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Alcatel-Lucent 9400
LTE Radio Access Network | Release LA4.0
RAN Overview
418-000-012
Issue 1 | March 2012
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Contents
About this document
Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................................................. ixix
Intended audience ......................................................................................................................................................................... ixix
Supported systems ........................................................................................................................................................................ ixix
How to use this document ......................................................................................................................................................... ixix
Conventions used ........................................................................................................................................................................... xx
Related information ....................................................................................................................................................................... xx
Document support .......................................................................................................................................................................... xx
Technical support ........................................................................................................................................................................... xx
How to order .................................................................................................................................................................................... xx
How to comment ........................................................................................................................................................................... xixi
1 Long Term Evolution System Overview
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11-1
Long Term Evolution .............................................................................................................................................................. 1-11-1
LTE functions ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1-31-3
LTE network components ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-41-4
LTE interfaces ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1-61-6
LTE protocol stacks .................................................................................................................................................................. 1-71-7
2 LTE Radio Access Network
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-12-1
LTE RAN ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-12-1
LTE RAN interfaces ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-22-2
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3 Architecture
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-13-1
5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM) ............................................................................................................................... 3-13-1
Network Performance Optimizer (NPO) .......................................................................................................................... 3-33-3
eNodeB ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-53-5
Network Element Manager (NEM) .................................................................................................................................... 3-73-7
Wireless Trace Analyzer (WTA) ........................................................................................................................................ 3-73-7
Wireless Provisioning System (WPS) ............................................................................................................................... 3-73-7
4 LTE RAN OAM functions
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-14-1
Fault management ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4-14-1
Configuration management ................................................................................................................................................ 4-154-15
Performance management ................................................................................................................................................... 4-294-29
Security ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-464-46
Call Trace .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4-464-46
Self Optimizing Network (SON) ...................................................................................................................................... 4-474-47
Transport call admission control ....................................................................................................................................... 4-484-48
5 LTE Services
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-15-1
Synchronization ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-15-1
Quality of Services (QoS) ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-35-3
A Abbreviations
Overview .....................................................................................................................................................................................A-1A-1
Initialisms ...................................................................................................................................................................................A-1A-1
Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................................................A-5A-5
Index
Contents
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List of tables
1-1 LTE interfaces ............................................................................................................................................................. 1-61-6
4-1 Fault types .................................................................................................................................................................... 4-24-2
4-2 State types .................................................................................................................................................................... 4-54-5
4-3 Alarm termination ..................................................................................................................................................... 4-84-8
4-4 AvailabilityStatus values and default states ................................................................................................... 4-194-19
4-5 Parent-child object .................................................................................................................................................. 4-204-20
4-6 eNodeB XML file naming convention ............................................................................................................ 4-424-42
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List of tables
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List of figures
1-1 LTE network components ..................................................................................................................................... 1-41-4
1-2 User-plane protocol stack ....................................................................................................................................... 1-81-8
1-3 Control plane protocol stack .................................................................................................................................. 1-91-9
2-1 LTE RAN interfaces ................................................................................................................................................. 2-22-2
2-2 S1 interface .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-32-3
2-3 X2 interface ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-42-4
2-4 LTE air interface ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-52-5
3-1 Standalone 5620 SAM system .............................................................................................................................. 3-23-2
3-2 NPO with auxiliary server ...................................................................................................................................... 3-43-4
3-3 NPO with PCMD support (48K configuration) .............................................................................................. 3-43-4
3-4 eNodeB architecture ................................................................................................................................................. 3-53-5
4-1 Configuration extract view .................................................................................................................................. 4-234-23
4-2 Configuration import view .................................................................................................................................. 4-234-23
4-3 Offline configuration activation view .............................................................................................................. 4-244-24
4-4 cmXML interface overview ................................................................................................................................ 4-254-25
4-5 9452 WPS positioning within OAM ................................................................................................................ 4-284-28
4-6 Measurement scheduling and reporting .......................................................................................................... 4-314-31
4-7 Functional view of the counter observation domain .................................................................................. 4-364-36
4-8 Measurement files - schedule ............................................................................................................................. 4-394-39
4-9 SAM Call Trace Architecture ............................................................................................................................. 4-474-47
5-1 Synchronization distribution ................................................................................................................................. 5-35-3
5-2 QoS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5-45-4
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List of figures
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About this documentAbout this document
Purpose
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution Radio Access Network
(LTE RAN) system. The document can be used to understand the different aspects of
LTE, LTE RAN, architecture, interfaces, OAM functions and services.
Intended audience
This document provides an overview of the LTE technology and introduces the
Alcatel-Lucent solution to operations and maintenance personnel and to other users who
want to know more about the LTE RAN for LTE network management.
Supported systems
This document applies to the System Release LTE RAN LA4.0 (frequency division
duplex - FDD) and TLA4.0 (time division duplex - TDD).
How to use this document
The following table describes how to use this document.
Document organization When to use
Chapter 1, Long Term Evolution
System Overview
To know about Long Term Evolution.
Chapter 2, LTE Radio Access Network To know about Long Term Evolution Radio Access
Network.
Chapter 3, Architecture To know about different architecture and various
components involved in the Long Term Evolution
Radio Access Network solution.
Chapter 4, LTE RAN OAM functions To know about LTE RAN OAM functions.
Chapter 5, LTE Services To know about Long Term Evolution services.
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Conventions used
The following typographical conventions are used in this guide:
Appearance Description
italicized text Used for:
File and directory names
Emphasized information
Titles of publications
A value that the user supplies
graphical user interface text or key name Used for:
Text that is displayed in a graphical user
interface or in a hardware label
The name of a key on the keyboard
input text Command names and text that the user types
or selects as input to a system
output text Text that a system displays or prints
Related information
The following document is referenced in this document or includes additional information
relevant to this document. Refer to Alcatel-Lucent 9400 LTE Radio Access Network
Customer Documentation Overview, 418-000-010 for the purpose of the listed document.
Alcatel-Lucent 9400 LTE Radio Access Network Terminology Overview, 418-000-011
Document support
For support in using this or any other Alcatel-Lucent document, contact Alcatel-Lucent at
one of the following telephone numbers:
1-888-582-3688 (for the United States)
1-630-224-2485 (for all other countries)
Technical support
For technical support, contact your local Alcatel-Lucent customer support team. See the
Alcatel-Lucent Support web site (http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/support/) for contact
information.
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To order Alcatel-Lucent documents, contact your local sales representative or use Online
Customer Support (OLCS) (http://support.alcatel-lucent.com).
About this document
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How to comment
To comment on this document, go to the Online Comment Form (http://infodoc.alcatel-
lucent.com/comments/) or e-mail your comments to the Comments Hotline
About this document
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About this document
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1 1Long Term Evolution
System Overview
Overview
Purpose
This chapter provides an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Contents
Long Term Evolution 1-1
LTE functions 1-3
LTE network components 1-4
LTE interfaces 1-6
LTE protocol stacks 1-7
Long Term Evolution
Introduction
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation broadband wireless technology for
3GPP and 3GPP2 networks with the support of up to 20 MHz of bandwidth. LTE is
predominantly associated with the radio access network (RAN). The system architecture
evolution (SAE) specifications defines the core network which is termed as evolved
packet core (EPC) including all Internet Protocol (IP) networking architecture.
LTE provides high data rate by combining four important mechanisms:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) on the downlink to
achieve high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth.
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), a technology that
proves advantageous in terms of power efficiency on the uplink.
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Use of 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Advanced Antenna techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).
LTE features
The following are the features of LTE:
Spectral efficiency (5 bps/Hz DL, 2.5 bps/Hz UL), user throughput (up to 100 Mbps),
latency (10 ms UE-eNodeB), cell edge bit rate
Simplification of the radio network with flexible spectrum allocation (1.4 20 MHz)
Support of efficient packet-based services such as Multimedia Broadcast Multicast
Service (MBMS) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Converged baseband and Software-Defined Radio (SDR) modules
Self-Organizing Network (SON) capabilities
Inter-working with GSM, W-CDMA, and CDMA networks
Radio resource management and fair scheduler
IP transport
Interoperability with networks such as UTRAN, GERAN, and EV-DO
Benefits of LTE
LTE provides global mobility with a wide range of services that includes voice, data, and
video in a mobile environment with lower deployment costs.
The following are the benefits of LTE:
Support for higher user data rates
Reduced packet latency and rich multimedia user experience
Increased spectral efficiency. Offer new services and adapt to available spectrum
Improved system capacity and coverage as well as variable bandwidth operation
Lower deployment costs
Excellent performance for outstanding quality of experience
Wide spectrum and bandwidth range
Cost effective with a flat IP architecture
Smooth integration and mobility with the networks
Optimized usage of radio resource management and fair scheduler
Long Term Evolution System Overview Long Term Evolution
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LTE functions
Overview
This section describes the LTE functions hosted by eNodeB from 3GPP standard
perspective.
eNodeB functions
The eNodeB performs the following functions:
Radio Resource Management, Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control,
Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both Uplink
and Downlink (scheduling)
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream
Selection of MME at UE attachment
Routing User Plane data to SAE Gateway
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME)
Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or
Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling
Mobile Management Entity (MME) functions
The MME performs the following functions:
Distribution of paging messages to the eNodeBs
Security control
Idle state mobility control
SAE bearer control
Ciphering and integrity protection of NAS signaling
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) functions
The SAE Gateway performs the following functions:
Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons
Switching of U-plane for supporting UE mobility
QoS handling and tunnel management
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE functions
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LTE network components
Overview
Figure 1-1, LTE network components (p. 1-4) describes the LTE network components
and interfaces.
User equipment
The User Equipment (UE) is a combination of Mobile Equipment (ME) and Subscriber
Identity Module / Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Subscriber Identity
Module (UMTS SIM/USIM) with LTE capabilities.
LTE RAN
LTE RAN provides the physical radio link between the User Equipment (UE) and the
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. LTE RAN comprises eNodeBs. The eNodeB
contains Transmit Receive Duplex Units (TRDUs) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) and
communicates with the UEs. The eNodeB supports Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO).
The eNodeB provides:
Radio resource management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control,
Connection Mobility Control, and Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in uplink
and downlink (scheduling)
S1-MME interface to Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Figure 1-1 LTE network components
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE network components
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S1-U interface to Serving Gateway (S-GW)
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream
Routing of user plane data towards S-GW
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from MME)
Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from MME or
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM))
Bearer level rate enforcement and bearer level admission control
Handover support
Evolved Packet Core
The LTE related core network evolution is referred to as Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
LTE architecture is based on the system architecture evolution (SAE) model defined by
the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP). EPC consists of the following network elements:
Mobility Management Entity
The Mobility Management Entity (MME) is the LTE mobility management and session
management entity of the evolved packet core. MME is responsible for selection of the
P-GW, triggering and enabling authentication, and saving the subscriber profile
downloaded from the HSS.
The MME handles signaling traffic from the UE/eNodeB through any of the following:
S1-MME interface
MME talks to other MMEs through the S10 interface
In the evolved packet core, the MME terminates the control plane with the mobile device.
MME is responsible for terminating Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling such as
Mobility Management (MM) and Session Management (SM) information as well as
coordinating Idle Mode procedures. The MME also includes the gateway selection inter
MME Mobility and authentication of the mobile device.
Serving Gateway
The Serving Gateway (S-GW) is responsible for anchoring the user plane for
inter-eNodeB handover and inter-3GPP mobility. S-GW in LTE terminates the LTE RAN
and a UE that has only one S-GW at any instance. S-GW handles the user data
functionality and is involved in routing and forwarding the data packets to P-GW through
S5 interface.
Packet Data Network Gateway
The Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) is responsible for IP address allocation to
the UE. The PDN-GW is also the policy enforcement point to enforce Quality of Service
(QOS) specific rules on traffic packets. The PDN-GW terminates the signaling gateway
(SG) interface in evolved packet core network. PDN-GW is responsible for functions
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE network components
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such as policy enforcement based on the traffic monitoring characteristics on a subscriber
by subscriber basis and ensures the appropriate traffic policy. The PDN-GW connects the
UE to external PDNs (Packet Data Networks) and acts as the UE's default router.
Policy Control and Charging Rules Function
The Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a functional entity of the 3GPP PCC
(Policy and Charging Control) architecture. The PCRF plays a vital role and makes
Quality of Service (QOS) and charging policy decisions. The Home PCRF (HPCRF)
interfaces with the CSCF, it retrieves IMS layer QOS and makes policy decisions. These
policies are passed down to the P-GW, S-GW, and H-SGW for policy enforcement
through the visited PCRF in the regional center.
LTE interfaces
Overview
The Table 1-1, LTE interfaces (p. 1-6) describes the LTE interfaces and communication
between the network elements.
Table 1-1 LTE interfaces
Interface Description
LTE-Uu The LTE-Uu point is between the UE and E-UTRAN. OFDM - based
LTE air interface protocol is used across this interface.
S1-UP The GTP-U protocol interface is between the E-UTRAN and the
Serving Gateway. This interface supports bearer user plane tunneling
and inter-eNodeB path switching during handover.
S1-MME The S1-MME point for control plane protocol interface is between the
LTE RAN and the MME. All signaling between the eNodeB and the
Serving Gateway (S-GW) is carried over this interface.
S3 The S3 interface carries mobility/handover signaling between 2G /3G
and LTE systems. S3 reference points between the SGSN and the
MME.
S6a The S6a interface is between the MME and the HSS. It enables
transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/
authorizing user access to the evolved system between MME and
HSS.
S4 S4 is the user plane counter part of S3. This interface enables user and
bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access system mobility.
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE network components
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Table 1-1 LTE interfaces (continued)
Interface Description
S11 The S11 interface is between the MME and the serving gateway. All
control information between the MME and Serving Gateway is carried
over this interface.
S12 The S12 interface introduced in 3GPP Rel-8 supports direct user plane
tunneling between the UMTS RNC and the SGW of the LTE network.
S5 The S5 interface is between the Serving Gateway and the PDN
Gateway. S5 interface is used to move traffic between the two
Gateways.
S7 The S7 interface is between the Evolved Packet Core and the Policy
Charging and Rule Function (PCRF). S7 interface transfers QOS
policy and charging rules from the PCRF to the policy and charging
enforcement function in the PDN gateway.
X2 The X2 interface is the interface between the eNodeBs.
X2-CP The X2-CP traffic supports mobility signaling traffic between two
eNodeBs.
X2-UP The X2-UP supports data forwarded between eNodeBs during the hard
handover procedures.
LTE protocol stacks
Introduction
Protocol stacks have a conceptual model of the layered architecture of communication
protocols in which layers within a station are represented in hierarchical order. Each layer
in the protocol stack is defined in generic terms describing functionality and mode of
operation. The LTE protocol stacks are divided into user plane and control plane.
User plane protocol stacks
The user plane includes the data streams and the data bearers for the data streams. The
data streams are characterized by one or more frame protocols specified for that interface.
Figure 1-2, User-plane protocol stack (p. 1-8) comprises MediumAccess Control
(MAC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC) and
Physical (PHY) sub layers. Apart from the serving gateway protocols, all radio interface
protocols terminate in the eNodeB on the network side.
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE interfaces
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The LTE user plane protocol performs the following functions:
Physical (PHY) Sublayer : The physical layer is between the UE and the eNodeB.
The physical layer in LTE supports the Hybrid ARQ with soft combining, uplink
power control and multi-stream transmission and reception (MIMO).
Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer : The MAC sublayer is between the UE and
the eNodeB. MAC sublayer performs error correction through HARQ, priority
handling across UEs as well as across different logical channels of a UE, traffic
volume measurement reporting, and multiplexing/demultiplexing of different RLC
sublayer.
Radio Link Control (RLC) Sublayer : The RLC sublayer is between the UE and the
eNodeB. Along with transferring upper layer PDUs, the RLC does error correction
through ARQ, in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs, duplicate detection, flow
control and concatenation or re-assembly of packets.
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Sublayer : For the user plane, the
PDCP sublayer performs header compression and ciphering.
Control plane protocol stacks
The control plane includes the application protocol. It also includes the signaling bearers
for transporting the application protocol messages. The application protocol is used for
setting up bearers in the radio network layer. For example, radio access bearers or radio
links.
Figure 1-2 User-plane protocol stack
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE protocol stacks
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Figure 1-3, Control plane protocol stack (p. 1-9) comprises Radio Resource Control
(RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium
Access Control (MAC), Physical (PHY) and Non Access Stratum (NAS) sub layers.
Apart from the non access stratum (NAS) protocols, all radio interface protocols
terminate in the eNodeB on the network side.
The LTE control plane protocol functions are:
Physical (PHY) Sublayer : The physical layer is between the UE and the eNodeB.
The physical layer in LTE supports the Hybrid ARQ with soft combining, uplink
power control, and multi-stream transmission and reception (MIMO).
Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer : The MAC sublayer is between the UE and
the eNodeB. Along with scheduling, it performs error correction through HARQ,
priority handling across UEs as well as across different logical channels of a UE,
traffic volume measurement reporting, and multiplexing or demultiplexing of
different RLC radio bearers from the physical layer on transport channels.
Figure 1-3 Control plane protocol stack
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE protocol stacks
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Radio Link Control (RLC) Sublayer : The RLC sublayer is between the UE and the
eNodeB. Along with transferring upper layer PDUs, the RLC does error correction
through ARQ, in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs, duplicate detection, flow
control and concatenation or re-assembly of packets.
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Sublayer : The PDCP sublayer is
included in the control plane and is used for ciphering and integrity protection. In
addition, PDCP sublayer is used for control plane data transmission. The PDCP
receives PDCP SDUs from the RRC and forwards them to the RLC layer.
Radio Resource Control (RRC) Sublayer : The RRC sublayer is between the UE
and the eNodeB. The RRC sublayer in essence performs broadcasting, paging,
connection management, radio bearer control, mobility functions, UE measurement
reporting and control.
NonAccess Stratum (NAS) Sublayer : The NAS sublayer is between the UE and the
MME. It performs authentication, security control, idle mode mobility handling, and
idle mode paging origination.
Long Term Evolution System Overview LTE protocol stacks
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2 2LTE Radio Access Network
Overview
Purpose
This chapter provides information on Long Term Evolution Radio Access Network (LTE
RAN).
Contents
LTE RAN 2-1
LTE RAN interfaces 2-2
LTE RAN
Overview
The eNodeB communicates with the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) using the S1 interface,
specifically with the MME (Mobility Management Entity) and S-GW (Serving Gateway)
using S1 interface. The MME and S-GW are implemented as separate network nodes to
facilitate independent scaling of the control and user plane.
The eNodeB communicates to each other through the X2 interface. For example, support
of handover of UEs in LTE_ACTIVE.
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LTE RAN interfaces
Overview
LTE contains a radio interface and access network to deliver higher data rates and faster
connection.
S1 interface
The S1 interface is the interface between the LTE RAN and evolved packet core. S1
interface protocol stack is described in Figure 2-2, S1 interface (p. 2-3)
S1 performs the following functions:
S1-UP (user plane)
S1-CP (control plane)
Figure 2-1 LTE RAN interfaces
LTE Radio Access Network LTE RAN interfaces
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S1-UP (user plane)
The S1 user plane external interface (S1-U) is defined between the eNodeB and the
S-GW. The S1-U interface provides non guaranteed data delivery of user plane Protocol
Data Units (PDUs) between the eNodeB and the S-GW. Transport network layer is built
on IP transport and GTP-U. UDP/IP carries the user plane PDUs between the eNodeB and
the S-GW. AGTP tunnel per radio bearer carries user traffic.
The S1-UP interface is responsible for delivering user data between the eNodeB and the
S-GW. The IP Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) marking is supported for QoS
per radio bearer.
S1-MME (control plane)
The S1-MME interface is responsible for delivering a signaling protocols between the
eNodeB and the MME. S1-MME interface consists of a Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) over IP and supports multiple UEs through a single SCTP association. It
also provides guaranteed data delivery. The application signaling protocol is an S1-AP
(Application Protocol). The S1-MME is responsible for Evolved Packet System (EPS)
bearer setup/release procedures, the handover signaling procedure, the paging procedure
and the NAS transport procedure. Transport network layer is built on IP transport, similar
to the user plane but for the reliable transport of signaling messages SCTP is added on top
of the Internet Protocol.
X2 interface
The X2 interface is the interface between the eNodeBs. X2 interface protocol stack is
described in Figure 2-3, X2 interface (p. 2-4).
Figure 2-2 S1 interface
LTE Radio Access Network LTE RAN interfaces
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X2 performs the following functions:
X2-UP (User Plane)
X2-CP (Control Plane)
X2-UP (User Plane)
The X2-UP protocol tunnels end-user packets between the eNodeBs. The tunneling
function supports the identification of packets with the tunnels and packet loss
management. X2-UP uses GTP-U over UDP or IP as the transport layer protocol similar
to S1-UP protocol. S1-UP and X2-UP use the same U-plane protocol to minimize
protocol processing for the eNodeB at the time of data forwarding. The X2 user plane
external interface (X2-U) is defined between eNodeBs. The X2-U interface provides non
guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs. The transport network layer is built on IP
transport and GTP-U is used on top of the UDP or IP to carry the user plane PDUs. The
X2-UP interface protocol stack is identical to the S1-UP protocol stack.
X2-CP (Control Plane)
X2-CP has SCTP as the transport layer protocol which is similar to the S1-CP protocol.
The load management function allows exchange of overload and traffic load information
between eNodeBs to handle traffic load effectively. The handover function enables one
eNodeB to handover the UE to another eNodeB. A handover operation requires transfer of
information necessary to maintain the LTE RAN services at the new eNodeB. It also
requires the establishment and release of the tunnels between source and target eNodeB to
allow data forwarding and informs the already prepared target eNodeB for handover
cancellations.
Figure 2-3 X2 interface
LTE Radio Access Network LTE RAN interfaces
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X2-CP protocol functions include:
intra LTE-Access-System mobility support for the UE
context transfer from source eNodeB to target eNodeB
control of user plane tunnels between source eNodeB and target eNodeB
handover cancellation
uplink load management
general X2 management
error handling
The X2 control plane external interface (X2-CP) is defined between two-neighbor
eNodeBs. The transport network layer is built on SCTP on top of IP. The application layer
signaling protocol is referred to as X2-AP (X2 Application Protocol).
Air Interface
The air interface is the radio-based communication link between the mobile station and
the active base station. LTE air interface supports high data rates. LTE uses Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink transmission to achieve
high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth. LTE uses Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink transmission, a technology that
provides advantages in power efficiency.
Figure 2-4 LTE air interface
LTE Radio Access Network LTE RAN interfaces
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LTE air interface characteristics
LTE air interface characteristics are:
Downlink (DL) based on OFDMA. OFDMA offers improved spectral efficiency
capacity using OFDMA technology.
Uplink (UL) based on SC-FDMA. SC-FDMA is similar to OFDMA for uplink from
hand-held devices such as mobile phones which requires better battery power
conservation.
Supports both FDD and TDD modes:
Provides deployment flexibility in spectrum allocation.
With FDD, DL and UL transmissions are performed simultaneously in two
different frequency bands.
With TDD, DL and UL transmissions are performed at different time intervals
within the same frequency band.
Significant reduction in delay over air interface and idle to active mode transition.
Suitable for real-time applications, for example, VoIP, PoC, gaming, and so on.
Large improvement in uplink spectral efficiency.
Advanced adaptive MIMO support. Balance average/peak throughput,
coverage/cell-edge bit rate.
LTE channel
Channels are used to transport and segregate different types of data across the LTE radio
access network interface.
The various data channels are grouped into three categories:
Physical channels - The physical channels are transmission channels that carry user
data and control messages.
Transport channels - The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer
to MediumAccess Control (MAC) and higher layers.
Logical channels - The logical channels provide services for the MediumAccess
Control (MAC) layer within the LTE protocol stack.
LTE Radio Access Network LTE RAN interfaces
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3 3Architecture
Overview
Purpose
This chapter describes the various components involved in the LTE RAN solution and
their architecture.
Contents
5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM) 3-1
Network Performance Optimizer (NPO) 3-3
eNodeB 3-5
Network Element Manager (NEM) 3-7
Wireless Trace Analyzer (WTA) 3-7
Wireless Provisioning System (WPS) 3-7
5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM)
Overview
The 5620 SAM system is designed to manage Alcatel-Lucent network elements (NEs).
The 5620 SAM manages the following devices in the Alcatel-Lucent portfolio:
IP/MPLS routers and switches
9471 MME, 7750 SR-MG, and 5780 DSC in the LTE ePC space
9412 eNodeB in the LTE RAN space
The 5620 SAM system also supports few telecom devices and provides limited
management of other third-party devices. The third-party devices are know as generic
NEs.
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5620 SAM system components
The 5620 SAM system has client, server, and database components that are deployed in a
standalone or redundant configuration. Figure 3-1, Standalone 5620 SAM system
(p. 3-2) shows a block diagram of a standalone 5620 SAM system and the network. The
management network contains the 5620 SAM components and connects to the managed
network of NEs from one or more points, depending on the complexity of the
deployment.
A 5620 SAM operator performs network management or system administration tasks
using a GUI or OSS client that connects to a main server. The main server sends and
receives NE management traffic, and directs optional auxiliary servers to perform
intensive tasks such as NE statistics collection. Main and auxiliary servers store
information in the same 5620 SAM database.
The 5620 SAM uses a Java-based technology that provides distributed, secure, and
scalable processing. For more information about the 5620 SAM, see the complete product
documentation available at (http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/myaccess).
Note: If you are a new user and require access to this service, contact your
Alcatel-Lucent sales representative.
Figure 3-1 Standalone 5620 SAM system
Architecture 5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM)
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Network Performance Optimizer (NPO)
Overview
The 9459 Network Performance Optimizer (9459 NPO) is the main solution for wireless
network optimization provided by Alcatel-Lucent. The 9459 NPO toolset enables QoS
diagnostics, correlation of performance and configuration, QoS tuning is based on
network performance collection across multi-standard wireless networks (2G/3G/LTE).
The 9459 NPO includes advanced reporting functions and is intended for deployment at a
regional level to complement the capabilities of national network optimization solutions.
NPO is a GUI driven Alcatel-Lucent application with the flexibility for reporting (drag
and drop, markers, and so on) and creation of indicators.
It offers the following multi-standard QoS monitoring and radio network optimization
facilities:
Powerful GUI which supports all the efficient use of the MS-PO functions
QoS analysis
Customizing
This product includes a powerful Oracle database containing performance
measurements and calculated indicators.
NPO without Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD)
NPO without Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD) comprises:
Amain server: This server supports the oracle database and the reporting functions.
An optional QoS auxiliary server: This server hosts the loading process that converts
the 3GPP PM file into a format that can be directly loaded into NPO Oracle tables.
The main server stores the data. The auxiliary server stores the file while they are
being loaded. Backup and restore procedure only applies to the main server. NPO
client are either Windows PC or Windows server running Citrix.
Architecture Network Performance Optimizer (NPO)
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Note:
A number of concurrent users can use the analysis desktop application. Usage of
external export interface is not considered in the count of concurrent users.
In case SAM has an auxiliary server, then NPO retrieves PM from the SAM
auxiliary server and CM from the SAM main server.
NPO with Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD)
NPO with Per Call Measurement Data (PCMD) requires:
A connection to MME from both NPO main server and NPO auxiliary servers.
For 12K cells and above, dedicated NPO auxiliary server(s) are required for PCMD.
Figure 3-2 NPO with auxiliary server
Figure 3-3 NPO with PCMD support (48K configuration)
Architecture Network Performance Optimizer (NPO)
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eNodeB
eNodeB architecture
The eNodeB is an integrated system, composed of a cabinet, a Base Band Unit (BBU),
Transmit/Receive Duplex Units (TRDUs) and Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Figure 3-4,
eNodeB architecture (p. 3-5) shows the block diagram of a general eNodeB.
From the architecture point of view, two types of eNodeBs are available:
Compact eNodeB
Distributed eNodeB
Figure 3-4 eNodeB architecture
Architecture eNodeB
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Compact eNodeB is based on Transmit/Receive Duplex Units (TRDUs), and distributed
eNodeB is based on Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). In both types, the separation between
digital and RF processing is ensured through the CPRI interface. Digital processing is
ensured by the Base Band Unit (BBU), the BBU architecture being the same for compact
and distributed eNodeBs.
Hardware equipments for eNodeB
This topic provides a short description on hardware equipments for eNodeB involved in
LTE RAN solution.
9926 Base Band Unit (BBU)
The 9926 Base Band Unit (BBU) is the Alcatel-Lucent converged product for W-CDMA,
LTE-FDD and LTE-TDD BBU. There are two BBU versions which are known as 9926
BBU V1 (d2U V3) and 9926 BBU V2 (d2U V5). For all common characteristics between
the two versions they are referred to as 9926 BBU.
The 9926 BBU is a digital NodeB with four types of hardware boards:
eCCM-U (with MDAE1/T1 or GE or T3) (1 module only)
eCEM-U (up to 3 modules)
RBP
RUC
9442 Remote Radio Head (RRH)
The Remote Radio Head (RRH) is a platform asset that can support both 3G (WCDMA
and CDMA) and 4G (LTE and WIMAX-FDD) technologies. This unit can also operate as
a single Tx unit for both single and dual sector configurations. The unit has 2 RF
transceivers to enable 2x2 MIMO applications.
9412 Compact
The 9412 eNodeB is an integrated system. However, logically it is the same as a
distributed eNodeB with a separation of the digital and RF processing by a CPRI
interface. There are two types of 9412 eNodeB compact systems; indoor and outdoor. The
9412 eNodeB Compact indoor system is designed to support LTE service in the 700 MHz
spectrum. This system is housed as an integrated system, all in one cabinet, serving 5 or
10 MHz LTE bandwidth carriers in the 700 MHz spectrum.
The standard 9412 eNodeB Compact outdoor comprises of the following two cabinets.
These cabinets are physically identical, but provide different functionality.
BB (Baseband) cabinet
RF (Radio Frequency) cabinet
Architecture eNodeB
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Network Element Manager (NEM)
Overview
The Network Element Manager (NEM) application is instantiated in the Local
Maintenance Terminal (LMT) of the related eNodeB and in the 5620 SAM. The LMT is
connected locally to the eNodeB. For example, a portable PC connected directly to the
eNodeB using a 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet interface.
The NEM is used for monitoring, maintaining and commissioning the eNodeB. NEM
uses SNMP v3 for communication with eNodeB. NEM also supports NETCONF as NEM
supports modifying the eNodeB Netconf parameters.
Wireless Trace Analyzer (WTA)
Overview
9958 Wireless Trace Analyzer (WTA) is a post-processing and analysis tool for Call Trace
data. The WTA provides a quick way of analyzing end-to-end call scenarios that exist
within any given set of traces.
9958 WTA is used to analyze call trace data for the following NEs:
eNodeB (eNB)
9471 MME
Wireless Provisioning System (WPS)
Overview
The 9452 Wireless Provisioning System (9452 WPS) is a powerful tool suite that
simplifies the provisioning and reverse engineering or auditing of the network. WPS can
be installed on any PC. The 9452 WPS uses the rule sets, template and task-based wizards
to hide the complexity of system provisioning from the user while taking care of the
vendor-specific and technology engineering guidelines. Alcatel-Lucent's wireless network
evolution towards further plug-and-play, self- organizing, self-optimizing networks
associated with the 9452 WPS delivers much more simplified operational system.
For information on WPS software installation procedures, see Alcatel-Lucent 9952
Wireless Provisioning System Software Installation Procedure, 418-000-200.
Architecture Network Element Manager (NEM)
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Architecture Wireless Provisioning System (WPS)
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4 4LTE RAN OAM functions
Overview
Purpose
This chapter provides information on OAM functions.
Contents
Fault management 4-1
Configuration management 4-15
Performance management 4-29
Security 4-46
Call Trace 4-46
Self Optimizing Network (SON) 4-47
Transport call admission control 4-48
Fault management
Overview
The Fault management tasks are monitoring tasks that detect and analyze hardware,
software and network problems to execute corrective maintenance procedures according
to the type of alarm. The FM tasks detect failures as soon as they occur and limit their
impact on the network Quality of Service (QoS).
The monitoring levels available in the LTE RAN are:
Network-level monitoring
Element-level monitoring
Service-level monitoring
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Fault Management concepts
The functions of Fault Management are:
Alarm surveillance (p. 4-2)
Fault localization (p. 4-2)
Fault correction (p. 4-2)
Testing (p. 4-3)
Alarm surveillance
Alarm surveillance function detects faults in a network. It monitors and interrogates
Network Elements (NE) about events or conditions. Event data is generated by an NE
when an abnormal condition is detected.
Table 4-1, Fault types (p. 4-2) lists the different types of faults that occur in a network.
Table 4-1 Fault types
Type Description
Hardware faults Malfunction of physical resource within the
network element.
Software faults Malfunction of software component (software
bug or database inconsistency).
Functional faults Failure of a functional resource in the NE and
no hardware component has been detected as
faulty.
Overload conditions Loss of some or all of the specified
capabilities of an NE due to overload.
Quality of service failures Failure to meet the given threshold values.
Communication failures Communication failure between NEs, between
the NE and the operating system (OS), or
between operating systems.
Fault localization
Fault localization function determines the root cause of a fault. Additional failure
localization routines provide information which must be added when the initial failure
information is insufficient for fault localization. The routines can employ internal or
external test systems and can be controlled by a Network Element Manager (NEM).
Fault correction
Fault correction function takes the appropriate action to correct a fault once the root cause
is identified. It transfers data concerning the repair of a fault. This function also controls
procedures that use redundant resources to replace equipment or facilities that have failed.
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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Testing
Testing conducts tests to determine the root cause of a fault. To analyze the problem,
access the relevant functionality of the NE using the Network Element Manager to
conduct tests.
General problem solving model
The general problem solving model provides a general approach for troubleshooting
situations. The stages for the general problem solving workflow are:
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1 Define the problem.
When analyzing a network problem:
Make a clear problem statement.
Define the problem in terms of a set of symptoms and potential causes.
To analyze the problem, identify the general symptoms and ascertain what kinds of
problems (causes) could result in these symptoms.
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2 Gather the facts.
Gathering facts involves:
Collecting information from affected users, network administrators, managers and
other key people.
Collecting information from sources such as network management systems, protocol
analyzer traces, serial line traces, stack dumps or software release notes.
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3 Consider the possibilities.
This stage involves:
Eliminating problems in the network.
Narrowing the number of potential problems.
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4 Create an action plan.
The action plan is based on the remaining potential problems.
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5 Implement the action plan.
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6 Observe the results.
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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7 If the problem remains unsolved then return to Stage 2.
Fault management process
The Fault management stages in 5620 SAM are:
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1 Receive notification from eNodeBs in the network.
The eNodeBs in a network generate the following types of notifications:
Events inform the operator of a non-continuing occurrence of interest. An event is
never cleared by the NE.
Alarms are used by the NE to raise or clear alarms on logical or hardware
components.
State changes are used by the NE to notify the change of states on a Managed Object
(MO). For more information on state changes, see Table 4-2, State types (p. 4-5).
The 5620 SAM gathers these notifications using SNMPV3 traps. Each alarm/event has a
unique ID. Each MO class is assigned a range of alarm IDs so that two different MOs do
not raise the same alarm.
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2 Sort notifications.
The Node Manager layer of the 5620 SAM sorts the following notifications:
Alarms are stored in the 5620 SAM database and include the following information:
alarm ID, alarm name, alarm severity, alarm type, probable cause, timestamp,
managed object and additional text. A visual display of object alarm status is done in
equipment tree and network map.
Events are stored in the 5620 SAM database and include the following information:
alarm ID, alarm name, alarm type, probable cause, timestamp, managed object and
additional text.
State changes are stored in the 5620 SAM database. The new state is displayed in the
equipment management and in the supervision view beside the corresponding
managed object.
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3 Display the Alarms and State changes in the Supervision windows.
Maintenance states
This topic defines the maintenance states that apply to LTE RAN managed objects (MO)
and resources and the valid values for those maintenance states.
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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Table 4-2, State types (p. 4-5) lists the different states of MO that occur in a network.
Table 4-2 State types
State type Description States Meaning
Administrative
state
Administrative state
indicates whether the
use of an MO by the
NE is allowed or not.
This state is set by the
operator either from
SAM or NEM.
Unlocked Use of MO is permitted.
Locked Use of MO is prohibited.
Indetermi-
nate
NEM/SAM is unable to compute the
state.
Operational
state
Operational state
indicates whether an
MO is installed and is
working or not. This
state is determined by
the eNodeB and cannot
be changed by the
operator.
Enabled MO is either fully or partially
operational.
Disabled MO is inoperable.
Availability
state
Availability state
qualifies the
operational state. This
state is determined by
the eNodeB based on
the operational state
and cannot be changed
by the operator.
Empty (0) None of the available states or
combination of states are present.
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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Table 4-2 State types (continued)
State type Description States Meaning
Powered
off (1)
The resource is powered off. The
operational state is disabled.
In test (2) The resource is undergoing a test
procedure. The operational state can
be either enabled or disabled.
Faulty (4) The resource has an internal fault but
is able to operate. The operational
state is enabled.
Degraded
(8)
The service available from the
resource is degraded. The operational
state is enabled.
Depen-
dency (16)
The resource cannot operate because
another resource, on which it depends,
is not available. The operational state
is disabled.
LogFull
(21)
This indicates a log full condition, the
semantics of which are defined in
CCITT Rec. X.735.
NotIn-
stalled (22)
The resource represented by the MO
is not present, or is incomplete. For
example, a plug-in module is missing,
a cable is disconnected or a software
module is not loaded. The operational
state is disabled.
OffLine
(23)
The resource requires a routine
operation to be performed to place it
online and make it available for use.
The operation may be manual or
automatic, or both. The operational
state is disabled.
OffDuty
(24)
The resource has been made inactive
by an internal control process in
accordance with a predetermined time
schedule. Under normal conditions
the control process can be expected to
reactivate the resource at some
scheduled time, and it is therefore
considered to be optional. The
operational state is disabled.
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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Table 4-2 State types (continued)
State type Description States Meaning
Failed (32) The resource has an internal fault that
prevents operation. The operational
state is disabled.
Initializing
(64)
The resource is initializing. The
operational state is disabled.
x Combination of errors. For example,
33 means powered off and failed. The
operational state depends on status.
Communica-
tion state
Communication state
indicates which
manager (SAM or
NEM) can modify the
eNodeB configuration.
This state is set only
by the operator
through the NEM.
Reachable Indicates that the SAM/NEM can
reach the NE. Configuration changes
are possible from the SAM and NEM.
Unreach-
able
Indicates that the SAM/NEM cannot
reach the NE. Configuration changes
are possible only from NEM. Changes
from the SAM are rejected by
eNodeB.
Indetermi-
nate
NEM/SAM is unable to compute the
state.
Network resource and service supervision
The following functions are available from the 5620 SAM GUI for supervision of LTE
RAN resources and services:
A visual display of object alarm status is available in equipment tree and network
map.
Alarms can be viewed in the Alarm window.
Details of a specific alarm can be viewed.
The managed object state can be viewed in the equipment management view and in
the network map view beside the corresponding managed object.
Detailed information about network elements can be viewed in the equipment
management view.
eNodeB equipment problems can be troubleshot with the integrated Network Element
Manager (NEM).
LTE RAN OAM functions Fault management
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Alarm management
In the 5620 Service Aware Manager (SAM), fault management is based on the retrieval
and analysis of unsolicited messages sent by the NEs or OAM applications. An
unsolicited message is a message that the NEs or the OAM applications issue
spontaneously concerning software or hardware faults and state and attribute value
changes. The resulting notifications and alarms warn users of NE malfunctions and
inform them about internal system operating changes. OAM maintenance tasks are based
on notifications