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Lung Cancer: The Breathtaking Battle
of TKIs and EGFR MutantsBobby Hodges, Elizabeth Ross, Natalie Simak, Keith Solvang and
Eliot Vildaver
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DiseasedGenomeHospital
http://blogs.usask.ca/medical_education/archive/ElksRehabFront%2520Door.jpg
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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HI2mCx5P3H0/SLlEQoHj8AI/AAAAAAAAA8Q/My7tf78TNc8/s320/hospital-bed-786282.jpg
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http://img.quamut.com/chart/9471/02_healthy_sick_x-ray.jpg
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http://www.cardiothoracicsurgery.org/content/2/1/16/figure/F1?highres=y
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Where Are We Headed?What Is Lung Cancer?
• Types
• Risks
Predisposition
Mutations
• EGFR
• Other proteins
http://www.freefoto.com/images/21/16/21_16_2---Single-Carriageway-Road_web.jpg
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Cancer
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/thog5n0/public_html/Tumour.gif
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History of Lung Cancer
http://www.icowman.com/uploadfiles/2007072409225175.jpg http://www.icowman.com/uploadfiles/2007072409225175.jpg
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Pathology
NON SMALL CELL
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Large-cell carcinoma
SMALL CELL
Bronchi Grows rapidly Spreads quickly
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/852/20223038.JPG
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/Lynch et al., (2004)
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Risk Factors
http://www.taconichills.k12.ny.us/webquests/noncomdisease/lungcancerpic.jpg
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You Are Not Alone
This year approximately 200,000 people will be diagnosed with lung cancer
NSCLC accounts for 80% of all lung cancers
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/statistics/http://seo2.0.onreact.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/you-re-not-alone.jpg
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Epidemiology
http://medicineworld.org/cancer/lung/ http://images.google.com/
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What Next?
While there is no known cure as of right now, there ARE options!
http://dspace.mit.edu
ImatinibGefinitib
Cisplatin
http://dspace.mit.edu
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Cisplatin
Imatinib
Gefitinib
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
Nucleus
P
Protein Cascade
?
?
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Nucleus
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
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Implications of Chromosomal Loci in the Development of Lung Cancer
http://rosenblumtv.files.wordpress.com
http://www.pharmgkb.org
http://academic.evergreen.edu
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Chromosomes
Compact structures of DNA
Contains thousands of genes
Centromere
Chromatid
Genes
http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/celldivision/chromosome1.gif
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Single variation in nucleotide base pairs
Alleles are a result of SNPs within gene sequence
SNP’s are the basis for lung cancer susceptibility
http://www.dnalandmarks.com/english/pictures/what_are_snps.jpg
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Genome-wide Association Studies
Variation across genomes
Genotype cases along with controls
Find roles that genes play in disease
Large sample sizes
http://www.blog.speculist.com/archives/dna2two
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Identifying Regions On Chromosomes
Centromere
p-arm
q-arm
6 Regions Away
Region 5q6
5http://images.google.com/
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Three Regions of Association
http://upload.wikimedia.org/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Genes Found on 15q24 and 15q25
Nicotine binds and stimulates acetylcholine ion channel-linked in
neurons
http://www.jyi.org/articleimages/88/originals/img0.jpg
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How were these regions discovered?
(Hung et al., 2008)
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15q24 highly linked with smoking behavior
(Thorgeirson et al., 2008)
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TERT gene found on 5p15.33
Cancerous Growth
http://images.google.com/i
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5p15.33 shows similar results
(McKay et al., 2008)
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Nucleus
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
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How Do Cells Proliferate?
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EGFR/ERBB2 Forms a Heterodimer
EG
FR
P
EG
FR
EGF
ProliferationSurvival
Apoptosis
ERBB2
Nucleus
EG
FR
P
Protein Cascade
ERBB2
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How Can This Lead to Cancer?
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Mutated EGFR Leads to Cancer
ERBB2EG
FR
Nucleus
Proliferation
P
Protein Cascade
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Mutated EGFRs have Distinct Patterns of Tyr Phosphorylation
(Chen et al., 2006)
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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs)Gefitinib
EG
FR
ATP TKI
ATP binding cleft on the kinase
TyrosineKinasedomain
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Gefitinib Suppresses Phosphorylation of Most EGFR
Mutants
(Chen et al., 2006)
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What About the Proteins in the
Signaling Pathway?
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Effectiveness of Gefitinib is Dependent on Concentration
(Pedersen et al., 2005)
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High Doses of Gefitinib Decreases Proliferation of Mutated EGFR Cells
(Pedersen et al., 2005)
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Gefitinib has Variable Growth-Inhibitory Effects
(Chen et al., 2006)
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Nucleus
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
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What Are the Roles of Proteins Associated with Lung Cancer?
http://www.taconichills.k12.ny.us/webquests/noncomdisease/lungcancerpic.jpg
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Recap
Nucleus
N-terminus
C-terminus
P
Serine
P
Threonine
Tyrosine
P
Leucine
Lysine
Alanine
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How Does The Pathway Work?
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Domain Attraction
ERBB2 P
PI3KSH2
Nucleus
P
Protein Cascade
Change in Gene
Expression
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Why are EGFR and ERBB2 Special?
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Main Contributors to NSCLC
(Rikova et al. 2007)
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Link between Concentration and Interaction
Green and Blue circles = Proteins involved in cascade
Red lines = Interactions
Red circles = EGFR Receptor
(Jones et al. 2006)
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Other ERBB2 Associations
(Jones et al. 2006)
No
. p
rote
in r
ece
pto
rs
No
. p
rote
in r
ece
pto
rs
No
. p
rote
in r
ece
pto
rs
Affinity Threshold (nM) Affinity Threshold (nM) Affinity Threshold (nM)
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Are there other types of Proteins?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins
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Other Contributors to NSCLC
(Rikova et al. 2007)
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ROS ALK MET PDGFRα ErbB2 EGFR VEGFR-10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tumor Samples
Cell Lines
Chart configured from Table1 of Rikova et al. 2007
Specifically, some proteins more than others
Am
ount
of
over
phos
phor
ylat
ed p
rote
in in
sam
ples
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Previous Research, Amplification of MET
(Engelman et al., 2007)
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Nucleus
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
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What is the Role of Angiogenesis in Lung Cancer?
http://www.taconichills.k12.ny.us/webquests/noncomdisease/lungcancerpic.jpg
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Angiogenesis and VEGF
http://www.researchvegf.com/researchvegf/multimedia/index.m#type-slides
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Tumor Angiogenesis Is Unregulated
VEGF-A
VEGFR
Angiogenesis
Tumors
PDGF-β
PDGFR-β
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PI3K / Akt Pathway in Lung Cancer
P85-α PIP2
P
P
PTEN
P
PIP3P
P
P
P110-α
PI3KAKT
SH2
PP
Endothelial Cell
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Akt is a Downstream Regulator
AKT
P
P
P
BAD
MDM2
mTORGrowth,
Translation
Apoptosis
p53
P
Nucleus
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FLJ10540 Is An Oncogene
Cancer Cell
Proto-Oncogene Oncogene
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VEGF-A Upregulates FLJ10540
(Chen et al., 2009)
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FLJ10540 Mediates Cell Migration and Invasion Through PI3K/Akt
Giemsa-Stained Cells
(Chen et al., 2009)
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Recap: FLJ10540 Missing Link in PI3K/Akt
P85-α PIP2
P
P
PTEN
P
PIP3P
P
P
P110-α
PI3K
AKT
SH2
PP
VEGF-A
VEGFR
FLJ10540
Endothelial Cell
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Imatinib is a TKI
http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/2007/images/MRT9229C001.gif
Binds to ATP binding site of many enzymes:
p-PDGFR-β Inhibitor Reduced IFP, Hypoxia
Decreased VEGF Expression
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Imatinib Targets IFP and Hypoxia
http://www.medscape.com/pi/editorial/clinupdates/2000/583/art-tu02.fig04.jpghttp://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v7/n9/images/nm0901-987-F1.gif
Normal
Tumor
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Imatinib Reduces p-PDGFR-β and VEGF Expression
(Vlahovic et al. 2007)
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Imatinib Reduces Hypoxia and MVD
Vlahovic et al. 2007
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Imatinib Treatment
http://onctalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/angiogenesis-summary.jpg
Imatinib
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
Nucleus
![Page 68: Lung Cancer: The Breathtaking Battle of TKIs and EGFR Mutants](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102809/56813098550346895d9676b4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Treatments
Dr. Vildaver
• ImatinibDr. Ross
• Gefinitib
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Discovery of Cisplatin
(Rosenberg et al., 1969)
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Old Model of Cisplatin
Cisplatin
NucleusSimple Diffusion
Pt
NH3NH3
GGP73
C-Abl
Cell Cycle Arrest
&Apoptosis
P53
HMG1?HMG1
?
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How Pt Drugs Enter Cells
nucleus
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Transporter
protein
Transporter
protein
Pt
(Hall et al., 2007)
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Crosslinks
crosslink
nucleus
Pt
NH3
NH3
Cell Cycle Arrest
&Apoptosis
GG
1,2-intrastrand d(GpG)adduct
(Ohndorf et al., 1999)
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Pt-DNA adduct
http://www.unc.edu/~shantanu/images/bkstcg_aacr07.png
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High Mobility Group Proteins
Pt-DNA Adduct
Apoptosis
HMGB
HMGB
P73
P53
(Stross et al., 2002)
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(Ohndorf et al., 1999)
*Nucleotides
crosslinked
Bold- nucleotides contacted by the
protein
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Phenylalanine Mutations
(Ohndorf et al., 1999)
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Old Model of Cisplatin
Cisplatin
Nucleus
?Simple Diffusion
Pt
NH3NH3
GGP73
C-Abl
Cell Cycle Arrest
&Apoptosis
P53
HMG1?HMG1
?
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2 Distinct Regulating Mechanisms
tyrosine kinase
mismatch repair protein
cisplatin
homologue of p53
Tumor suppresor
(Gong et al., 1999)
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Role of p73 in Cell Death
P53 knockout= less sensitive to CDDP, survived better than wild type in lower concentrations of CDDPMLH1-/- & Abl= less sensitive to CDDP , survived better than wild type in lower concentrations of CDDP
(Gong et al., 1999)
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New Model of Cisplatin
CisplatinNucle
usSimple Diffusion
Pt
NH3NH3
GG
P73
Cell Cycle Arrest
&Apoptos
is
P53
HMG1
HMG1
ATM
TransporterProteins
C-AblP
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Cisplatin
Imatinib
Gefitinib
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
Nucleus
P
Protein Cascade
??
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P
P
EGF ER
BB2
EGFR
PI3K
AKT
P
P
MET
P
VEG
F-A
Cisplatin
Imatinib Gefiti
nib
Nucleus
Protein Cascade
PDGFR
Protein Cascade
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Cocktail of Drugs
http://immunodefence.com/ii/gefitinib.gif
http://www.themesotheliomalibrary.com/cisplatin.jpg
http://www.specialityformulations.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/imatinib.jpg
?
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Current & Future Hypotheses
New plasma membrane proteins have unique mechanisms and effects on NSCLC
Gefitinib effectively inhibits particular EGFR mutants
SiRNA could be used as a possible treatment for various mutated proteins
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Future Studies
How does cisplatin enter the nucleus?
Roles and mechanisms behind the various mutated proteins involved in lung cancer
New drugs , secondary mutations
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Acknowledgements
Professor Sleiter
?Schmooing yeast!!!
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Acknowledgements
Dr. DebBurman
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Acknowledgements
Mike Fiske
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