Download - Long Term Evolution (day 2)
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1
Long Term Evolution (LTE) & High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
Day 2February 13th, 2010
Harri Holma, Antti ToskalaNokia Siemens Networks
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Day 2
•LTE voice solutions•LTE Frequency variants
– LTE RF requirements•LTE TDD Mode•LTE Advanced requirements
– ITU-R and 3GPP•LTE Advanced•HSPA Market situation•HSPA Evolution in Release 7-9•HSPA Performance•LTE Benchmarking with HSPA+
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3
LTE Voice Solutions
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Voice is Still Important in LTE
Paging in LTE
2G/3G RAN
MMEE-UTRANMSC-S MGW
CS call setup in 2G/3G
CS Fallback handover
• Voice with LTE terminals has a few different solutions• The first voice solution in LTE can rely on CS fallback handover where
LTE terminal will be moved to 2G/3G to make CS call • The ultimate LTE voice solution will be VoIP + IMS• CS voice call will not be possible in LTE since there is no CS core
interface
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5
LTE Voice Evolution
Broadband LTE introduction
MGW MSS
LTEHSPA & I-HSPA
2G/3G
CS/PS
Increased radio efficiency for voice
serviceLTE
HSPA & I-HSPA2G/3G
Full IMS centric multimedia service
architecture
LTEHSPA & I-HSPA
PS
Evol
utio
n to
IMS
VoI
P so
lutio
n
Intr
oduc
e N
VS V
oIP
solu
tion
NVSIMSMGW MSS NVS
CS/PS
Data only LTE Fast track LTE VoIP IMS multimedia
• CS fallback handover
• VoIP• SR-VCC
• VoIP• SR-VCC
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Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)
LTE VoIP
2G/3G CS voice
LTE VoIP
2G/3G CS voice 2G/3G CS voice 2G/3G CS voice
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)
• Options for voice call continuity when running out of LTE coverage• 1) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G CS voice
– Voice handover from LTE VoIP to WCDMA CS voice is called SR-VCC– No VoIP needed in 3G
• 2) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G VoIP– VoIP support implemented in 3G
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7
LTE Voice Capacity
• Voice capacity is limited by the uplink performance• Semi-persistent scheduling defined in 3GPP R8, but dynamic scheduling
provides very similar voice capacity
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05
101520253035404550
GSM EFR GSMAMR
GSMDFCA
WCDMACS voice5.9 kbps
HSPAVoIP/CS12.2 kbps
HSPA CS5.9 kbps
LTE VoIP12.2 kbps
Use
r per
MH
z
Voice Spectral Efficiency Evolution from GSM to LTE• 15 x more users per MHz with 3GPP LTE than with GSM EFR!
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9
LTE Voice Coverage with TTI Bundling (1)
• LTE uplink voice coverage suffers for high peak power requirements due to short 1 ms TTI
• Uplink coverage can be improved by TTI bundling with 4 TTIs
1 ms
20 ms
No TTI bundling with retransmissions
= First transmission
= Possible retransmission
4 TTI bundling with retransmissions
20 ms
20 ms 20 ms
1 ms
20 ms
No TTI bundling, no retransmissions
20 ms
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LTE Voice Coverage with TTI Bundling (2)
Number of TTIs bundled
1 4
Transmission bandwidth
360 kHz (2 resource blocks)
360 kHz (2 resource blocks)
Number of retransmissions
6 3
Required SNR -4.2 dB -8.0 dB
Receiver sensitivity
-120.6 dBm -124.4 dBm
• Up to 4 dB coverage gain with TTI bundling
No bundling With bundling
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LTE Frequency Variants
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3GPP Supported FDD Frequency Bands
12345
789
62x25
2x752x602x60
2x70
2x45
2x352x35
2x10824-849
1710-17851850-19101920-1980
2500-2570
1710-1755
880-9151749.9-1784.9
830-840
Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz]
869-894
1805-18801930-19902110-2170
2620-2690
2110-2155
925-9601844.9-1879.9
875-885
Downlink [MHz]
10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-217011 2x20 1427.9-1447.9 1475.9-1495.9
1800
2600900
US AWS
UMTS coreUS PCS
US 850Japan 800
Japan 1700
Japan 1500Extended AWS
Europe /Asia Japan Americas
788-798 758-768777-787 746-756 US700
2x102x1013
12 2x18 698-716 728-746
14704-716 734-7462x1217
US700
US700
EU800
815-830 860-8752x1518US700
830-845 875-8902x1519832-862 791-8212x3020
Japan new 800Japan new 800
35001447.9-1462.9 1495.9-1510.92x1521
3410-3500 3510-36002x9022Japan 1500 ext
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3GPP Supported TDD Frequency Bands
3334353637
3940
3820
601520
40
60
100
501910-1930
1850-19102010-20251900-1920
1880-1920
1930-1990
2300-2400
2570-2620
Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz]
USAUSA
UMTS bandUMTS band
USA2600 mid
Europe AmericasChina / Asia
China/Asias
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First 2.6 GHz Auctions – Norway, Sweden and Finland
• Norway (29 M€)– Telenor 2x40 MHz– Teliasonera 2x20 MHz– Hafslund 2x10 MHz– Craig Wireless 1x50 MHz
• Sweden (225 M€)– Telenor 2x20 MHz– Telia 2x20 MHz– Tele2 2x20 MHz– HI3G 2x10 MHz– Intel 1x50 MHz
• Finland (4 M€)– DNA 2x20 MHz– Teliasonera 2x25 MHz– Elisa 2x25 MHz– Finnet 1x50 MHz
2500
2505
2510
2515
2520
2525
2530
2535
2540
2545
2550
2555
2560
2565
2570
2575
2580
2585
2590
2595
2600
2605
2610
2615
2620
2625
2630
2635
2640
2645
2650
2655
2660
2665
2670
2675
2680
2685
0.67 MEUR 0.82 MEUR 0.83 MEUR 1.47 MEUR
DNA20 MHz
Sonera25 MHz
Elisa25 MHz
Finnet 1x50 MHz
DNA20 MHz
Sonera25 MHz
Elisa25 MHz
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Digital Dividend (EU800 – UHF Band) for LTE
791 821 862832Downlink Uplink
• Total spectrum 790-862 MHz• Enables 2x30 MHz FDD operation• 3 operators, each having 10 MHz LTE FDD carrier• Optimized spectrum for coverage LTE coverage
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Digital Dividend (EU800) Status in European UnionPlans for BWA
Considering BWA
Undecided
Plans for DTT
List of countries:• Finland• Sweden• Germany• France• UK• Spain• Denmark• Switzerland (non EU)
Germany will be the first
EU pushes for EU800 band
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Spectrum Resources – Typical European Case
EU800 (10 MHz) LTE 10 MHz
900 (10 MHz) GSM 1xHSPA+ GSM
1800 (15 MHz) GSM LTE 15 MHz
2100 (15 MHz) 3xHSPA Multicarrier
HSPA
2600 (FDD 20 MHz) LTE 20 MHz
Current Future
LTE capacity and high data rates
HSPA capacity
LTE capacity
HSPA coverage + GSM maintenance
LTE coverage
• HSPA and LTE typically deployed at different frequencies
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ECC SE42 (CEPT Report 019) applied to2.6 GHz ECC band plan
TDD
2570
Restricted block, max TDD EIRP=25 dBm / 5 MHz ⇒Pico / Femto BTS
FDDFDD
2570 2575
262040 MHz
2500 2690
Potential FDD to TDD interference
2615 2620
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LTE TDD Mode
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TDD Multiple Access• In LTE TDD mode same multiple access as in FDD• This is a big difference compared to WCDMA where TDD was totally different
– Some harmonization was done e.g. chip rates and channel coding solutions
• In 3GPP especially China Mobile active on this from operator side– As evolution step for the on-
going TD-SCDMA deployment
– Their allocation is TDD band• Term “TD-LTE” also being
used for LTE TDD
UE with TDD support
TDD eNode B
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
f1
f1
Downlink TX allocation
Time
Uplink TX allocation
Time
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LTE TDD Frame Structure
TDD may change between uplink and downlink either with 5 or 10 ms periodThe specific fields (DwPTS, GP, UpPTS) are inherited from TD-SCDMA • GP = Guard Period, DwPTS/UpPTS = DL/UL pilots• 1 ms sub-frame otherwise same as FDD UL or DL sub-frame
10 ms frame
0.5 ms slot
1 ms sub-frame
One half-fame (5 ms)
UpPTSDwPTS
GP
Change between DL and UL
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TD-SCDMA co-existence with LTE TDD
• With the common frame structure (& slot) duration it is still possible to parameterize the LTE TDD mode to operation so that the site can have compatible uplink and downlink split
– This would need to be rather static parameter
0.5 ms slot
1 ms LTE TDD sub-frame
UpPTSDwPTS
GP
Change between DL and UL
…
…
TD-SCDMA slot
Adjusted relative timing to avoid UL/DL overlap
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Differences in procedures for TDD
The reason for differences procedures is the needed change between uplink and downlink• This impacts especially the control signaling • Cell search symbols (PSS and SSS) have different location • ACKs/NACks in one go more than in FDD (with varying
timing, see next slide)
DL UL UL DL DL UL UL DLS S
SSS
PSSS-RACH/SRS
RACH
P-BCH D-BCH
SSS
PSSS-RACH/SRS
RACH
SF#0 SF#2 SF#3 SF#4 SF#5 SF#7 SF#8 SF#9
1 ms
SF#1 SF#6
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Differences in procedures for TDD - HARQ
The HARQ timing is not constant like in FDD• This has made some combinations not feasible (like semi-persistent scheduling + TTI bundling) in TDD.
Data DATA3ms
1ms
Data ACK DATA ?? ACK3ms 3ms 3ms5ms1ms
ACK ACK3ms1ms
3ms
3ms DATA
(a) Conceptual example of FDD HARQ Timing (propagation delay and timing advance is ignored)
(b) Conceptual example of TDD HARQ Timing (special subframe is treated as ordinary DL subframe)
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TDD performance – For coverage FDD had advantage
UL Coverage for TDD and FDD, UE target bitrate 2 Mbps
3
8
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
48
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
Distance [km]
# of
PR
B
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Bitr
ate
[Mbp
s]
UE BW FDDUE BW TDDBitrate FDDBitrate TDD
Data rates
Resources
When coming closer to cell edge, TDD needs to earlier to try to increase bandwidth as TX time is reduced
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Differences Between FDD and TDD in General (LTE)
FDD TDDSpectrum in Europe3.5 GHz not included
800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 = Total 540 MHz
2100 + 2600 = Total 85 MHz
BTS synchronization No need for BTS synchronization BTSs synchronized with GPS. Same asymmetry in adjacent cells.
Spectrum in China3.5 GHz not included
850/900, 1800, 2100= Total 310 MHz
2100 + 2300= Total 135 MHz
Spectrum in Americas2.3 GHz not included
700 (36), 850, 1900, AWS = Total 296 MHz
2500= Total 190 MHz
Peak bit rate 2x2 MIMO downlink 20 MHz 150 Mbps with 2x20 MHz
Frequency variants 20 frequency variants in 3GPP 8 frequency variants in 3GPP
Beamforming Grid of fixed beams User specific beamforming based on uplink sounding signal
85 Mbps (Config 1) 1x20 MHz115 Mbps (Config 2) 1x20 MHz
Peak bit rate 2x2 MIMO uplink 20 MHz 50 Mbps with 2x20 MHz 20 Mbps (Config 1) 1x20 MHz
10 Mbps (Config 2) 1x20 MHz
Inter-operator coordination No need for coordination TDD operators are synchronized
and use same asymmetry
Downlink - uplink asymmetry
Fixed spectrum allocation. DL:UL spectral efficiency 2:1.
Flexible, but all cells need to use the same DL:UL asymmetry
Uplink coverage Continuous UE transmission for maximal coverage
Discontinuous transmission reduces uplink coverage by 3.5−6.5 dB
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LTE-Advanced
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LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 3GPP Release 10
• ITU has defined schedule for IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) with submission deadline October 2009
• 1st technical 3GPP workshop in April 2008– Until end of 2008 the clear focus was on LTE Release 8 – The same multiple access to be used also in LTE-Advanced as in LTE– 3GPP during 2009 to work with the LTE-Advanced study item, no
specifications available until end of 2010 (technical report in 2009), specification to be frozen approximately 06/2011
2011
3GPP
2007 2008 2009 2010
1st Workshop Study Item Start
Technology Submissions
Specification Created
ITU
-R
Circular Letter
Close Study & Start Work Item
Evaluation Process
Specification Created
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Requirements for LTE-Advanced
• The ITU-R has defined the requirements for a technology to quality as IMT-Advanced technology• Data rates required:
– Local area data rate up to 1 Gbps and wide area 100 Mbps
• For the capacity both 3GPP and ITU have defined requirements– 3GPP has in some cases slightly different requirements that ITU-R– Analysis (in 3GPP study item) has shown that requirements can be
met, but needs some technologies which at this time are more formeeting the requirements than market needs
For example downlink 8 antenna transmission only included to fullfill ITU-R requirementsHighest cases with capacity requirement up to 3 bits/Hz/cell
• Also larger bandwidths and frequency band aggregation needed
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Bandwidth Extension
• High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.
• Backwards compatibility requirements with Release 8 LTE is achieved with carrier aggregation
• We combine N Release 8 component carriers, together to form N x LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz etc.
• LTE terminals receive/transmit on one component carrier, whereas LTE-Advanced terminals may receive/transmit on multiple component carriers simultaneously to reach the higher bandwidths.
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Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)
Other-cell interference traditionally degrades the cellular system capacity. It is beneficial to isolate the cells by a wall.
The target in CoMP is to turn the other cell interference into useful signal. In that case, it is beneficial to “tear down the wall”.
… But, practical challenges remain as many studies assume e.g. ideal signal estimation and/or ideal connection between sites (no delay, infinite bandwidth
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Relays (RN=Relay Node)
eNB
UEUE
UE
UE
IP network
High capacity wired backbone
UE
BS signal is not received well
indoors, but RN signal level is good
RN1
Direct connection to BS possible but no high data rates without RN
RN2
Second hopFirst hop
Link between BS and MS
• Main focus is on single-hop relays.• Main assumption self-backhauled base stations but alternatives are still
being discussed.• Each relay looks like an independent cell, backhaul provided by an in-band
connection to the serving base station.
Multiple hops
required only in
extreme deployments
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LTE-Advanced Push Performance = clear gain
= moderate gain
• LTE-Advanced includes a toolbox of solutions improving radio performance
Carrier aggregation1
MIMO enhancements2
Peak rate
CoMP3
Average rate (capacity)
Cell edge rate (interference)
Coverage (noise limited)
++ + ++ +++(o)
++(+)
++(+) o
o + ++ ++Heterogeneous
networks4 o ++ ++
Relays5 o o + ++
1Multiple component carriers on the same or different spectrum2Including more transmit and receive antennas in downlink and in uplink, () without increasing the number of antennas3Coordinated multipoint transmission4Optimized usage of local and wide area cells5Decoding and encoding relay – similar to self backhauled base station
+
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Technology Evolution Enables LTE-Advanced
Optical transport
availability
Multiple power
amplifiers in UE4-8
antennas in UE
More spectrumMultiband
UE and BTS capability
Carrier aggregationMIMO
enhancementsCoMP
Heterogeneous networksRelays
Multi-antenna BTS site
Baseband processing capability
Low cost small BTS
• LTE-Advanced features can take benefit technology evolution in baseband and RF area, the new available spectrum and the optical fiber availability
LTE-A
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
HSPA R6 HSPA R10QC+MIMO
LTE R82x2 MIMO
LTE R84x4 MIMO
LTE-A R102x2 MIMO
LTE-A R104x4 MIMO
bps/
Hz/
cell
DownlinkUplink
Spectral Efficiency Improves but Only Moderately• Shannon law limits link performance improvements• Only moderate gain in spectral efficiency
HSPA
LTE
LTE-A
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Technology Evolution
42-168 Mbps
1.21-1.91
bps/Hz/cell
162 dB
HSPA+
150-300 Mbps
1.7-2.71
bps/Hz/cell
162 dB
LTE
1 Gbps
2.4-3.71
bps/Hz/cell
-
LTE-A targets
14-rx mobile
7-14 Mbps
1.0 bps/Hz/cell
162 dB
HSPA
70-150x
2-4x
~1x
• Peak bit rate increases by a factor of 100x • Spectral efficiency increases by a factor of 3x (=interference limitation)• No substantial improvements in coverage (=noise limitation)
New radio solution needed to improve coverage and capacity ⇒ active antennas, high density of small BTS, C-MIMO and relaying
Peak bit rate
Spectral efficiency
Coverage (1 Mbps)
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HSPA Market Situation
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HSPA Deployments Growing Globally
• 303 commercial HSPA networks in 130 countries• Further boost for 3G when India, Pakistan and Thailand start UMTS
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Broadband Subscribers in Finland Ficora Mid-2009 Report (Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority)
• 664.000 HSPA subscribers, which is 12.5% penetration of the whole population (5.3 M population)
• Other wireless solutions close to non-existent: Digita 450 Flarion 32 ksubs and WiMAX 11 ksubs
• HSPA penetration has increased 115% during the last 12 months and 40% during the last 6 months
• DSL penetration has decreased 4% during the last 12 months
http://www.ficora.fi/attachments/suomimq/5jdCGapBJ/Markkinakatsaus_2_2009.pdf
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HSPA Makes 30% of All Broadband Connections in Finland
HSPA
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HSPA Data Volume Increased by 5x in 12 Months. Usage per Sub More than Doubled.
0.7 GB /sub /month
1.2 GB /sub /month
1.5 GB /sub /monthMany operators report that
average laptop user consumes 2-3 GB/moth over HSPA
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UMTS900 Provides Nationwide Broadband
Finnish operators are rolling out >1000 UMTS900 BTS per year – that is faster than ever before in the history of mobile communications. The target is to
improve mobile broadband coverage.
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Feederless Sites
• Example base station site from Finland in the picture
• Many operators use today Feederless sites where the RF module is place close to the antenna
• Feederless site provide best radio performance since the cable loss can be avoided
Sonera Flexi 40-W RF modules for UMTS900
Sonera dual xx-pol antennas for
GSM900 and UMTS900
Digita 450
DNA Ericsson UMTS900 RF
modules
Elisa GSM900
DNA dual xx-polantennas for GSM900 and
UMTS900
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NSN Position in HSPA/LTE and Radio R&D
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NSN Position in HSPA/LTE – Nokia Capital Market Day Presentation
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NSN Investment in R&D – Nokia Capital Market Day Presentation
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HSDPA Performance
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HSDPA Peak Data Rates
• Max Layer 1 and Layer 2 (RLC) throughput shown below• Max application layer throughput can be very close to RLC
throughput
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 1.6 Mbps
# of codes Modulation Max L1 data rate
Max RLC data rate
5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 3.36 Mbps
10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 6.72 Mbps
15 codes 16-QAM 10.7 Mbps 9.6 Mbps
15 codes 16-QAM 14.0 Mbps 13.3 Mbps
12
UE category
5/6
7/8
9
10
25
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HSDPA Link Performance with Turbo Coding Approaches Shannon Limit
Higher bit rates can be obtained only with more antennas (MIMO) and/or wider bandwidth.
Sup
porte
d ef
fect
ive
data
rate
[Mbp
s]
0.1
1.0
10.0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
16QAM
0.01
Instantaneous HS-DSCH C/I before processing gain [dB]
QPSK
HSDPA linkadaptation curve
Shannon limit:3.84MHz*log (1+C/I)2
15 HS-PDSCH allocation(Rake, Pedestrian-A, 3km/h)
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Link Simulations in Fading Channel – Including Link Adaptation, CQI Errors and Feedback Delay
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
2
4
6
8
10
12
SINR(dB)
Thro
ughp
ut (M
bits
/s)
5 codes, PedA5 codes VehA5 codes fit10 codes PedA10 codes VehA10 codes fit15 codes PedA15 codes VehA15 codes fit
10 Mbps requires very high SINR >30
dB
3 Mbps requires very high SINR >24 dB
15-code
10-code
5-code
With low SINR < 5 dB, 5-code HSDPA gives similar
throughput as 10/15-code HSDPA since the throughput
is interference, not code limited
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51
HSDPA Data Rate vs RSCP
RLC throughput shown, 5 codes, total BTS power 20 W, Release 99 power 0-10 W
-115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 -800
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
CPICH RSCP [dBm]
kbps
15 W HS-DSCH10 W HS-DSCH5 W HS-DSCH
More power increases data rate
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HSDPA Scheduling and Cell Capacity
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53
Fast Proportional Fair Scheduling
UE2
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
Data
UE1
Multi-user selection diversity(give shared channel to “best” user)
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4
USER 1 Es/N0USER 2 Es/N0
Scheduled user
Node-B scheduling can utilize information on
the instantaneous channel conditions for
each user.
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Proportional Fair Algorithm
• Principle is to schedule the user who currently has the highest ratio of instantaneous throughput to average throughput. The averaging time is typically a few 100 ms.
• The user with the highest selection metric at a given time is selected for scheduling in the following TTI
• In practise, the gain in cell capacity is up to 30%
[ ][ ]nTnRM
k
kk ≡
Rk = instantaneous supported data rate for user k based on CQI report
Tk = average throughput for user k with 100-200 ms averaging period
Mk = selection metric where higher value gives higher probability of being scheduled
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55
3GPP HSDPA Terminal Performance Requirements
Performance requirements
Baseline receiver
3GPP Release
Performance gain
Minimum requirement
1-antenna Rake
Release 5 Basic receiver
Enhanced type 1
2-antenna Rake
Release 6 Better performance also against other cell interference with 2 antennas. HSDPA reference receiver for relative LTE performance evaluation.
Enhanced type 2
1-antenna Equalizer
Release 6 Improved performance against intra-cell interference
Enhanced type 3
2-antenna Equalizer
Release 7 Combines the gain mechanisms of intra-cell interference mitigation and receiver diversity
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Rake 1-ant Equalizer 1-ant Rake 2-ant Equalizer 2-ant
kbps
Round robin 5 codesRound robin 10 codesProportional fair 5 codesProportional fair 10 codesProportional fair 15 codes
1 Mbps
2.5 Mbps
4 Mbps
5-code BTS and single antenna UE Rake provides 1 Mbps10-code BTS and single antenna UE provides 2.5 Mbps15-code BTS and dual antenna UE provides 4 Mbps
HSDPA Capacity [kbps/Sector/5 MHz]
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57
Maximum HSDPA Subscribers 1+1+1
Cell capacity 5 Mbps
Convert Mbps to GBytes
Busy hour averageloading 50%
Busy hour carries 15% of daily traffic
30 days per month
3 sectors per site
From simulations
/ 8192
x 50%
/ 15%
x 30
x 3x 3
3600 seconds per hour x 3600
Total 660 subs/site
1 GB traffic per user / 1 GB (660 GB/site/month)
Cell capacity 5 Mbps
Required user data rate
3 sectors per site
From simulations
0.5 Mbps
x 3
Overbooking factor 45
Total 600 subs/site
Traffic volume based dimensioning Data rate based dimensioning
Busy hour averageloading 50%
58
HSDPA and Iub Capacity
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59
HSDPA & Iub• HSDPA improves Iub efficiency compared to Release’99 packet data
since HSDPA is a time shared channel with a flow control in Iub• Release’99 requires dedicated resources from RNC to UE. Those
resources are not fully utilized during TCP slow start, during data rate variations or during inactivity timer
• Additionally, HSDPA does not use soft handover ⇒ no need for soft handover overhead in Iub
= User 1= User 2= User 3
Iub link 1
Iub link 2
HSDPA Iubcapacity
1 2
1 = TCP slow start2 = Inactivity timer
Iub efficiently utilized by HSDPA
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60
Iub Capacity with E1s
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0
10.0
1 x E1 2 x E1 3 x E1 4 x E1 5 x E1 6 x E1 7 x E1
Mbp
s
5-code QPSK UE (Cat 12)5-code 16QAM UE (Cat 6)10-code 16QAM UE (Cat 8)15-code 16QAM UE (Cat 9)Iub limit
Iub overheads today• Common channels• RLC 5%. Will be <1% in R7• Frame protocol 3%• AAL2+ATM 17%
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61
Transport Solution Must Support High Data Rates
= Very high data rate solutions beyond 100 Mbps= High data rate solutions beyond 10 Mbps= Voice and low data rate solutions
Ethernet
E1
SHDSL.bis
ADSL2+
LTE
Ethernet
GPON
DSM L3
VDSL2 LTE
PeakData rate Downstream /
Downlink Upstream / Uplink
WiMAX
HSPA WiMAX
HSPA
WCDMA
GPON
10 G
1 G
100 M
10 M
1 M
0,1 M
WCDMAEDGE
evolution
EDGE
DSM L3
VDSL2
ADSL2+
ADSL
SHDSL.bis
E1
ADSL
E1
EDGEEDGE
EDGEevolution
62
HSDPA Terminals
32
63
Latest HSPA Modems
• Data rate 7.2 Mbps downlink– Now even 10 Mbps or 21 Mbps
• Data rate 2.0 Mbps uplink• Power class 3 = 24 dBm• Dual band 900/2100 MHz• In some also RX diversity available• USB stick as the latest form factor
64
Motorola Cliq Smart Phone
Dual band HSPA 7.2 Mbps
Receive antenna diversity
33
65
Nokia CS-18 USB Modem
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps HSUPA 5.76 Mbps Triple band HSPA
Receive diversity with the high bands
66
Huawei USB Modem
HSDPA 21 MbpsHSUPA 5.76 Mbps
Four HSPA bands Inter-cell interference cancellation
Receive antenna diversity
34
67
HSPA900 Refarming
68
Europe: EU Approves Release of 900-Mhz GSM Spectrum for Mobile BroadbandThe European Union (EU) has voted to free up the bandwidth, currently reserved for 2G GSM use, to encourage the roll-out of mobile broadband services across the bloc. The EU has chosen to allow operators freedom to choose how to make best use of the spectrum, providing an open and competitive landscape for the development of mobile services in Europe.The EU has approved plans to liberate radio spectrum in the 900-MHz band, which is currently reserved for mobile 2G GSM networks. EU member states have voted to free up the largely defunct bandwidth for use in providing next-generation mobile services and encouraging the roll-out of mobile broadband services across the bloc.The vote effectively removes the last obstacle to the re-allocation of the spectrum, as the European Parliament and the commission has already given the proposals the green light, and many domestic regulators have already begun the process of reallocating the frequencies.The vote will give member states the freedom to distribute the bandwidth, as long as this does not encroach on GSM services still in use, from the start of October this year.
GSM Directive Removed in Europe in July 2009Boosting WCDMA 900 deployments
35
69
Coverage Impact of the Spectrum
Okumura-Hata with 6 dB lower antenna gain with 800 and 900. TDD link budget loss 3 dB.
Typical site coverage area in suburban area
34.7
29.4
12.3
9.9
5.8
3.4
0 10 20 30 40
EU800
900
1800
2100
2600 FDD
2600 TDD
MHz
km2
Best coverage with low bands =
900 and 800
70
All New 3G Terminals Support 900
Handheld terminals
Integrated laptops
USB modem
For example, >30 models from Nokia
36
71
Operator View About UMTS900 UE Penetration
72
Refarming has Turned out Relatively Simple• Starting point full coverage GSM900 + city coverage UMTS2100
GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900
GSM 900
UMTS900 UMTS900GSM 900
GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
• UMTS900 refarming outside cities is typically simple due to low GSM traffic
GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900
GSM 900
UMTS900 UMTS900GSM 900
• UMTS900 refarming in cities gets easier when UMTS2100 has absorbed part of GSM900 traffic
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 900
UMTS 900
UMTS 900
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
UMTS 2100
37
73
Co-existence of UMTS900 + GSM900• 4.2 MHz is enough for WCDMA/HSPA carrier when deployed together
with GSM assuming. • 5.0 MHz is required for uncoordinated GSM + WCDMA deployment
(different operators). • 10 MHz total spectrum allows typically
– GSM 2+2+2 and UMTS 1+1+1 if no GSM AMR– GSM 4+4+4 and UMTS 1+1+1 with GSM AMR
WCDMA/HSPA
4.2 MHz2.8 MHz 2.8 MHz
Total = 10 MHz
= WCDMA/HSPA= GSM
2.2 MHz
10 MHz allocation allows 28 GSM carriers + 1 WCDMA carrier
74
900 MHz Allocation in Finland
• Final allocation 57 GSM carriers per operator (DNA 58) by end-2010• Each operator has allocated UMTS900 carrier in such a way that 2nd UMTS
carrier can be activated later without touching 1st carrier. – 2nd carrier assumes that GSM900 traffic must be very low. We can have max 16 GSM
carriers together with 2xUMTS, which implies max GSM 1+1+1.
= DNA = Sonera = Elisa = Current UMTS900 center frequency = Current UMTS900 channel occupancy (4.2 MHz)
= Potential future 2nd UMTS900 carrier (4.2 MHz) = Guard carrier
GSM only
1xUMTS
2xUMTS
38
75
HSUPA Performance
76
Benefit of Fast Retransmissions
10−2
10−1
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
BLEP at 1st transmission
Eff
ecti
ve E
b/N0 [
dB]
No HARQHARQ (IR)
0.8 dB gain providing 20%
higher cell throughput
HSUPA allows to use higher BLER because of fast retransmissions
R99
HSUPA
39
77
Benefit of Node-B Based Fast Scheduling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Noise Rise [dB]
Pro
babi
lity
VA 3 km/h − 20 users/cell − 5% NR outage = 6 dB
RNC PS
Node B PS
5-10% cell throughput
gain
78
Uplink cell throughput [kbps]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
WCDMA R99 HSUPA
kbps
HSUPA Capacity
Release’99
HSUPA
40
79
Coverage of high data-rate
Coverage gain
0.5 – 1.0 dB
UE capabilitybeyond 384 kbps
Peak data rate1.4-5.8 Mbps
Capacity gain 20-
50%
Cell throughput
gain
Latency gain
<50 ms
Quality of end user
experience
HSUPAHSUPA
Lower costs in transport
Iub capacity gain
Higher add-onPS Traffic
Savings in BB capacity costs
Saves BTS sites (~10%) and adds PS traffic
Savings in transport – in Dedicated VCCsolution max 25%
Higher add-onPS traffic
HSUPA Performance Gains
80
HSPA Evolution
41
81
UTRAN Evolution
• Best CS + PS combined radio• Spectrum shared with current 3G• Higher data rate and lower latency• Lower mobile power consumption• Flat architecture option• Simple upgrade on top of HSPA
HSPA evolution in R7 and beyondHSPA evolution
in R7 and beyondLTE new radio
access in R8LTE new radio
access in R8
HSDPA/HSUPA3GPP R6
HSDPA/HSUPA3GPP R6
• Optimized for PS only• New architecture• New modulation• Spectrum and bandwidth flexibility• Further reduced latency
Similar technical solutions applied both in HSPA evolution and in LTE
82
3GPP RAN Evolution in Release 5 – Release 8
3GPP R63GPP R6 3GPP R73GPP R7
• HSUPA 5.76 Mbps
• MBMS
• Continuous packet connectivity
• L2 donwlinkoptimization
• MIMO • 64QAM HSDPA• 16QAM HSUPA• High speed FACH• Flat architecture• MBMS evolution
3GPP R53GPP R5
• HSDPA 14 Mbps
3GPP R83GPP R8
• CS voice over HSPA
• High speed RACH • Enhanced UE DRX• Uplink L2
optimization• Flat architecture
optimization• Dual Cell HSDPA• LTE inter-working• LTE: New PS only
radio
HSDPA + HSUPA HSPA evolution
LTE ……
42
83
Uplink DTX + downlink DRX
Uplink DTX + downlink DRX
L2 optimization (Flexible RLC)
L2 optimization (Flexible RLC)
High speed FACH + High speed RACH
High speed FACH + High speed RACH
Downlink 64QAM, MIMO and Dual carrier
Downlink 64QAM, MIMO and Dual carrier
CS voice over HSPACS voice over HSPA
Uplink 16QAMUplink 16QAM
Lower UE power consumptionLower UE power consumption
Higher voice capacityHigher voice capacity
Higher L2 throughput and less processing requirements
Higher L2 throughput and less processing requirements
Lower latency = better response times
Lower latency = better response times
More efficient common channels = savings in channel elements
More efficient common channels = savings in channel elements
Higher downlink peak data rates and higher data capacity
Higher downlink peak data rates and higher data capacity
Higher uplink peak data ratesHigher uplink peak data rates
Flat architecture optimization
Flat architecture optimization Less network elementsLess network elements
Overview of HSPA Evolution Features
*
*
*
*
* = Nokia-NSN work item
84
MIMO and 64QAM
43
85
64QAM Modulation in Release 7
QPSK 2 bits/symbol
16QAM 4 bits/symbol
64QAM 6 bits/symbol
R5/R6 HSPA modulation• Dowlink QPSK and 16QAM• Uplink QPSK
R7 HSPA modulation• Dowlink QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM• Uplink QPSK and 16QAM
86
MIMO in HSDPA in Release 7
• MIMO for HSDPA is based on D-TxAA (Double Transmit Adaptive Array) with fast L1 feedback
• 2x2 MIMO peak data rate 28 Mbps with 16QAM and up to 42 Mbps with 64QAM
+
+
Coding, spreading
Coding, spreading
Demux
Base stationFeedback weights from UE Terminal
2 antennas & MIMO decoding capability
Transmitter with 2 branches per sector
44
87
MIMO Modes
High CQI Multistreamtransmission
Low CQISingle stream
diversitytransmission
• Single stream transmission is similar to Release’99 closed loop transmitdiversity, but with two differences
– The preferred antenna weights are delivered from UE to Node-B on HS-DPCCH, not on DPCCCH
– The used antenna weights in downlink are signaled on HS-SCCH while in Release 99 no explicit signaling was used. Therefore, Release 99 UE had to use antenna verification to identify the used antenna weights.
Double data rate
Interference resistance
88
Original HSDPA Release 7 MIMO has Problems
• Transmission to non-MIMO UEs causes problems– Option 1 : open loop transmit diversity (STTD) used for non-MIMO ⇒ equalizer
performance suffers– Option 2 : use only antenna power amplifier used for non-MIMO ⇒ the second
power amplifier in NodeB is poorly utilized• Code multiplexing degrades MIMO performance• Initial MIMO deployments can be done only on dedicated frequency
HS-DSCH1X
X
Σ
Σ
Other channels
HS-DSCH2
X
X
Other channels
MIMO NodeB MIMO UEFeedback from UE
45
89
Workaround Solution Needed to fix HSDPA MIMO
Release 7 Original MIMO Work-around MIMO
CPICH Diversity CPICH Secondary CPICH
Transmission to non-MIMO UEs
Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
Virtual antenna mapping (VAM)
Precoding feedback weights 4 2
• 3GPP UE correction will be included into March 2010 specifications• HSDPA MIMO deployments will happen later during 2010 due to these
UE corrections
90
HSDPA Terminal Categories (Single Carrier)
Cat Codes Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP
12 5 QPSK - 3/4 1.8 Mbps Release 56 5 16QAM - 3/4 3.6 Mbps Release 58 10 16QAM - 3/4 7.2 Mbps Release 59 15 16QAM - 3/4 10.1 Mbps Release 510 15 16QAM - 1/1 14.0 Mbps Release 5
13 15 64QAM - 5/6 17.6 Mbps Release 714 15 64QAM - 1/1 21.1 Mbps Release 715 15 16QAM 2x2 5/6 23.4 Mbps Release 716 15 16QAM 2x2 1/1 28.0 Mbps Release 7
17181920
Release 8Release 8
Release 7Release 7
23.4 Mbps28.0 Mbps
42.2 Mbps
15 64QAM or MIMO 5/615 64QAM or MIMO 1/115 64QAM 2x2 5/6 35.3 Mbps15 64QAM 2x2 1/1
DC-HSDPA
-----
----
--
--
46
91
HSDPA Evolution Link Performance
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26G-factor [dB]
kbps
HSDPA 2x2 MIMO
HSDPA 2-Eq 15 codes 64QAM
HSDPA 2-Eq 15 codes 16QAM
64QAM with SNR > 12 dB
MIMO provides some gain over the whole cell area (10-20%)
92
3.6
14.4
21.6
28.8
43.2
2.85.3 5.5 6.2 6.2
05
101520253035404550
5-code16QAM
15-code16QAM
64QAM MIMO 64QAM+MIMO
Mbp
s
Peak Average
HSDPA Evolution Increases Peak Data Rates
• HSPA evolution pushes peak rates – but less increase in average cell capacity
Peak rate by +200%
Average rate by +20%
47
93
64QAM Usage in Macro Cells
Two-antenna equalizer, ITU Pedestrian A, 3 km/h, 15 codes
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
User throughput [kbps]
Cum
ulat
e di
strib
utio
n
RR, without 64QAMRR, with 64QAMPF, without 64QAMPF, with 64QAM
64QAM used 10-25% of the cell area
94
Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)
48
95
Dual-Cell HSPA Concept
• Downlink: Transmit on two parallel 5 MHz carriers to single UE
• No changes to uplink. Uplink only 5 MHz since multicarrier transmission would be difficult for UE
2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
UE1
UE2
Uplink Downlink
96
DC-HSDPA vs MIMO Peak Rates
• MIMO requires 2 transmit antennas in BTS and 2 receiver antennas in UE
• DC-HSDPA can provide the same peak bit rate with 1 transmit antennain BTS and 1 receiver antenna in UE
• DC-HSDPA with 2x2 MIMO can provide theoretical peak rate of 84 Mbps– but not in Release 8
Single carrier DC-HSDPA
21 Mbps 42 MbpsPeak bit rate with 1 antenna tx and 1 antenna rx
42 Mbps 84 MbpsPeak bit rate with 2 antenna tx and 2 antenna rx
49
97
Data Rate Gain with DC-HSDPA
Number of users
User data rate [Mbps]
DC-HSDPA2 x SC-HSDPA
1
3
1 = Double data rate at low number of users2 = Capacity gain with certain user data rate3
2
= Slightly higher data rate at high number of users
98
DC-HSDPA Joint Scheduling
• DC-HSDPA packet scheduling is done jointly over the two carriers • Joint scheduling brings capacity benefits over separate single carriers
– Frequency selective packet scheduling – Statistical multiplexing (=trunking gain), meaning better resource utilization
efficiency of fast dynamic over semi-static load balancing.– Multi-user diversity gain because more users to select from in time scheduling.
5 MHz 5 MHz
Joint HSDPA scheduling
50
99
Capacity Gain with DC-HSDPA(8 Users with Full Buffer)
• DC-HSDPA brings 17-22% higher cell capacity compared to 2 single carriers due to joint scheduling
• Single carrier results are optimistic since they assume that users are equally distributed between the two carriers. Therefore, the practical DC-HSDPA gains are even larger.
0 5 10 15 20 250
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
DL cell throughput (Mbps)
cdf
Capacity Gain from Joint-Scheduler (8 users)
PedA, DC; mean = 12.71PedA, 2xSC; mean = 10.42PedB, DC; mean = 9.48PedB, 2xSC; mean = 8.09
17-22% cell capacity gain at
high load
100
User Data Rate Gain at High Load
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
DL user throughput (Mbps)
cdf
Throughput Gain over entire Cell Range (8 users)
PedA, DC; mean = 1.64PedA, 2xSC; mean = 1.35PedB, DC; mean = 1.23PedB, 2xSC; mean = 1.04
183,6723,11490th
281,2190,95050th
280,4800,37410th
DC Gain(%)
PedA, DC(Mbps)
PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile
183,6723,11490th
281,2190,95050th
280,4800,37410th
DC Gain(%)
PedA, DC(Mbps)
PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
DL user throughput (Mbps)
cdf
Throughput Gain over entire Cell Range (8 users)
PedA, DC; mean = 1.64PedA, 2xSC; mean = 1.35PedB, DC; mean = 1.23PedB, 2xSC; mean = 1.04
183,6723,11490th
281,2190,95050th
280,4800,37410th
DC Gain(%)
PedA, DC(Mbps)
PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile
183,6723,11490th
281,2190,95050th
280,4800,37410th
DC Gain(%)
PedA, DC(Mbps)
PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile
Cell edge data rate gain 28%Average data rate gain 28%
Close to BTS gain 18%
• DC-HSPA provides data rate gains over the whole cell area includingcell edge users
51
101
DC-HSDPA UE Categories
21 Release 823.4 Mbps15 16QAM - 5/6Yes22 Release 828.0 Mbps15 16QAM - 1/1Yes23 Release 835.3 Mbps15 64QAM - 5/6Yes24 Release 842.2 Mbps15 64QAM - 1/1Yes
Cat Codes Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP
25 Release 946.8 Mbps15 16QAM Yes 5/6
DC-HSDPA
Yes26 Release 956.0 Mbps15 16QAM Yes 1/1Yes27 Release 970.6 Mbps15 64QAM Yes 5/6Yes28 Release 984.4 Mbps15 64QAM Yes 1/1Yes
102
Multiband HSDPA in Release 9
3GPP Release 9UE can receive on two bands
1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
3GPP Release 10UE can receive on two bands with up to four carriers
1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
DownlinkUplinkDownlinkUplink900 MHz 2100 MHz
• UE can receive on two bands simultaneously to boost the data rates, for example 900 and 2100 MHz.
• Uplink transmission uses one frequency band
52
103
Uplink 16QAM
104
HSUPA Terminal Categories
Cat TTI Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP
3 10 ms QPSK - 3/4 1.4 Mbps Release 65 10 ms QPSK - 3/4 2.0 Mbps Release 66 2 ms QPSK - 1/1 5.7 Mbps Release 6
7 2 ms 16QAM - 1/1 11.5 Mbps Release 7
• 16QAM is a peak bit rate feature (does not improve cellcapacity)
53
105
HS-FACH / HS-RACH
106
HS-FACH + HS-RACH
RACH + FACH
HSDPA + HSUPA HSDPA + HSUPA
R99 solution R7/R8 solution
• The same physical channels used in FACH and in DCH states. • Benefits of HS-FACH + HS-RACH
• Seamless state transition since no physical channel reconfiguration • Higher bit rate in FACH state
6-32 kbps >1 Mbps
Seamless transitionDelay >0.5 s
>1 Mbps
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
54
107
HS-FACH + HS-RACH
• HS-FACH/HS-RACH gives access to high data rates without any setup latencies
• Lower latency implies higher effective data rate
Setup time Download
HSPA
HSPA evolution
Faster total download time
108
Fast State Transitions HS-FACH + HS-RACH
PCH
FACH
DCH/HSPA
No data flow during transition >500 ms
Cell update and C-RNTI allocation takes >300 ms
RB recon-figuration
RB recon-figuration
PCH
HS-FACH
HSPA
Data flows on HS-FACH also during transition
Immediate transmission w/o cell update. No PCH required.
Release 99 – Release 6 RRC States
Release 7 RRC States
55
109
3. UL data transmission4. MAC-e header with UE-id for
contention resolution
5. Collision resolution:UE id is returned on E-AGCH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #12#13#14#11DPCCHE-DPCCHE-DPDCH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 AICHE-AGCH
E-HICH E-HICH E-HICH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #12#13#14#11 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5DPCCH DPCCH DPCCHE-DPCCHE-DPDCH
1. PRACH preamble ramp-up phase withPRACH sub-channels and/or PRACH signature sequences reserved for enhanced RACH
2. Acquisition indication and E-DCHresource allocation, extended AICH
6. E-DCH with a new data rate after reception of E-AGCH
F-DPCH
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
High Speed RACH Principle• Fast access to high data rates also in uplink to complement R7
Enhanced FACH
110
Round Trip Time Today – Example from Commercial Network
020406080
100120140160180200
0 50 100 150 200 250
Ping number
ms Typical latency <40 ms
Downlink retransmission
takes min 12 ms
Uplink re-transmission takes
40 ms
Minimum latency 27 ms
Average latency 41 ms
56
111
HSPA Round Trip Time (RTT) Evolution
1 2 ms2 ms
1 12 ms
1.3 2 ms1
AlignHSUPA TTI
Node-B rxIub+RNC+core
Node-B txAlign+SCCH+HSDPA TTI
Network RTT 13.3 ms
1 2 ms1.3 2 ms1
TTI align HSUPA TTI
Align+SCCH+HSDPA TTI
7.3 ms
x msUE tx
x msUE rx
Realistic RTT with HSPA evolution
3GPP limit for RTT (theory)
= UE processing time
= TTI alignment = 0..1 x TTI
= Air interface transmission time
= Network processing times
• End-to-end round trip time <30 ms expected with HSPA
112
Optimized Layer 2
57
113
RLC
MAC-hs
…
IP packet 1500 B
UE
Node-B
RNCPDCP
RLC packet 40 B
3GPP Release 6
…
RLC
MAC-hs
IP packet 1500 BPDCP
RLC packet size flexible between 10B -1500 B
3GPP Release 7
…
Transport block size depending on scheduling
Transport block size depending on scheduling
…
MAC + RLC + PDCP MAC + RLC + PDCP
Optimized Layer 2 Concept (Flexible RLC)
• Basic RLC functions are kept: Ciphering, polling, retransmission• Smaller RLC overhead• Less packet processing required in UE and in RNC • No RLC optimization required for each service
114
Continuous Packet Connectivity
58
115
UE Power Savings with Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) in 3GPP Release 7
• Major UE power saving with discontinuous transmission and reception• Power savings apply for packet connections and for voice connections• Discontinuous transmission reduces also interference increasing uplink
capacity
DPCCHHS-DSCH
Web page download
User reading web page
User moved to FACH/PCH
Packet data
Voice
1
1 = Connection goes immediately to DTX/DRX mode to save mobile power when data transfer is over
2 = DTX/DRX can be used also between 20-ms voice packets
2
116
Enhanced UE DRX
• UE must decode all FACH frames in Release 7 ⇒ receiver is running continuously eating batteries
• The target in Release 8 is to enable Discontinuous reception (DRX) on FACH
• Example keep alive transmission below, where FACH DRX can lead to considerable battery savings
• The work item also explores the state transition to PCH without any RRC signalling
RACH
FACH in R7
= Keep alive transmission
= No data coming to UE, but UE must still decode all FACH frames
FACH in R8 = UE uses discontinuous reception when no data coming
59
117
HS-DSCH
E-DCH
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH Cell_PCH
PCH
Direct mapping to HS-SCCH
DRX in Release 7 DRX in Release 8 Long DRX periods (>500 ms)
DTX in Release 7 Transmission only when needed
RRC States in 3GPP Release 7/8
• The RRC states remain in Release 7/8 (DCH, FACH, PCH, idle), but the states will have more similarities and the state transitions will be faster
• Similar transport channels in DCH and FACH• DRX can be used in all states• DRX period longer in PCH state than in DCH or FACH
118
Improved L2 in Uplink
• Follows the same principle that was applied in downlink in Release 7
• The benefits– Reduced L2 overhead MAC + RLC– Lower processing power requirements in UE and in RNC– No RLC optimization required per service
60
119
CS Voice over HSPA
120
CS Voice over HSPA Concept
• The solution is to use HSPA transport channels for carrying CS voice • No impact to CS core network• No changes to HSPA Layer 1 required compared to VoIP over HSPA• Minor changes to L2 protocols
DCH
CS core
Transport channel
Layer 2 TM RLC
1IP header compression2Time stamping, no header compressionTM=transparent modeUM=unacknowledged mode
Dejitterbuffer
CS voice over Release 99 DCH
VoIP over HSPA in Release 7
CS voice over HSPA
UM RLC
PDCP2
No change to CS core network
Minor change to L2 protocols
PS core
UM RLC
PDCP1
HS-DSCH + E-DCH No change to Release 7 HSPA L1
61
121
CS Voice over HSPA Benefits Compared to CS Voice over Release 99 Channels
Improved talk-time• Uplink gating and downlink DRX can be used according to Release 7
Continuous packet connectivity (CPC)• Talk time improvement expected clearly more than 50% Faster call setup time• Core signaling runs fast on HSPA• HSPA allows asynchronous RAB Setup without slow DCH reconfiguration
procedures• UE-UE call setup time could ideally be below 1 s Higher capacity• Equaliser, L1 retransmissions, uplink gating, HS-SCCHless features.• No VoIP related overhead required : no IP, RTP headers
122
CSoHSPA = VoIP in Radio + CS Voice End-to-End
• CS voice call from core network point of view• VoIP call from the radio network point of view
RNC MGWBTSUE
No changes to CS core
HSPA packet channels
“VoIP in the radio” “CS voice in core and End-to-end”
50% increase in voice capacity50% improvement in voice talk time (battery time)
50% faster call set-ups
62
123
L1 Activity With Optimized Parameters
L1 activity
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
No bundling 2 packet bundling SID
HSPA uplinkHSPA downlink
• 2 ms TTI• BLER 10%• CQI aligned with data• UL pre/postambles 2 ms• DL DRX cycle 2 ms per 20 ms
• L1 activity with WCDMA R99 is 100% − also during silence frames• HSPA voice L1 activity can be 20-40% during voice and approx 10%
during silence frames leading to considerably longer talk times• Packet bundling means that two consecutive voice packets are
transmitted together over the radio
SID=Silence Indicator
124
05
101520253035404550
GSM EFR GSMAMR
GSMDFCA
WCDMACS voice5.9 kbps
HSPAVoIP/CS12.2 kbps
HSPA CS5.9 kbps
LTE VoIP12.2 kbps
Use
r per
MH
z
CS Voice over HSPA Spectral Efficiency
• 50-100% capacity gain over CS over WCDMA Release 99
+80%
Reasons for higher capacity• UE equaliser• L1 retransmissions• Uplink DTX• HS-SCCHless downlink• No VoIP related overhead
63
125
CSoHSPA Testing in Live Network
126
HSUPA 10-ms (2.0 Mbps)*
HSDPA 64QAM**HSDPA
2x2MIMO
HSUPA 2- ms (5.8 Mbps))
HS-FACH / HS-RACH
Adv. BTS RX(FDE, IC)
HSUPA 16QAM
DTX/DRX
Performance Benefits of HSPA+Peak rate
DC-HSDPA
Average rate
(capacity)Cell edge
rateLatency
gainUE power consume
+50% <10% - - -
+100% <30% <20% - -
+100% +20-100% +20-100% - -
+600% +20-100% RTT 20 ms -
+200% - RTT 15 ms -
+100% - - - -
- - - - Yes
- - - Setup time <0.1 s -
- +50% - -
<100%
= clear gain >30%
= moderate gain <30%
* Baseline: WCDMA Release 99 (uplink 384kbps)** Baseline WCDMA R5 (downlink 14.4 MBps)
<30%
-
Good for downlink data rates
Good for uplink data rates and latencyGood for uplink data rates and latency
Good for lower latency
Good for lower mobile power consumption
Good for uplink data rates and capacity
Upl
ink
Dow
nlin
k
CS voice over HSPA - - - Yes+80%
(voice)Good for talk time and voice capacity
64
127
All Services and Signalling Run on HSPA in Release 8
CS voice
Packet services
Signalling
WCDMA HSPA+
DCH
Common channels RACH, FACH
Paging PCH
HS-DSCH / E-DCH
DCH, RACH, FACH
DCH, RACH, FACH
Service mapping to transport channels
128
Multicarrier HSPA (MC-HSPA) Evolution
65
129
Multicarrier HSPA (MC-HSPA) Concept
1 x 5 MHzUplink Downlink
1 x 5 MHz
4 x 5 MHz
Uplink Downlink4 x 5 MHz
• HSPA release 7 UE can receive and transmit only on 1 frequency even if the operator has total 3-4 frequencies
• HSPA release 8 brought dual cell HSDPA• Further HSPA releases are expected to bring multicarrier HSDPA and
HSUPA which allows UE to take full benefit of operator’s spectrum
130
MC-HSPA Data Rate Evolution
14 Mbps
21-28 Mbps
Downlink
3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7
Uplink
42 Mbps84 Mbps
3GPP R8 3GPP R9
168 Mbps
3GPP R10
14 Mbps
0.4 Mbps5.8 Mbps
11 Mbps 11 Mbps 23 Mbps
DC-HSDPADC-HSDPA + MIMO
4-carrier HSDPA
DC-HSUPA 16QAM
64QAM or MIMO
• HSPA has strong data rate evolution beyond 100 Mbps making HSPA competitive long term solution for broadband data
66
131
HSPA Release 10 Outlook
Currently the following topics have been started• 4 Carrier HSDPA
– To include not only 4 carrier on the same frequency band but also the multi-band element
– In Europe this means combination of 900 + 2100 (1+3 carriers)
• Additional Release 10 topics– Drive test minimization– Energy efficiency (study)– New location methods (signature sequences)– Some more to be introduced 03/2010…
132
HSPA Evolution - Summary
• Release 5/6 HSDPA and HSUPA is the basis in the field now
• Release 7/8 HSPA evolution improves the key aspects of the system
– Lower power consumption– Faster access to content – Improved speech capacity (both CS and PS)– Less protocol overhead– Peak data rates up to 42 Mbps
• Release 9 continues HSPA evolution– Dual Carrier HSUPA– Dual-band HSDPA
• Release 10 – 4 Carrier HSDPA the main thing, some items still to come
67
133
HSPA+ and LTE
134
Key Features for LTE Downlink Spectral EfficiencyCompared to HSPA R6
Inter-cell interference rejection combining or cancellation
MIMO = combined use of 2 tx and 2 rxantennas
Frequency domain packet scheduling
+10%
+20%
+40%
Total gain up to 3.1x
OFDM with frequency domain equalization +20..70%
Compared to single antenna BTS tx and 2-rx terminal
Not feasible in HSPA due to cdma modulation
Possible also in HSPA but betterperformance in OFDM solution
Due to orthogonality
• 3GPP R7/R8 brings equalizer, MIMO and frequency domain schedulingto HSPA
68
135
Spectral Efficiency Evolution HSPA vs LTE
0.55
1.06 1.111.31
1.44 1.521.74
0.33 0.33 0.330.53
0.65 0.650.79
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0
HS
PA
R6
HS
PA
R6
+ U
Eeq
ualiz
er
HS
PA
R7
64Q
AM
HS
PA
R8
DC
-H
SD
PA
+ 3
i, U
LIC
HS
PA
R9
DC
-H
SD
PA
+MIM
O,
UL
prog
ress
ive
PC
HS
PA
R10
QC
-H
SD
PA
+MIM
O
LTE
R8
bps/
Hz/
cell
DownlinkUplink
136
Harmonization of HSPA and LTE
• HSPA and LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been simple multimode implementation.
• HSPA and LTE have in common– Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency– Same kind of Turbo coding (also maximum block size close
enough)
• The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on HW due to high processing requirements
69
137
Subscribers per Technology EvolutionInforma Estimate June 2009
Subscribers per technology
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Mill
ion
WiMAXLTEHSPAGSMCDMA
HSPA will be the mainstream in the
next yearsLTE growth
starting