List of Authors
Abe, Haruo, Dr. Molecular Photochemistry Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-01 Japan
Aoki, Hideyuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Aramaki, Sendai 980 Japan
Asami, Masayuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Azetsu, Akihiko, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Chikahisa, Takemi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan
Daisho, Yasuhiro, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169 Japan
D'Alessio, Antonio, Professor Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, University "Federico II" Piazzale V, Tecchio-80125 Napoli, Italy
Dodo, Satoshi, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Durst, Franz, Professor Lehrstuhl fur Stromungsmechanik, Universit,ft Erlangen-Niimberg Cauerstrasse 4, D-8520 Erlangen, Germany
Eisfeld, Fritz, Professor Fachbereich Maschinenwesen, Universit,i"t Kaiserslautem Erwin-Schrodinger-Strasse 6750 Kaiserslautem, Germany
312
Enomoto. Yoshiteru. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamatsutsumi. Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan
Frenklach. Michael. Professor
List of Authors
Department of Materials Science and Engineering. The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802. USA
Fujii. Nobuyuki. Professor Department of Chemistry. Nagaoka University of Technology Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-21 Japan
Fujimoto. Hajime. Professor Faculty of Engineering. Doshisha University Karasuma-Imadegawa. Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602 Japan
Fujiwara. Yasuhiro. Professor Hokkaido Institute of Technology Teine-Maeda. Teine-ku Sapporo 006 Japan
Furuhama. Shoichi. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamazutsumi. Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan
Hayashi. Hisaharu. Dr. Molecular Photochemistry Laboratory. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Hirosawa, Wako. Saitama 351-01 Japan
Hirai. Shuichirou. Dr. Faculty of Engineering. Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan
Hiroyasu. Hiroyuki. Professor Faculty of Engineering. University of Hiroshima Kagamiyama. Higashi Hiroshima 724 Japan
Iida, Norimasa. Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering. Keio University Hiyoshi. Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223 Japan
Ikegami. Makoto. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi. Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan
Ito. Kenichi. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13. W8. Sapporo 060 Japan
Kadota. Toshikazu. Professor Faculty of Engineering. University of Osaka Prefecture
Ust of Authors
Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 593 Japan
Kamimoto, Takeyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152 Japan
Katsuki, Masashi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565 Japan
Kimura, Itsuro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokai Kitakaname, Hiratsuka Kanagawa 259 Japan
Kishi, Takeyuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Koda, Seiichiro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The Unviersity of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Komori, Satoru, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan
Kono, Michikata, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Lee, Kwan Y., Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Liao, Chihong, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240 Japan
Massoli, Patrizio, Dr. Instituto Motori CNR Piazza Barsanti e Matteucci, 80125 Napoli, Italy
Matsui, Hiroyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bukyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Misono, Makoto, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
313
314
Miura, Takatoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Aramaki, Sendai 980 Japan
Miwa, Kei, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University Minami-josanjima-chou, Tokushima 770 Japan
Miyamoto, Noboru, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan
Mizutani, Yukio, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan
Murayama, Tadashi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan
Naqwi, Arnir A, Dr" Lehrstuhl fiir Stromungsmechanik, Universita"t Erlangen-Niimberg Cauerstrasse 4, D-8520 Erlangen, Gennany
Nishiwaki, Kazuie, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-Ku Kyoto 603 Japan
Ogawa, Hideyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan
Ohtake, Kazutomo, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Hibariga-oka, Tempaku, Toyohashi 441 Japan
Okajima, Satoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University Kajino-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184 Japan
Okamoto, Tatsuyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan
Onuma, Yoshiaki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Hibariga-oka, Tempaku, Toyohashi 441 Japan
Peters, Norbert, Professor Institute fiir Technische Mechanik, RWTH-Aachen
list of Authors
list of Authors
D5100, Aachen Gennany
Pitz, William J., Dr. Lawrence Livennore National Laboratory P.O.Box 808, Livennore, California 94550 USA
Sadakata, Masayoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
Sano, Taeko, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-12 Japan
Senda, Jiro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University Karasuma-Imadegawa, Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602 Japan
Shimamoto, Yuzuru, Profeesor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan
Someya, Tsuneo, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan
Sugiyama, Gen, Dr. Japan Automobile Research Institute,Inc. 2530, Karima, Tsukuba 305 Japan
Tachibana, Takeshi, Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku Kitakyushu 804 Japan
Takagi, Toshimi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan
Takasaki, Koji, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan
Takeno, Tadao, Professor School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-01 Japan
Tanabe, Hideaki, Professor Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology Oogiga-oka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921 Japan
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316
Terao, Kunio, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240 Japan
Wakisaka, Tomoyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan
Wakuri, Yutaro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan
Wang, Hai, Professor
list of Authors
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
Weinberg, Felix 1., Professor Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 U.K.
Westbrook, Charles K., Dr. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O.Box 808 Livermore, California 94550 USA
Xie, Lin, Dr. National Aerospace Laboratory Jindaijihigashi-machi, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182 Japan
Yoshihara, Yoshinobu, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritumeikan University Tojiin-Kitamachi, Kita-ku Kyoto 603 Japan
Yoshizawa, Yoshio, Professor Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152 Japan
Index
Ab initio calculations 138 Abstraction of hydrogen atom
168 Addition of acetylene to
radical 168 Additive 256 Adiabatic engine 207 Agglomerate 165 Air entrainment 251 Alkane 144 Arc discharge 276, 282 Aromatic compound 144 Aromatic content 254 Aromatic hydrocarbon 140 Aromatics 216 Atomization 95, 98 Atomization process 70 Attached vortices 20 Auto-correlation 2, 10
Bell-shape dependence of soot yield 183
Bell-shaped profile in soot yield 179
Bending vortex tube 13 Benzene 145, 179 Branched hydrocarbon 151 Break up 102 Brownian motion 50 Bunker fuel oil 264 Burner Reynolds number 9
C/O ratio 257 Cz 297 Cz chemistry 27 Cz Swan band 32 CzH 141
CzHz 141, 189 CzHz addition 189 Carbon cluster 164, 175,
177, 182 Carbon vapor 182 CARS 5 Catalyst 301 Catalytic combustion 301 Cavitation 102 Cetane number 216 CFD 207 CH 296 CH-band 127 CHEMKIN data base 27 Chromaticity coordinates 30 Classification of color 31 Clusters of two-phase
diffusion flamelets 116 Coagulation 163 Coagulation rate of soot
particle 187 Coaxial jet diffusion flame
54,62 Colorimeter 31 Colorimetric analysis 29 Combustion control 273 Combustion systems 205 Compensated fme
thermocouple 17 Complex mechanism 139 Compression air temperature
267 Compression-ignited mixture
206 Concentration fluctuations 53 Conditional mean
concentration 109
317
318
Cone angle 102 ConselVed scalar approach
39,55 Constant-volume combustion
vessel 206 Contours of isothenn,
equi-concentration 21 Convective heat transfer 205 Counter flow flame 27 Counterflow diffusion flame
197, 290 Cross section 88 Cross-correlation 2 Crystallization of soot 167 Cyclization to aromatic ring
169
Damkohler number 52, 252 Dark strip 26 Density fluctuation 66 Density-weighted average 37 Diesel combustion 114, 206 Diesel engine 119, 205 Diffraction 87 Diffusion coefficient 54 Diffusion flame 277, 283,
290 Direct numerical simulations
49 Disintegration 99 Distillation temperature 266 Drop size 79 Droplet density 104 Droplet group combustion
116, 125, 126 Droplet refractive index 79 Dry soot 254
Eddy dissipation model 70 Eddy structure 248 Elastic scattering 93 Electric field 290 Electrical aspects 273 Elementary reaction 138, 142 Emission 205, 301 Empirical rate law 143 Engine knock 150 Entrainment of surrounding
air 12 Equivalence ratio 206
Evaporation 96, 104 Exciplex 107 Exhaust emissions 120 Exhaust gas recirculation 205 Exothennic reaction 207 Extended phase Doppler
anemometer(EPDA) 84 External group combustion
mode 126 External sheath combustion
mode 126 Extinction 44
Favre average 37 Finite difference fonn 154 Finite difference method 152 Flame length 250 Flame photograph 249 Flame position 291 Flame propagation 263 Flame quenching 46 Flame spectra 32 Flame structure 116, 125,
292 Flame temperature 219, 247,
293 Flame-stabilization 278, 282 Flamelet concept 42 Flat one-dimensional flame
25 Fluorescence technique 107 Fuel 245 Fuel effect 245 Fuel pyrolysis 206 Fuel-air mixing 205 Fullerene 176
G coordinate values 33 Gas sampling 206 Gas-phase turbulent diffusion
flames 116 Gauss-Seidel method 18 Group additivity rule 143 Group combustion number
126 Growth 163 Growth species 188
H-abstraction 189 Heat flux 232
Index
Index
Heat production 301 Heat ray tracing method 240 Heat release rate 123, 211,
265 Heat transfer 205, 259 Heat transfer coefficient 228 Heavy oil fuel 264 Heterogeneous mixture 111 Heterogeneous nucleation
163, 164 Heterogeneous reactions 28 High combustion efficiency 7 High pressure injection 115,
117 High speed air stream 278 High-speed Schlieren
photographs 118 Holography 3 Homogeneous nucleation 182 Horizontal cut 13 Hot wire concentration probe
108 Hydrocarbon 206 Hydrocarbon fuel 139 Hydrocarbon model 140 Hydrogen 258 Hydrogen fueled engine 258 Hydrogen jet 262
Ignitability 253 Ignition 121, 150, 154, 278,
282 Ignition delay 124, 150, 208,
267 Ignition lag 253 Ignition mechanism 111 Ignition probability 113 Ignition theory 97 Impingement 96, 104 Impinging fuel spray 104,
223 Impulsively started jet 59 Infrared emission 29, 146 Instantaneous surface
temperature 234 Intact core 100 Intensity distribution of the
scattering light 26 Intermediate flames 116 Intermittency factor 109
Internal group combustion mode 126
Ion 164, 176
Jet 247 Jet impingement 59
K - & model 18, 38, 63, 66, 70, 121
Kidney shape 20 KL factor 218
Lagrangian stochastic model 48,49
Laminar flamelet approach 40
Laminar flamelet concept 23 Laminarization due to
combustion 38, 61 Laser ablation 176 Laser diagnostics 3 Laser extinction method 213 Laser induced breakdown
177 Laser induced incandescence
(LII) 81,93 Laser sheet 92 Laser sheet method 248 Laser tomography 24 LDV 6 LIF 297 LIFS 291 Lifted flame 43, 47 Light emission 29 Light source colors 31 Liquid fuel 252 Local flamelet extinction 47 Local reaction rate 54 Local turbulence Reynolds
number 63 Lorenz-Mie theory 80, 85 Low heat rejection engine
236 Low NOx burners 8 Low pollutants formations 7 Low Reynolds number flow
64
Macroscopic mixing 1 Magnetic field 294
319
320
Magnussen's turbulent rate of mixing approach 20
Marine diesel oil 264 Mean particle diameter 190 Metal content 256 Methane 154 Method of moments 171 Microscale eddies 1 Microscopic temperature
distribution 14 Mie scattering 6, 127 Mie scattering theory 85 Mixture formation 108 Mixture fraction 39, 41 Modeling 137, 143 Modeling of sooting 171 Mole number 259 Morphology of soot 164 Multi-point measurement 6 Multistage combustion 8
Nagle and Strickland-Constable formula 174, 193
Naphthalene 179 NO formation 70 Non-equilibrium effects 40 NOx 140, 151, 205, 251,
254,305 NOx emission 120 Nucleation 162, 171 Number density of particle
190 Numerical algorithm 153 Numerical simulation 115,
121
o atom 146, 149 OH 196, 292, 296 OH-band 127 OH-band emission 130 Ohnesorge number 100 Opposed spray injection 206 Opposing flows 25 Optical methods 3 Oxidation 144, 146 Oxidation process 143 Oxidizer of soot particle 195 Oxygen addition to fuel 197
Oxygen atom 144
PAH 163, 168, 171, 176, 189 PAH growth 170 P AH model 179 Paraffinic hydrocarbon 140 Particle Lewis number 28 Particulate 205, 254 Penetration 102, 117 Phase-Doppler anemometry
79,81 Phenanthrene 192 Phenyl radical 145, 149 Pilot injection 115
. Plasma jet 275, 277, 283 Plasma jet ignition 275 Plasma potential 228 Polarization 4 Polarization ratio 80, 89, 91 Pollutant species 140 Polyacetylene 182 Practical system 140 Pressure gradient 68 Primary particle 165 Probability density function
39,49 Pyrolysis 171, 175
Quench distance 232 Quench layer 151
Radiation 239 Radiative heat transfer 205 Radical emission 29 Raman scattering 4 Rapid compression machine
206 Rate constant 138, 141 Ratio of light intensities 6 Rayleigh scattering 4, 90 Reaction efficiency 195 Reaction kinetics 137 Reaction mechanism 137 Reactive flow 153 Reduced model 153 Reference stimulus 30 Reflected shock waves 111 Refraction 87
Index
Index
Refractive index 85 Reynolds stress model 38, 66 RGB chromaticity coordinates
33 Rotational levels 4 Rotational movement 12
Sauter mean diameter 102, 117
Scalar dissipation rate 44 Scattering angle 88 Scattering coefficients 88 Schlieren photographs 122 Segregation parameter 48, 53 Self-similar fractal 24 Sheet-cut imaging 6 Shock tube 111, 141, 145 Similarity 247, 249 Simulation 137, 139, 147,
149 Simultaneous measurements
of velocity, temperature and concentration prof'lles 17
Single compression machine 265
Single droplet combustion mode 126
Single point measurements 2 Slurry combustion 71 S02 297 SOF 213,254 Soot 208, 251, 254, 284, 287 Soot aggregate 165 Soot concentration 123 Soot formation 81, 94, 114,
118, 161, 280, 293 Soot formation rate 197, 257 Soot growth 186 Soot kinetic model 175 Soot number density 162,
199 Soot oxidation 95, 193 Soot oxidation with oxygen
195 Soot particle size 162 Soot particles 118 Soot precursor 175, 215 Soot volume fraction 197
Sooting in flame 186 Sooting limit 257 Spark ignition 261 Spark timing 262 Spatial macroscale 14 Spatially-dependent model
151 151 Spontaneous ignition 111 Spray characteristics 117 Spray combustion 69, 115 Spray formation 98 Spray impingement 264 Spray measurements 83 Spray tip penetration 105 Spray volume 106 Stagnation plane 25 Steady diffusion flame 277,
284 Steady spray flame 116, 125 Stiffness problem 152, 153 Stochastic ignition theory
111 Stokes Raman scattering 5 Stress/flux equation model
66 Structure of intermediate
spray flames 127 Sulfur 255 Supersonic air stream 282 Surface growth 186, 188 Surface ignition 261 Surface reaction 171 Susceptibility 4 Swirl number 73 Swirling air 205 Swirling flame 65 Swirling flow 65, 70
Taylor's dissipation length 14 Thermal boundary layer 207 Thermal decomposition 162,
209 Thermal diffusion factor 28 Thermal NOx 45 Thermophoresis 24 Thin-film thermocouple 234 Third-order upwind
differencing scheme 57
321
322
Three-dimensional elliptic equation 18
Time scales of turbulence 2 TOF mass-spectra 176 Total sampling system 209 Transient spray combustion
121 Transition state theory 138 Transport effect 150 Transport properties 153 Tristimulus values 30 Turbulent diffusion flame 1,
247 Turbulent flame structures 9 Turbulent heat flux 16 Turbulent heat transfer 1 Turbulent mixing 97 Turbulent premixed flame
surface 24 Turbulent Reynolds stress 16 Turbulent time scale 10 Two color method 218 2-D elastic scattering 81 Two dimensional free jet 57 Two dimensional information
3 2-D soot imaging 91 Two point cross correlation
14 Two steep temperature
gradients 29 Two-equation model 70 Two-staged combustion 73
Unsteady diffusion flame 283, 287
Unsteady free jet 108
Vapor phase concentration 107
Vertical cut 13 Vibrational levels 4 Viscosity 255 Volatility 255 Vortex flame 33 Vortex generation 57 Vortex ring 249
Weber number 99 Well-mixed region 22
Wrinkles 10
Zero-dimensional model 137, 150
Index