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1. Character
2. Plot
3. Conflict
4. Setting
5. Theme
6. Point of view
7. Literary genre
8. Literary devices
9. Imagery
10. Figures of speech
Literary elements
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Character
Character can be revealed through
the character's actions, speech, and
appearance. It also can be revealed
by the comments of other characters
and of the author.
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Types of characters that appear in many
stories:
• The protagonist is the central character (person, animal, or personified object) in the plot's conflict.
The antagonist is the force in conflict with the protagonist. It may be society, nature, or fate, as well as another person. It can also be the protagonist's own self, if he or she has an internal conflict.
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Characters may also be classified as :
Major: most important character around
whom the action revolves (protagonist
or antagonist)
Secondary: helps in the development of
the major character(s).
Minor: least important characters.
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Other types of characters
• Dynamic or round : changes (complex)
• Static or flat : does not change (one-
dimensional)
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Plot
•Plot is the sequence of events
which involves the characters
in conflict.
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Most plots have certain common elements:
A story commonly begins with the preliminary action, an explanation of the initial situation and the condition of the characters.
A plot usually continues with a problem, or complicating incident which the protagonist must meet or solve.
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During the story, tension is built
through a series of complications or incidents which either help or hinder the protagonist in finding a solution. This part is the rising action.
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• The climax is the peak or turning point
of the action; at this point we know the
solution.
• The falling action is the part after the
climax. It gives any necessary
explanation and ends with an
outcome, the sense of at the end of the
story that it is complete.
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The order of the sequence of events looks
like this:
1. preliminary action
2. complicating incident
3. rising action
4. climax
5. falling action
6. outcome
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The ending of the story may be either
open or closed:
In a closed ending, the most
usual one in children's books,
readers feel that they know what
will happen. The various parts of
the plot are tied together
satisfactorily, and the reader
feels a sense of completion.
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In an open ending, readers must draw their own conclusions; they do not know what will happen.
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Conflict
-Conflict is the struggle between the
protagonist and an opposing force.
-Several types of conflict may be
present in any one story.
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There are several types of conflict:
Character vs character: the
protagonist against someone
else.
•Character vs society: happens
when the protagonist is in
conflict with the values of his
or her society.
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•Character vs nature: takes
place when the protagonist is
threatened by an element of
nature.
•Character vs self : occurs
when the protagonist struggles
within himself or herself. The
protagonist is pulled by two
courses of action or by
differing emotions.
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Setting
•Setting includes the place and
the time period in which the
story takes place.
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Theme
Theme is the underlying
meaning of the story, a
universal truth, a significant
statement the story is making
about society, human nature, or
the human condition.
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Themes must be clearly stated; one word is not usually enough. To say that a book's theme is "friendship" is not clear. It may mean, "Friends are a person's most valuable possession." It may also mean, "Friends can never be trusted if their own interests are opposed to yours."
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Point of view
• The point of view is the position from
which the story is told.
•First person point of view: The
narrator is the « I » of the story.
•Third person point of view: The
narrator is not part of the story but
is an individual who knows
everything that happens.
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Literary genre
• Fiction: stories that are made up
without actual realism to them.
Ex. science-fiction, romance,
western, fantasy, crime, mystery.
• Non-fiction: real life story.
Ex. essay, biography, autobiography
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Literary devices
- Other elements which may be found in plots include:
• Foreshadowing is the planting of hints about what will happen later in the story.
• A flashback occurs when the author narrates an event that took place before the current time of the story.
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• Irony is a method of expression in
which the author says one thing and
means the opposite; the term also
applies to a situation where the outcome
of an event is opposite of what is
expected.
Ex: Choking on a life saver.
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Imagery
• Imagery is a word or group of words
which evoke a sensory impression in the
reader’s mind. Ex. visual (sight),
auditory (hearing), tactile (touch),
olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste).
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Figures of speech
• Personification is done when applying
human qualities to inanimate objects,
animals, or natural phenomena.
• Ex: The stars danced in the sky.
• A hyperbole is an exaggeration or an
overstatement of facts.
• Ex: I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
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• A metaphor is a comparison of two
unlikely things without using the words
like or as.
• Ex: My kid’s room is a disaster area.
• The simile is the comparison of two
unlikely things using the words like or
as.
• Ex: Maria is as pretty as a flower.