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Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a
Local Level A set of creative and diverse research efforts towards meeting the water and sanitation needs of different areas of
eThekwini Municipality.
Chris Buckley University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa [email protected]
ASSAf Leopoldina Technology Innovations for a Low Carbon Society Conference 8 – 9 October
2012
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Durban to eThekwini Municipality
• old Metro – 1 366 km2
– population 2.5 mill • Unicity
– 2 297 km2
– population 3.5 mill
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Rural Durban
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Typical Rural Household
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But some are not so fortunate …
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… leading to open defecation
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Sewers Failing …
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and VIP toilets need emptying
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Informal settlements spring up overnight
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Cholera Cases (2000 – 2001)
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Composition of Excreta Indicator Units Wet Dry
faeces L/y.p 50 11
urine L/y.p 500 21
water borne L/d.p 20 to 250
nil
tons/y.p 18 0.03
nitrogen in urine % 88
phosphorous in urine
% 67
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Backdrop
• MDG targets • rigid discharge standards • increasing water stress • energy interruptions • poverty • sewage as a problem • internet communications
now
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Backdrop
• MDG targets • rigid discharge standards • increasing water stress • energy interruptions • poverty • sewage as a problem • internet communications
• sustainability targets • risk based approach • water conservation • high energy costs • food security • excreta as a resource • smart cities
now future
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Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage
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Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage
• public health • public health • public health • public health • public health
• public health • public health • public health • public health • public health
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Public Health for Suvival
• faeces contain pathogens • urine contains nutrients • eliminate contact between people and
excreta (pathogens) • piped systems faeces • treatment + pathogen reduction →
environment
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History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source)
• urbanisation and great plagues and fires • city-wide planning • disease theory – air borne vapours • dispersal in water removes disease
(vapours) • flushing toilets • combined sewers and storm water • diameter of sewer pipes
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History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source)
• urbanisation and great plagues and fires • city-wide planning • disease theory – air borne vapours • dispersal in water removes disease
(vapours) • flushing toilets • combined sewers and storm water • diameter of sewer pipes
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History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body)
• water discharge to rivers • oxygen sag
– odours – anaerobic conditions – fish kills – NH3 (ammonia)
• COD (or BOD) removal – aeration • eutrophication
– nitrogen removal – phosphorous removal
• endocrine disrupting compounds – advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents – wetlands
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History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body)
• water discharge to rivers • oxygen sag
– odours – anaerobic conditions – fish kills – NH3 (ammonia)
• COD (or BOD) removal – aeration • eutrophication
– nitrogen removal – phosphorous removal
• endocrine disrupting compounds – advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents – wetlands
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The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..
Wastewater Treatment
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The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..
history
Wastewater Treatment
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The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..
history the challenges provided by meeting the
needs of developing countries will set the new standards
Wastewater Treatment
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Water Supply limited to capacity of plot
• free basic water – 300 L/d/household (was 200 L/d/hh) – delivered to formal houses (urban and rural) – informal areas standpipes around periphery
• rising block tariff – 3 blocks (free; > 9 kL/mth; > 30 kL/mth) – full pressure and low pressure systems
• full cost recovery for an efficient service • sanctions for water theft and non-payment
– strategies to create well behaved customers
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Development of a Sanitation Policy for Unserved
• urine diversion toilets in place of VIP latrines • water supply depends on evapotranspiration
area • community ablution blocks in informal
settlements • decentralised systems for isolated
communities • school sanitation support • trials using anaerobic systems and urban
agriculture
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Sanitation Backlog (2007)
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Rural Areas - UDDT
• dry on-site • free toilet • free basic water • two chambers • urine to soak-a-
way • householder
maintenance
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Rural Household
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UD toilet contents can be useful
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VIP Toilets peri urban and urban
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Even VIP Toilets Need Emptying
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Pit Emptying Tools
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Deep Row Entrenchment
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Latrine Dehydration and Pasteurisation (LaDePa)
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Interim Services for informal settlements
• communal ablution blocks • basic road network footpaths • electricity connections • standpipes • sustainable livelihoods
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Community Ablution Blocks external view
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Community Ablution Blocks internal view - female
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Smarter Design and Construction
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Informal Settlement
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Magabheni Pond Effluent
Durban, 30.11.2009 Sandra Hildbrand, Wolf Raber
40
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Newlands –Mashu DEWATS Plant technical evaluation plant
• development nodes remote from sewers • decentralised piped system • urine diversion pour flush / low flush toilets • anaerobic baffled reactor • anaerobic filter • constructed wetlands • immersed membranes • agricultural reuse
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Dewats Technical Evaluation Plant
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Horizontal Flow Planted Gravel Filter
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Vertical Flow Planted Gravel Filter
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Newlands –Mashu DEWATS Plant AMU Centre of Excellence
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Wastewater and Agriculture
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formal low-cost housing
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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sanitation Programme
• USD 65 mill in 2013 • game changing initiatives • Reinvent The Toilet Challenge
– targeted to bottom 2.6 billion people • but applicable to the top of the pyramid
– off grid – produces potable water + fertiliser + energy – costs less than USD 0.05 /person/d
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right now on-site sanitation is one of the most exciting fields of technical development …
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Water is life
Sanitation is dignity
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If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together. African Proverb