Lookattheperiodictableofelements.1. Periodsrepresentthe(vertical/horizontal)rowsonthetable.2. DrawBohrdiagramsforCarbon-12,Boron-11andOxygen-16,allinperiod2.
3. Elementsinthesameperiodhavethesamenumberof______________________.4. Groupsrepresentthe(vertical/horizontal)columnsonthetable.5. DrawBohrdiagramsforLithium-7,Sodium-23,andPotassium-39,allingroup1.
6. Elementsinthesamegrouphavethesamenumberof______________________.
RULES:Group1areknownasAlkaliMetals.Group2areAlkalineearthmetals.Groups3-12areTransitionmetals.Group17areHalogens.Group18areNoblegases.Allothergroupsdonothavenames.
Name Symbol Period #EnergyLevels Group #Valence
Electrons GroupName LewisDiagram
Sodium
S
Ne
1 NobleGases
2 2
2 AlkaliMetals
4 1
4 7
4 AlkalineEarth
Metals
2 Halogens
3 8
Lookattheperiodictableofelements.
1. Howmanyperiodsareontheperiodictableofelements?
2. Writeoutelectronconfigurationsforanythreeelementsinperiod3.
3. Whatdoelementsinthesameperiodhaveincommon?
4. Howmanygroupsareontheperiodictableofelements?
5. WriteoutLewisdotdiagramsforanythreeelementsingroup18.
6. Writeoutthemostprobablechargesofelementsingroup:
a. One___ b.Two___ c.Seventeen____ d.Eighteen___
7. Whatdoelementsinthesamegrouphaveincommon?
8. Doelementsinthesameperiodhavemoreorlessincommonthanelementsinthesamegroup?
1. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforNeonandHeliumandexplainwhytheydonotbond:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforSodiumandCalciumandexplainwhymetalsloseelectrons:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforFluorineandSulfurandexplainwhynonmetalsgainelectrons:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforSiliconandgermaniumandexplainwhytheyaremetalloids:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Putacheckineachboxthatcorrectlydescribestheelementgiven.
2. Writeinthespace,“alkalimetals”,“alkalineearthmetals”,“transitionmetals”,“halogens”,or“noblegases”toindicatewhichgroupeachstatementisdescribing.
a. Coloredsolutionsb. Fullvalenceshellc. Mostactivemetalsd. Mostactivenonmetalse. Monatomicgasesf. Diatomicelementsg. Stableandunreactiveh. 7valenceelectronsi. 2valenceelectronsj. Formionswitha+1charge
Metal Metalloid Nonmetal AlkaliMetal
AlkalineEarthMetal
Transitionmetal
Halogen Noblegas
Monatomic Diatomic
Sb Sr Rn P Pt Cs S Fe Br Ar H Si B F He Se Zn Ra
1. UsingtableS,recordtheradiusofLithiumandFluorine:_______________and_______________.2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforLithiumandFluorine.Createanucleuswithadiameterof2.0cm.Createafirst
energylevelwithadiameterof4.0cm.Thesecondenergylevelwillhavearadiuscloseto4.0cm.Recall,positivechargesattractnegativecharges.Therefore,protonswillattracttheelectronsintheenergylevels.Themoreprotonsanatomhas,thestrongerthepullonelectrons.Drawthesecondenergylevelinconsideringthesestatements.
3. ProvidearulethatexplainsthetrendofAtomicRadiusinaperiodwithrespecttothenumberofprotons,electrons,andenergylevelsintheatom.
4. UsingtableS,recordtheradiusofBerylliumandMagnesium:_______________and_______________.
5. DrawtheBohrdiagramforBerylliumandMagnesium.Createanucleuswithadiameterof2.0cm.Createafirstenergylevelwitharadiusof2.0cm(measurefromcenterofnucleus).Eachadditionalenergylevelwilladd1.0cmtotheradius.
6. ProvidearuletoexplainthetrendofAtomicradiusinagroupwithrespecttothenumberofprotons,electrons,andenergylevelsintheatom.
PeriodTrend:1. UsingtableS,recordtheIonizationenergiesofLithiumandFluorine:_______________and
_______________.2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsofLithiumandFluorineusingthekey:
3. Onyourdiagramsabove,useanarrowtoshowtheattractionofprotonstoelectronsinthestructure.Forexample:
4. Whichatom,lithiumorfluorine,feelsthemostpullonitsvalenceshell?Explainyouranswer.
IonizationEnergyisdefinedastheenergyneededtoremovethemostlooselyboundvalenceelectronfromanatom.
5. Forwhichatom,Lithiumorfluorine,isithardertoremoveitsmostlooselyboundvalenceelectron?Explain
youranswer.
6. Describethetrendofionizationenergieswithinaperiodintermsofprotons,electrons,andenergylevels.
7. UsingtableS,recordtheIonizationEnergiesofBerylliumandMagnesium:____________and___________.8. DrawtheBohrdiagramsofBerylliumandMagnesiumusingthekeyabove.
9. Onyourdiagramsabove,useanarrowtoshowtheattractionofprotonstoelectronsinthestructure.Forexample: Usethesamesizearrowstodenotethatthepullofeachprotonisthesameamountofenergy.
10. Whichatom,berylliumormagnesium,feelsthemostpullonitsvalenceshell?Explainyouranswer.
11. Forwhichatom,berylliumormagnesium,isithardertoremoveitsmostlooselyboundvalenceelectron?Explainyouranswer.
12. Describethetrendofionizationenergieswithinagroupintermsofprotons,electrons,andenergylevels.
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Using table S, record the electronegativity values of Lithium and Fluorine: _____________ and ____________.
2.
3. Whatparticleinthenucleusisresponsibleforattractingtheelectronsofanotheratomasdescribedabove?
4. Finishthestatement:Fluorinehas(more/less)protonsthanlithiumanda(larger/smaller)electronegativityvaluebecausefluorine’snucleushasa(stronger/weaker)pullonnewelectronsthanlithium.
5. Describethetrendofelectronegativitywithinaperiodintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.
6. UsingtableS,recordtheelectronegativityvaluesofBerylliumandMagnesium:_____________and_____________.
7. Magnesiumhasmoreprotonsthanberylliumbutaweakerpullonelectrons.DrawBeandMgBohrdiagramswitharrowstodenotethepullofprotonsonelectronsofanewatom.UsethediagramstodeterminewhatotherfactormightmakeMagnesium’snucleusnotpullasstrong.
8. Describethetrendofelectronegativitywithinagroupintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.
9. Describewhyfluorinewouldhavethehighestelectronegativityofallelementsintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.
10. Explainapossiblereasonwhynoblegaseshavenopublishedelectronegativityvaluesbasedonyourknowledge
ofnoblegasproperties.
1.Writeinthespace,“metals”,“metalloids”,or“nonmetals”toindicatewhichtypeofelement.a. LocatedontheleftsideoftheP.T.b. LocatedontherightsideoftheP.T.c. Solidsarebrittled. Majorityoftheelementse. Gainelectronstoformnegativeionsf. Locatedalongthe“staircase”g. Havelusterh. Malleablei. Loseelectronstoformpositiveionsj. Ductilek. Excellentconductorsofheat&electricityl. Poorelectrical&heatconductorsm. Lowelectronegativityvaluesn. Lowionizationenergyo. Highionizationenergyp. Highelectronegativityvaluesq. Ionsarelargerthantheiratomsr. Ionsaresmallerthantheiratoms
2.UseTableStofillinthenamesandstatesofeachelementbelow.Checkalltheboxeswhichdescribetheelement.
Name
PhysicalProperties ChemicalProperties
StateatSTP(s,l,org)
BrittleMalleable/ductile
Conductor
Ionizationenergy
Electro-negativity
Electrons
Good Poor Low High Low High Lose Gain
C
Ag
Mg
I
S
Au
Fe
Br
Ar
H
Hg
THEPERIODICLAW
ThePeriodicLawstatesthatwhenelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,repetitioustrendscanbeseen.Mendeleev’speriodictablewasarrangedinorderofincreasingatomicmass.Hethenarrangedcolumnsinordertohaveelementswithsimilarpropertiesalignincolumns.Themoderntableisarrangedbyatomicnumber.
a.Whatsubatomicparticledecidestheorderofthemodernperiodictable?______________________
b.ExplainhowMendeleev’stableisonlyslightlydifferentthanthemoderntable._________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
METALS,NONMETALS,ANDMETALLOIDS
Metalsareelementsontheleftsideofthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhave1-2valenceelectrons,whichtheytendtolosetoformcations.Metalsarelustrous,malleable,ductile,andgoodconductorsofheatandelectricity.
a.Definelustrous._____________________________________________________________________
b.Definemalleable.___________________________________________________________________
c.Defineductile.______________________________________________________________________
d.Circlethemetal: H P Cu S
Nonmetalsareelementsontherightsideofthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhave4-8valenceelectrons,whichtheytendtogaintoformanionsandfilltheiroctet.Nonmetalsaredull,brittle,andpoorconductorsofheatandelectricity.
a.Circlethenonmetal: C Mg Na Au
b.Whyishydrogenconsideredtobeanonmetal?___________________________________________
Metalloidsareelementsthattouchthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhavepropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals.
a.Mostelementsontheperiodictablecanbeclassifiedasmetal,nonmetal,ormetalloid?
b.Circlethemetalloid: S Si Se Sr
c.Circletheelementthatislustrous: Na N Rn Ne
d.Circletheelementthatismalleable: Mg C Ar H
e.Circletheelementthatisdull: S Sc Sr Sn
f.Circlethebestconductor: C Cl Cu He
g.Circletheelementthathaspropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals: Ge Ga
GROUPSANDPERIODS
Periodsarethehorizontalrowsontheperiodictable.ElementsinthesameperiodhavethesamenumberofelectronlevelsintheBohrdiagram.
a.DrawBohrdiagramsofNa,Si,LiandCandshowhowyoucantellwhichareinthesameperiod.
b.Howmanyenergylevelswillanatominthesecondperiodhave?________Thirdperiod?_________
Groups(orfamilies)aretheverticalcolumnsontheperiodictable.Elementsinthesamegrouphavethesamenumberofvalenceelectronsandoftenhavesimilarproperties.
a.Howmanyvalenceelectronsdothefollowingatomshave?
Na:___ Mg:___ Al:___ Si:___ P:___ S:___ Cl:___
b.Whichtwohavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons? Ca S Mg
Group1elementsaretheAlkaliMetals,whichhave1valenceelectronandareveryreactive(explodeinwater).Group2elementsaretheAlkalineEarthMetals,whichhave2valenceelectronsandarestillveryreactive(notasmuchasalkali).Groups3-12aretheTransitionMetals,whichformcoloredcompoundsandsolutions.Group17elementsaretheHalogens,whichhave7valenceelectronsandarethemostreactivenonmetals.Group18aretheNobleGases,whichhave8valenceelectronsandarenotreactive.
a.Whyarethenoblegasesnotreactive?__________________________________________________
b.Whichelementmaybeblueinsolutions? C Cu Ca Cl
c.Whichelementisahalogen? C Cu Ca Cl
d.Whichelementisanalkalineearthmetal? C Cu Ca Cl
e.Whichelementisanoblegas? H F Cs Rn
f.Whichelementisthemostreactivemetal? H F Cs Rn
g.Whichelementisthemostreactivenonmetal? H F Cs Rn
ATOMICRADIUS
Theatomicradiusisthesizeofanatom.YoucanlookuptheatomicradiusonTableSofthereferencetables.
a.Recordtheatomicradiusof: Li________Be________B________C________
N________O________F________Ne________
b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheatomicradius_______________________because_______________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c.Recordtheatomicradiusof: Na________Li________K________Rb_________Cs________
d.Asyougodownagrouptheatomicradius_______________________because________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e.Whichelementisthelargest?____________Thesmallest?____________________
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Theelectronegativityofanatomisitsabilitytogainanelectron.YoucanlookuptheelectronegativityonTableSofthereferencetables.
a.Recordtheelectronegativityof: Li________Be________B________C________
N________O________F________Ne________
b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheelectronegativity_______________________because_____________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c.Recordtheelectronegativityof: Na________Li________K________Rb________Cs________
d.Asyougodownagrouptheelectronegativity____________________because_________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e.Whydon’tnoblegaseshaveelectronegativityvalues?______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
f.Whichelementhasthehighestelectronegativity?____________
IONIZATIONENERGY
Thelastlevelcontainsvalenceelectronsthatcanbelostorgainedtoformionsinvolvedinbonding.Cationsarepositiveionsthathavelostelectrons,thereforehavingmorepositiveprotonsthannegativeelectrons.Anionsarenegativeionsthathavegainedelectronsandthenhavefewerprotonsthanelectrons.
a.HowmanyvalenceelectronsdoesSodiumhave?________
b.Howmanyvalenceelectronsdoesfluorinehave?________
c.Ifanatomhas8protonsand10electrons,whatisthecharge?_______Whattypeofionisit?_____
d.Ifanatomhas12protonsand10electrons,whatisthecharge?______Whattypeofionisit?_____
Theionizationenergyofanatomishowmuchenergyisrequiredtoremoveanelectronfromthevalence.YoucanlookuptheionizationenergiesonTableSofthereferencetables.
a.Recordtheionizationenergiesof: Li________Be________B________C________
N________O________F________Ne________
b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheionizationenergies_______________________because___________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c.Recordtheionizationenergiesof: Na________Li________K________Rb________Cs________
d.Asyougodownagrouptheionizationenergies____________________because_______________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e.Whichelementhasthehighestionizationenergy?____________Thelowest?__________________