happens for compounds (when two contentful bases cometogether). Consider chocolate cake icing:
[chocolate cake] icing = ‘icing on a chocolate cake’chocolate [cake icing] = ‘cake icing made of chocolate’
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Overview of morpheme types
How Morphemes Combine into Structures
Words/sentences are not unstructured strings of morphemesConsider the ambiguity of unlockable:
[un-lock] - able = “able to be unlocked”(e.g. there’s a key that unlocks a door)un - [lock-able] = “not able to be locked”(e.g. a door always stays open; no key)
The same happens for compounds (when two contentful bases cometogether). Consider chocolate cake icing:
[chocolate cake] icing = ‘icing on a chocolate cake’chocolate [cake icing] = ‘cake icing made of chocolate’
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Overview of morpheme types
How Morphemes Combine into Structures
Words/sentences are not unstructured strings of morphemesConsider the ambiguity of unlockable:
[un-lock] - able = “able to be unlocked”(e.g. there’s a key that unlocks a door)un - [lock-able] = “not able to be locked”(e.g. a door always stays open; no key)
The same happens for compounds (when two contentful bases cometogether). Consider chocolate cake icing:
[chocolate cake] icing = ‘icing on a chocolate cake’chocolate [cake icing] = ‘cake icing made of chocolate’
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Overview of morpheme types
How Morphemes Combine into Structures
Words/sentences are not unstructured strings of morphemesConsider the ambiguity of unlockable:
[un-lock] - able = “able to be unlocked”(e.g. there’s a key that unlocks a door)un - [lock-able] = “not able to be locked”(e.g. a door always stays open; no key)
The same happens for compounds (when two contentful bases cometogether). Consider chocolate cake icing:
[chocolate cake] icing = ‘icing on a chocolate cake’chocolate [cake icing] = ‘cake icing made of chocolate’
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.
True; wart, flee, on...True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.
True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...
True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...
True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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Overview of morpheme types
Some morphological (mis)conceptions
True/False: A word can consist of one morpheme.True; wart, flee, on...
True/False: There are morphemes that can’t form their ownindependent words.
True; these are our bound morphemes...un-, cran-, -ceive, etc.True/False: No morpheme is longer than a syllable.
False: There are plenty – over, cassowary, shudder...True/False: A word composed of multiple morphemes is itself amorpheme.
False!True/False: There is no upper bound to how many morphemes aword can have.
True! We have (without trying to think too hard about what it wouldmean): sens-ation, sensation-al, sensational-ize, sensationaliz-ation,sensationalization-al, sensationalizational-ize,sensationalizationalize-ation...
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