INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 3, No 1, 2012
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on May 2012 published on July 2012 74
Location allocation for urban waste disposal site using multi-criteria
analysis: A study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India Suman Paul
Assistant Professor in Geography
Post Graduate Dept. of Geography, Krishnagar Govt. Collage,
Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal. India.
ABSTRACT
The solid waste materials in cities are the natural outcome of human activities. Most
of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major concern of the
government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of waste. Several
factors are considered in site selection for waste disposal. Provision of such system appears
to be a major problem due to the complication and the wide nature of waste
production. Due to the different parameters involved, deciding upon a suitable location
is also very complicated, costly and time consuming. Geographic Information System
(GIS) allows users to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-
spatial data in many ways that reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps,
reports and charts. This study investigated most suitable site(s), as a waste disposal site(s) for
Nabadwip Municipality which is located in the extreme west of Nadia district, West Bengal.
Suitable disposal site must follow environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable
the wastes to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment.
Criteria for site selection include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic,
ecological and land-use factors. Multi-criteria analysis has been done for solid waste disposal
site selection in this study. The Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide an
opportunity to integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data or other
associated features, which will help in selection of suitable disposal sites.
Keywords: Key Words: Waste disposal, Suitable site, GIS, Multi-criteria analysis, Integrate.
1. Introduction
The solid waste materials in cities are the natural outcome of human activities. Most
of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major concern of the
government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of waste. The rapid
growth of population and urbanization decreases the non-renewable resources and disposal of
waste matter and toxic waste haphazardly are some of the major environmental issues posing
threats to the existence of human being. The most common problems associated with
improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor
nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses
(Basagaoglu,H. et.al. 1997). Waste disposing is an important part of waste management
system, which requires much attention to avoid environmental pollution. Only major cities
have some sort of waste disposal system. Solid wastes management is carried out by the
Municipality for which conservancy fee also charged on to the urbanites of Nabadwip. But
waste management system of Nabadwip Municipality of Nadia district is not satisfactory. As
a part of such improper management system selection of solid waste disposal site for this city
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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does not consider the environmental factors. Location of waste disposal ground suggests the
unconsciousness about the environmental factors in Nabadwip Municipality. A Disposal site
must consider all the socio-economic, environmental and land use factors within the city as
well as people safety. Geographical Information System (GIS) can analyse the suitable site
selection for urban waste disposal considering all the criteria (Multi-criteria Analysis) which
will help local governing body as a part of e-governance. The use of GIS in selection process
will reduce the time and enhance the accuracy.
Nabadwip, one of important historical urban centre on Nadia district, is one of the fastest
growing townships in the West Bengal. The city, its municipalities and its adjoining urban
areas have an annual population growth rate of 6.9 per cent. Nearly half the population of
Nabadwip Municipality (45 per cent) is poor, and many live in slums and squatter settlements
with no access to municipal sanitation services. The city generates about 3,500 tons of solid
waste each day, 45 per cent of which is collected and disposed of by the municipality
(Nabadwip Municipal Report, 2008). Of the mainly inorganic, recyclable materials, 15
per cent is collected by the informal sector; including waste pickers, popularly known as
‘tokais’. Though ‘tokais’ extract most of the readily available material from the waste stream,
it remains considerable amount they leave behind. This value lies in the organic portion of the
solid waste, which constitutes about 80 per cent of the total generated waste, if converted into
compost. The waste that is not collected by the municipality or removed by the ‘tokais’ is left
to rot in the heat and humidity of the city open spaces. The resulting stench, rodents, and
clogged drains pose a serious health risk to the resident of Nabadwip. With an increase in
population and horizontal expansion of the city, it is becoming very difficult to locate a waste
disposal site within easy access of the city. Increases in solid waste generation in future will
aggravate solid waste disposal problem, unless the proper sites will not consider.
1.1 Study Area
Nabadwip Municipality is located in the western part of Nadia district and river Bhagirathi
bound from north to east. Nabadwip Municipality lies between 88021’E.–88
023’E and
23023’N.–23
0 23’N and the town has a total area of 11.66 sq. km. consisting of 24 wards with
a population of 115036. The location of the study area is shown in Figure no.1. Mayapur
(ISKON) and Nabadwip Dham – birth place of Sri Chaitanya Mahapravu attracts huge
pilgrimage to Nabadwip City. Ras Yatra is one of the important festivals to city dwellers. Not
only from Nadia but from its surrounding districts, people came here to experience the
occasion. Due to such gathering a huge amount of solid waste generate in the city which
make the life heal to the city dwellers of Nabadwip. Considering all these aspects, the study
of urban waste disposal site selection has been taken into account, which may generate a
better e-governance to Nabadwip Municipality. It is very evident that the amount of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated within the Nabadwip Municipality is very high and
has to be managing properly. In this study several objectives has been set for proper
management and suitable site selection for waste disposal for Nabadwip Municipality.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives are underlying:
• To study the management system operating for solid waste in Nabadwip Municipality
• To examine the factors affecting the site selection for municipal solid waste disposal and
• To select the suitable site as waste disposal ground depending on multi-criteria analysis
through G.I.S. application.
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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Figure 1: Location of the study area
2. Materials and method
The data for the present study was obtained through both household surveys and secondary
sources. In January 2010, a pilot survey was conducted to assess the nature of waste
generation in different season of the year. The main survey was started in February 2010 and
completed in March 2010. Primary data is collected through field survey in every wards of
Nabadwip Municipality with structured questionnaire. 20 households has been survey at
random basis through a face-to-face interview with the head or any other working member of
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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the household from each ward to assess the nature of waste generation. Market owners,
shopkeepers are interviewed separately. The secondary data for Industrial waste, hospital
waste and other sources of waste are taken from Nabadwip Municipality. On the other hand,
the maps of different criteria taken into e.g. location of schools, colleges, commercial houses,
water bodies, drainage lines, road network, land use etc. are given by the Nabadwip
Municipality authority which actually help to formulate the base of multi-criteria analysis.
Methodology is a logical as well as systematic part of the study to guide scientific
investigation. A method involves a process or technique in which various stages or steps of
collecting data or information are explained. The methodology of this study covers some
sequential steps. Spatial feature extraction or classification is one of the GIS capabilities for
searching suitable sites .The ultimate aim of GIS is to support spatial decision making which
has been structured into three major phases: Intelligence, Design and Choice as shown in
figure 2a. Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) is a decision support technique where a decision is a
choice between alternatives (such as alternative actions, land allocations, etc.).
Figure 2a: Framework for spatial multi-criteria analysis
Figure 2b: Three phase of decision making process
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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In Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), an attempt is made to combine a set of criteria to achieve
a single composite basis, a score function, for a decision according to a specific objective.
Expert classification shell has now been incorporated in the GIS software and this expert
classifier has been used to locate suitable sites for solid waste disposal in this study. The
framework for multi-criteria decision analysis (Fig No. 2b) is treated as an expert classifier.
Though there are numerous criteria used for evaluation, here, environmental, economic,
social and technical-operational has been considered. The corresponding indicators are:
2.1 Environmental Criteria
Environmental consisting of surface water, groundwater quality, land cover and ecological
character, disposal site management and public health, safety and nuisance.
2.2 Economic Criteria
Economic land use and social value consisting of the distance from human settlements,
industry and proximity to protected places, and impacts on housing and/or other development.
2.3 Technical-operational Criteria
Technical operational consisting of the altitude, the design of the site, i.e. hydrological
evaluation, and grading of the surfaces/protection of the slopes, access roads, and the distance
from the main source of waste consumption. The ratings of the above indicators are done
according to the performance of the criteria as follows:
1. Very suitable,
2. Moderately suitable, and
3. Less suitable.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management
MSW management refers (Figure No. 3) to collection, transfer, separation, biological
treatment, recycling, resource recovery and disposal of solid waste.
3.1.1 MSW Collection and Transportation
In a typical MSW collection and transportation system, consists of (1) household waste
containers, (2) waste collecting equipped trucks, (3) workers with protective suite. In big
cities, however, a transfer station may be needed due to the large amount of waste and the
long distance to the MSW facilities. A transfer station consists of temporary MSW storage,
transfer point, vehicles and equipment for MSW transfer, and the procedures for operating
and maintaining these facilities and equipment. In Nabadwip Municipality, Municipal
Administration Offices (MAO) and were responsible for collection, transportation, and
disposal. Due to the unavailable waste collection services in outside municipality areas, open
dumping and burning are typical disposal method for MSW in such areas.
3.1.2. MSW Processing and Disposal
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
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In Nabadwip Municipality, MSW disposal was still not meeting with sanitary purpose such as
open dumping, and open burning. The open dumping is the most commonly used method of
MSW disposal, due to the unavailable waste collection. In accurate operation and
maintenance are the main sources of MSW disposal problems. The most common methods
used for MSW in Nabadwip Municipality are sanitary landfill, composting, open dumping,
incineration and others (Figure 3). There are only 97 disposal facilities that quite properly
designed for serving the population of 24 wards of Nabadwip Municipality (i.e., 91 sanitary
landfills, 3 incinerators, and 3 integrated-system facilities).
Figure 3: Solid waste management of Nabadwip municipality
3.1.2.1 Open Dumping
Open dumping sites are the most popular MSW management method in Nabadwip
Municipality. Open dumping has been applied to manage MSW for many years and it can
manage a huge quantity of MSW generated per day. Open dumping site can be utilized with
the easily fermented, and low cost but it can also cause visual pollution, and odor. In addition
open dumping can probably pollutes to soil and groundwater. Although the Thai government
has started working on developing sanitary landfill sites in several municipality areas. The
open dumping sites still remain a choice for many areas due to its low cost and its effective
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
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performance in getting rid of a huge amount of waste. However, open dumping should not be
allowed because it is unsightly, unhygienic, and potentially disastrous to our environment.
3.1.2.2 Landfill
Sanitary landfills are usually located far from sources, resulting in increasing of the transfer
costs and additional investments for infrastructure. Direct land filling of such waste creates
the nuisance owing to the generation of highly concentrated leach ate, methane gas emission,
and extreme waste settlement in landfill. Rapid waste decomposition eventually affects the
landfill stability. Even though there are 91 sanitary landfill sites in Nabadwip Municipality,
more sites are still required to decrease the amount of open dumping and open burning waste.
3.1.2.3 Composting
Composting is the most promising area for the recovery of organic wastes. Volume of waste
good for composting (i.e., organic waste) was about 48% of the total MSW in Nabadwip
Municipality making it a good choice for Nabadwip Municipality sustainable MSW
management method. Moreover composting generates a valuable fertilizer or a soil
conditioner for agricultural and horticultural uses. However, composting is not well practiced
in Thailand due to the lack of knowledge and the high cost in maintenance.
3.1.2.4 Incineration
Incineration is one of the methods for MSW management in Nabadwip Municipality
(Figure 3). This method is used for the huge municipality and tourist municipality area
because sanitary landfill is not enough for disposed MSW. Even though the incineration can
rapidly reduce the amount of waste, it can cause an air pollution concern especially in the
tourist areas.
3.2 Selected Factors for Waste Disposal Site Selection
Different factors have been selected for the overlay and buffer analysis. This information is
basically needed (Figure 4) to process the multi-criteria analysis.
3.2.1 Road network
The linkages of urban centre are possible to the development of part road, rail waterway, and
airways. Nabadwip is small area. There has only the road and Rail network. Nabadwip
municipality area is served by a network of puce (metalled), semi-puce and kuccha
(unmetalled) roads. Total road mileage in area is about 42.474 kms of which 42.474 kms are
pucca. Most of the roads are in good condition except those which are kuccha and semi-pucca.
The single lane pucca roads are narrow, often 4 meters in width, with un-surfaced kuccha
shoulders and insufficient or no space for parking and pedestrian movement.
3.2.2 Population distribution
The present average density of population of Nabadwip city stands at 17,735 persons per sq.
km and the highest density found in ward no. 2, 10, 11, 12 and 15 and density varies there
from 26000 to 42000 persons per sq. km. The moderately population density ward are 3, 9,
14, 15, 17 where density varies between 15300 to 26800 persons sq km. The lowest density
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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located in the north-western part where the structures are sparsely built and dominated by
huge vacant land.
Figure 4: Creation of layers and buffer zones for multi-criteria analysis (MCA)
3.2.2 Land use Pattern
Land use can define as activity is development that occupies land. Out of the total
geographical area of the Nabadwip Town, more than 75 % is under noncommercial and
residential area and various industries and commercial establishments occupy 7%. More than
60% Shops are concentrated in the core of the city i.e. Poramatala More, Buroshibtala More,
Krishnakalitala More, Aswathatala More and Remaining Shops are scattered in the outskirts
of the core area. The residential area is mainly located to the southwest and northwest of
Nabadwip. Various new housing colonies are emerging at the above-mentioned areas. The
river Bhagirathi is the main drainage line and there are several ponds and water bodies in this
town. There is a large stretch of fallow land in the Northern part of the town and one other
fallow land in the south. The fallow lands comprise 5% of the total area. The land use map of
Nabadwip Town indicate that a very few of land under agriculture in the north eastern part,
near the river bank of Bhagirathi.
3.2.3 Water Bodies
Basically river Bhagirathi bound Nabadwip municipality from north to east. Water bodies,
mainly ponds have seen in Nabadwip Municipality. The people use the water of pond for
wash cloths, bath etc. This pond also carries the water which is flow the town due to rainy
season. Pisi-culture also has done this water. In Nabadwip Municipality area there have
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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number of ponds. In the river side area there have a big size of pond ward no. 17, 18 and all
the ward of the municipality area, there have small type of pond.
3.2.4 Health Care Facilities
Nabadwip, the health facilities is normally improved by the Government. There are one State
General Hospital is located between ward no. 4 and 5. There are few nursing homes in ward
no. 10, 12, 13 and 17.
3.2.5 Educational Centres
Education is one important infrastructure of the society. In Nabadwip Municipality area there
have about 53 primary and higher secondary school and 2 colleges. Waste disposal near the
school make the environment very polluted. For that reason, it is very essential criterion to
choose the perfect buffer for the waste disposal site selection.
3.2.6 Commercial Establishment
There are two categories of markets in the city wholesale and retail. Wholesale markets are
further classified into grocery, vegetables and fish markets etc. According to municipality
sources, there are 9 daily markets and 1 wholesale market in the town under its jurisdiction.
Markets are one of the important sources of waste generation.
3.2.7 Administrative Office
The administrative offices of the government agencies, many of which are divisional offices,
have been built all around the city. Furthermore, many structures in different residential areas
are being used as government and non-government offices.
3.3. Multi-criteria Analysis:
Multi-criteria analysis is a sequence of processes in which several decisions has to take for
the problem recognition and ends with recommendations. Any sort of decision making is
depending on three basic phases:
3.3.1 Intelligence Phase
Intelligence phase involves searching or scanning the decision environment for conditions
calling for decisions. The data acquisition, storage, retrieval and management functions
convert the real world situation into GIS database during this phase. This involves
assumptions or views of the world underlying a particular decision problem. The
assumptions are concerned with the following questions, which of the real world entities
should be observed, selected, filtered, classified and recorded as data items and which items
are relevant to subsequent spatial decision problem? Coordination must be given to the
usefulness, accuracy, reliability and flexibility of data.
3.3.2 Design Phase
Design phase involves inventing and analyzing a set of possible solutions to problem
identified in the intelligence phase. Here in case of site suitability analysis for urban
development. What are the spatial decisions criteria or decision rules we have to consider in
locating those suitable sites? So design phase represents the decision situation by structuring
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
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and formalizing the available data and information about the decision problem. Spatial
decision alternatives are derived by manipulation and analysis of the data and information
stored in GIS. Design phase will help us in creating rule based decision trees or knowledge
base in Expert Classifier shell of the software used in this present study.
3.3.3 Choice Phase
Decision rules for locating suitable sites for solid waste disposal has been prepared based on
expert knowledge and multi criteria analysis process. Table 1 shows the decision rules for site
suitability for solid waste disposal. In the decision process, at this phase each alternative is
evaluated and analyzed in relation to others in terms of specific decision rules. The rule is
used to rank the alternatives under consideration. The ranking depends upon the decision
maker is preference. In general, GIS does not provide a mechanism for representing choice
and priority in context of evaluating conflicting criteria and objectives. Under these
circumstances, the ultimate success of GIS in decision making depends on how well the
system can succeeded as a spatial decision support system in the decision making process.
Figure 5: Determining factors for suitable site selection for waste disposal through overlay
analysis
There are four suitable sites have been located by the multi criteria analysis method and
shown in Figure no. 5. One site is coinciding with the present waste disposal site. Each of
these plotted points has satisfied all the criteria adopted for highly suitable sites for solid
waste disposal. To gain the prime objectives of this research work the suitability of the sites
are classified on the basis of different criteria .As for example:
3.3.4 Highly Suitable Site
The sites considered as suitable for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria (Table 1)
as distant 300m from drainage, 200 m from any water body, 100 m from hotel, market and
shopping centers etc., 500 m from bank, 250 m from socio-cultural institutions and 1 km
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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from educational institution, health facilities and administrative offices. For gaining high
suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land elevation or contour, soil type, land use criteria,
specifically which are considered in selecting the sites and obviously the site plotted in low
dense area.
Table 1: Decision rules for multi-criteria analysis for suitability site selection
Suitability Classes
Criteria Highly
Suitable
Moderately
Suitable
Less
Suitable
Water Bodies 200 m distance 150 m distance 100 m distance
Drainage 300 m distance 200 m distance 100 m distance
Road Network Good Moderate Low
Commercial Establishment
• Hotel, Market,
Shopping Mall etc. 100 m distance 300 m distance 500 m distance
• Bank 500 m distance 300 m distance 100 m distance
Socio-cultural Institutions
Community Centre, Club etc. 250 m distance 150 m distance 100 m distance
Educational Institutions 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance
Health Facilities 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance
Administrative Office 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance
Land Use
• Settlement Area 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance
• Commercial Area 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance
• Agricultural Land 500 m distance 300 m distance 100 m distance
• Mixed built-up 300 m distance 100 m distance 50 m distance
Population Low Density Area Moderate
Density Area
High Density
Area
Source: Author’s Decision Rules.
3.3.5 Moderately Suitable Site
The sites considered as moderate for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria of
moderately suitable column of Table 8 as distant 200 m from drainage, 150m from any water
body, 300 m from hotel, market and shopping centers etc., 300 m from bank, 150 m from
socio-cultural institutions and 750 m from educational institution, health facilities and
administrative offices. For gaining moderate suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land
elevation or contour, soil type, land use criteria specifically which are considered in selecting
the sites shown in Table 1 and obviously the site plotted in moderate dense area.
3.3.6 Less Suitable Site
The sites considered as less suitable for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria of
less suitable column of Table 8 as distant 100 m from drainage, 100 m from any water body,
500 m from hotel, market and shopping centers etc., 100 m from bank, 100 m from socio-
cultural institutions, 500 m from educational institution, health facilities and administrative
offices. For gaining less suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land elevation or contour,
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
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soil type, land use criteria specifically which are considered in selecting the sites shown in
table 1 and obviously the site plotted in highly dense area.
Figure 6: Suitable sites for waste disposal using suitability analysis
for Nabadwip municipality
4. Conclusion
This study used GIS integrated standard methodology for the selection of sites, which are
suitable for the disposal of solid wastes. This methodology incorporates a large number of
environmental and economic factors which are essential to identify the sites which have no or
minimum adverse impact on environment. In fact, many other parameters are required for
this study, but the most important parameters have been taken into consideration. The study
illustrates the importance of GIS technology in the present days. GIS technology, as an
Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:
A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India
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information tool, has helped in the acquisition of recent land use information studies aimed at
solving environmental problems. Information on different aspects for this study like land use,
road, and slope etc., has been derived using this technique. Further integrating this data using
GIS has helped in the analysis of the study, which would have otherwise been difficult to do
manually using the conventional method. The involvement of such factors or criteria requires
adequate database of different dimensions. So adequate attention is required for data
management to ensure the perfection of the decision based methodology. Though GIS based
methodology is highly sophisticated or developed or standard one but it is success depend on
the proper and careful application of it. Thus with the use of these technologies management
of municipal waste will no longer be a problem for city administrators.
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