Download - M a Economics FINAL syllabus
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SCOPEBangalore
In collaboration with
Karnataka State Open UniversityMysore, Karnataka 570006
Course Structure & Syllabus
For
MASTER OF ARTS(ECONOMICS)
(M.A.ECONOMICS)
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COURSE STRUCTURE
SECOND YEAR: (FINAL)
Code Course Title CreditsMEC21 Macro Economics Analysis 7MEC22 Indian Economics Policy 7MEC23 International Trade and Finance 7MEC24 Economics of Demography 7MEC25 Welfare Economics 7
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SYLLABUS
(FINAL YEAR)
MEC21: Macro Economic Analysis
BLOCK 1:
UNIT 1: Nature and Significance of Macro Economics
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Definition of Macro economics
1.4 Macro economics goals
1.5 Interdependence of Micro-Macro analysis
1.6 Macro economic variables
1.7 Scope of macro economics
1.8 Importance of macro economics
1.9 Limitations of macro economics
1.10 Let us sum up
1.11 Books for self study
1.12 Questions for self-study
UNIT 2: National Income and Its Accounting
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Definition of National Income
2.4 Different Concepts of National Income
2.5 Measurement of National Income
2.6 Difficulties in the Measurement of National Income
2.7 Importance of National Income
2.8 Let us sum up
2.9 Questions for self-study
2.10 Books for self-study
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BLOCK 2:
UNIT 3: Classical Theory of Employment
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Concept of full employment
3.4 Classical theory of employment
3.5 Assumption of the theory
3.6 Criticisms of the theory
3.7 Let us sum up
3.8 Books for self-study
3.9 Questions for self-study
UNIT 4: Says Law of Market
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Says Law of Market
4.4 Assumptions of Says Law
4.5 Implications of Says Law
4.6 Criticisms of Says Law
4.7 Let us sum up
4.8 Books for self-study
4.9 Questions for self-study
BLOCK 3:
UNIT 5: Effective Demand and Employment Determination
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Meaning of effective demand
5.4 Determinants of effective demand
5.4.1 Aggregate demand function
5.4.2 Aggregate supply function
5.5 Determination of effective demand
5.6 Importance of effective demand
5.7 Let us sum up
5.8 Books for self study
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8.4.3 Induced investment
8.4.4 Autonomous investment
8.5 Marginal efficiency of capital
8.5.1 Factors determining marginal efficiency of capital
8.5.2 Criticism of marginal efficiency of capital
8.6 Rate of interest
8.7 Measures the stimulate investment
8.8 Let us sum up
8.9 Books for self study
8.10 Questions for self study
BLOCK 4:
UNIT 9: Supply of Money
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Meaning of supply of money
9.4 Components of money supply
9.5 Approaches to measures of money supply
9.6 Changes in the money supply
9.7 Velocity of circulation of money
9.8 Credit money and credit instruments9.9 Let us sum up
9.10 Books for self study
9.11 Questions for self study
UNIT 10: Demand for Money
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Classical approach for demand for money-Fishers Equation of Exchange
10.3.1 Assumption of Fishers Equation
10.3.2 Criticisms of quantity theory of money
10.4 Cambridge Theory
10.5 Difference between Fishers approach and Cambridge approach
10.6 Superiority of cash balance approach
10.7 Criticism of cash balance approach
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10.8 Let us sum up
10.9 Books for self study
10.10 Questions for self study
UNIT 11: Keynes Theory of Demand for Money
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Keynes Theory of Demand for Money
11.3.1 Transactive Motive
11.3.2 Precautionary Motive
11.3.3 Speculative Motive
11.4 Saving Investment Theory of Money
11.5 Superiority of Saving Investment Theory
11.6 Let us sum up
11.7 Books for self study
UNIT 12: Post Keynesian Theories of Demand for Money
12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Boumols Inventory Approach
12.4 Superiority of Boumols Approach
12.5 Tobins Portfolio Approach12.6 Let us sum up
12.7 Books for self study
12.8 Questions for self study
UNIT 13: Milton Friedmans Wealth Theory Of Demand For Money
13.1 Objectives
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Milton Friedmans Theory
13.4 Nature of Money
13.5 Demand for money function
13.6 Importance of Friedmans Theory
13.7 Criticisms of Friedmans Theory
13.8 Friedman and Keynes A Comparison
13.9 Let us sum up
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13.10 Books for self study
13.11 Questions for self study
UNIT 14: Financial Intermediaries
14.1 Objectives
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Banks
14.4 Central Banking
14.5 Reserve Bank of India
14.6 Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries (NBFls)
14.6.1 Function of NBFls
14.6.2 NBFls and commercial banks
14.6.3 Importance of NBFls
14.7 Let us sum up
14.8 Books for self study
14.9 Questions for self study
UNIT 15: Control of Money Supply
15.1 Objectives
15.2 Introduction
15.3 The concept of money supply
15.4 Measures of money supply15.5 Determinants of money supply
15.6 Control of money supply
15.7 Let us sum up
15.8 Books for self study
15.9 Questions for self study
BLOCK 5:
UNIT 16: Neo Classical Theory of Interest
16.0 Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Neo-classical Theory; - Interest and the Forces determining the Rate of
Interest
16.2.1 Demand for Loanable Funds
16.2.2 Supply of Lonaable Funds
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16.3 Determination of the Rate of Interest
16.4 Diagrammatic Illustration
16.5 Improvement over the Classical Theory
16.6 Let us sum up
16.7 Key words
16.8 Books for Reference
16.9 Questions for self study
UNIT 17: Keynesian Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Factor Determining the Rate of Interest
17.2.1 The Transactionary Motive and Precautionary Motive.
17.2.2 Speculative Motive
17.2.3 The Supply of Money
17.3 Determination of Rate of Interest
17.4 Liquidity Trap
17.5 Critical Evaluation
17.6 Let us sum up
17.7 Key words
17.8 Books for Reference
17.9 Questions for self study
UNIT 18: Modern Theory Of Interest
18.0 Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hick Hansen synthesis
18.3 Derivation of IS Curve
18.4 Derivation of LM Curve
18.5 Determination of the Equilibrium Rate of Interest
18.6 Effects of Shift in the IS and LM Schedules
18.7 Evaluation of Hicks-Hansen Synthesis
18.8 Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies.
18.8.1 Impact of Fiscal Policy
18.8.2 Reduction in Taxes
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18.8.3 Impact of Monetary Policy
18.9 Elasticity of LM Cure and Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fical
Policies
18.9.1 Kenesian Range of the LM Curve
18.9.2 Classical Range of the LM Curve
18.10 Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy
18.10.1 In the Intermediate Range
18.10.2 In the Classical Range
18.11 Effectiveness of Monetary Policy
18.12 IS-LM Model and Wage Price Flexibility
18.13 Let us sum up
18.14 Key words
18.15 Books for Reference18.16 Questions for self study
BLOCK 6:
UNIT 19: Business Cycle concept, Phases and Features
19.0 Objectives
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The concept of Business Cycle
19.3 Phases of Business Cycle
19.3.1 Contraction and Depression
19.3.2 Revival
19.3.3 Expansion
19.3.4 Recession
19.4 Features of Business Cycle
19.4.1 Synchronic in Nature
19.4.2 Periodity
19.4.3 International in character
19.5 General pattern
19.6 Characteristic Analysed by the American Economic Association
19.7 Let us sum up
19.8 Key words
19.9 Books for Reference
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19.10 Questions for self study
UNIT 20: Theories of Business Cycle Schumpeter and Kaldors Theories
20.0 Objectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Schumpeters Theory of Business Cycle
20.2.1 Invention and Innovation
20.2.2 Schumpeterian Model
20.2.3 Schumpeterian Hypothesis
20.2.4 Schumpeterian Hypothesis
20.2.5 Critical Evaluation
20.3 Kaldor Theory of Business Cycle
20.3.1 Kaldors Model
20.3.2 Saving and Investment and the level of Income
20.3.3 Saving and Investment and the stock of Capital
20.3.4 Business cycle and the Liner Saving and Investment Functions
20.3.5 Business cycle and the Non-Liner Saving and Investment Functions
20.4 Let us sum up
20.5 Key words
20.6 Books for Reference
20.7 Questions for Self Study
UNIT 21: Samuelsons Theory of Business Cycle [Multiplier Accelerator
Model]
21.0 Objectives
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Multiplier Accelerator interaction
21.3 Samuelsons Model
21.4 Five Types of cyclical Fluctuations
21.5 Critical Appraisal of the model
21.6 Let us sum up
21.7 Key words
21.8 Books for Reference
21.9 Questions for Self study
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UNIT 22: Hicksian Theory of Business Cycle
22.0 Objectives
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Ingredients of Hincksian theory
22.3 Assumptions of Hicksian theory
22.4 Special Features of Hicksian theory
22.4.1 Ceiling and the Floor
22.4.2 Rising trend of the Cycle
22.5 Hicksian model
22.5.1 Upswing of the Business cycle
22.5.2 Downswing of the Business cycle
22.6 Critical Evaluation
22.7 Let us sum up
22.8 Key words
22.9 Books for Reference
22.10 Questions for self study
UNIT 23: Monetary Theories of Bunnies Cycle-Hayak and Hfawtreys Theories.
23.0 Objectives
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Monetary over invest Theory of Hayak
23.2.1 The Basis of Over investment Theory
23.2.2 Hayaks Theory in operation\
23.2.3 The course of Recession
23.2.4 The course of Depression
23.2.5 Initiation for Revocery
23.2.6 Critical Evaluation
23.3 Howtreys Monetary Theory of Business cycle
23.3.1 Hawtreys Aruguments
23.3.2 Upswing and downswing of the cycle
23.3.3 Downswing of the Cycle
23.3.4 Depression and Credit Dead lock
23.3.5 Critical Evaluation
23.4 Let us sum up
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23.5 Key words
23.6 Books for Reference
23.7 Questions for self study.
UNIT 24A: Inflation And Deflation
24A.0 Objectives
24A.1 Introduction
24A.2 The concept of Inflation
24A.3 Types of Inflation
24A.3.1 Three Strains of Inflation
24A.3.2 Anticipated and Unanticipated Inflation
24A.4 The concept of Deflation
24A.4.1 Deflationary Gap
24A.5 Effect of Inflation and Deflation
24A.6 Let us sum up
24A.7 Key words
24A.8 Books for Reference
24A.9 Questions for self study
UNIT 25: Government Role Stabilizing Business Cycles
25.0 Objectives
25.1 Introduction25.2 Nature and Objectives of Macroeconomic Policy
25.3 Policy Instruments: Monetary Policy
25.3.1 Instruments of Monetary Policy Quantitative Instruments
25.3.2 Qualitative Instruments
25.4 Monetary Policy and Economic Growth
25.5 Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Controlling Recession and Inflation
25.6 Time Lags in Policy Action.
25.7 Policy Instrument Fiscal Policy
25.8 Role of Fiscal Policy
25.9 Automatic Fiscal Stabilizer
25.10 Discretionary Fiscal Policy
25.11 Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in Controlling Inflation and Recession
25.12 Public Debt as a Device Stabilization
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25.13 Demand Side Fiscal Devices
25.14 Supply Side Fiscal Policy
25.15 Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
25.16 Interaction of Monetary and Fiscal Devices
25.17 To Sum Up
25.18 Key words
25.19 Reference Books
25.20 Questions for self study
BLOCK 7:
UNIT 26: Macro Economics in an Open Economy Mundell Fleming Model
26.0 Objectives
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The Mundell Fleming Model Components of the Model.
26.2.1 The Model Keeping e constant.
26.2.2 The Model Keeping r constant.
26.3 Open economy Under the Floating Exchange Rate
26.3.1 Impact of Physical Policy
26.3.2 Impact of Monetary Policy
26.3.3 Impact of Trade Policy
26.4 Open Economy under Fixed Exchange Rate26.4.1 Working of Fixed Exchange Rate System
26.4.2 Impact of Physical Policy
26.4.3 Impact of Monetary Policy
26.4.4 Impact of Trade Policy
26.5 Summary of the Model
26.6 Should Exchange Rate be Floating or Fixed
26.7 The European Monetary Union
26.8 To sum up
26.9 Key words
26.10 Books for Reference
26.11 Questions for Self Study
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UNIT 27: Exchange Rate
27.0 Objectives
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Major Exchange Rate Systems
27.3 Flexible Exchange Rate System
27.4 Fixed Exchange Rate System
27.5 Humes Adjustment Mechanism
27.6 The four-pronged Mechanism
27.7 Adjustment with Fixed Exchange Rates
27.8 Managed Exchange Rate Systems
27.9 The Search for stable Exchange Rates
27.9.1 The Crisis of the European Monetary System
27.9.2 Speculative Attack
27.10 Towards a common Currency
27.11 To sum up
27.12 Key words
27.13 Books for Reference
27.14 Questions for Self Study
UNIT 28: Monetary Approach To The Balance Of Payments
28.0 Objectives
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The Monetary Approach
28.3 The Monetary Approach under Fixed Exchange Rates
28.4 The Monetary Approach and Inflation in the World Exchange Rates
28.5 The Monetary Approach under the Flexible Exchange rates
28.6 To sum up
28.7 Key words
28.8 Books for Reference
28.9 Questions for Self Study
UNIT 29: The New Classical Approach
29.0 Objectives
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Emergence of the New Classical Approach
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29.3 Rational Expectations meaning, formation and postulates
29.3.1 Postulates of Rational Expectations
29.3.2 Rational Expectations versus Adaptive Expectations
29.4 The Market Clearing Approach: The Lucas Supply Curve.
29.4.1 Neo-classical Labour Market Model (in Nutshell)
29.4.2 How expected price is determined
29.4.3 Policy Irrelevance
29.5 An Evaluation of the Rational Expectations Equilibrium Approach
29.6 The New Classical Approach and the illusory Philips curve
29.7 Real Business Cycles
29.8 To sum up
29.9 Key words
29.10 Books for Reference
29.11 Questions for Self Study
UNIT 30: Policy Implications of New Classical Approach
30.0 Objectives
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Policy Implications of the New Classical Approach: policy Ineffectiveness
30.2.1 The Desirability of Fixed Rules
30.3 Monetarist Rule and The Lucas Rules
30.4 State of debate
30.5 A new synthesis
30.6 To sum up
30.7 Key words
30.8 Books for Reference
30.9 Questions for Self Study
MEC22: Indian Economics Analysis
BLOCK 1:Non Welfare Issues in Welfare Economics
UNIT 1: Economic Development and its Determination
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of Economic Development
1.3 Factors that determine Economic development
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1.4 Natural resources
1.5 Economic Factors
1.5.1 Capital Formation
1.5.2 Capital output Ration
1.5.3 Marketable Surplus of Agriculture
1.6 Non Economic Factors
1.6.1 Growth of Population
1.6.2 Technical-know-how and general Education
1.6.3 Political Freedom
1.6.4 Social Organisation
1.6.5 Corruption
1.6.6 Desire to Develop
1.7 Let us sum up
1.8 For self study
1.9 Books
1.10 Questions
UNIT 2: Different Approaches to Economic Development and Its Measurement
in India
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Increase in Gross Domestic Product
2.3 Rise in per capita product
2.4 Equitable Distribution of Income & Wealth
2.5 Development Indicators
2.6 Income Index
2.7 Non Income Index
2.7.1 Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I)
2.7.2 Basic needs Approach
2.7.3 Human Development Index
2.7.4 Gender Related development Index.
2.8. Let us sum up
2.9 For self study
2.10 Books
2.11 Questions
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UNIT 3: Features of Indian Economy
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 India as Under Development Economy
3.2.1 Low Per capita income
3.2.2 Low Quality of Life
3.2.3 Large Unutilsed Natural Resources
3.2.4 Predominance of Agriculture
3.2.5 Heavy population pressure
3.2.6 Prevalence of Chronic Unemployment
3.2.7 Capital Deficiency and low level technology
3.2.8 Poor quality of Human Resources
3.2.9 Poor Economic Organisation
3.3 India as dualistic Economy
3.4 India as Mixed Economy
3.5 India as Planned Economy
3.6 Let us sum up
3.7 For self study
3.8 Books
3.9 Questions
BLOCK 2:India Economy Policy
UNIT 4: Natural Resources and Ecological Balance
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Meaning of Natural Resources
4.3 Types of Natural Resources
4.4 Importance of Natural Resources
4.5 Different Natural Resources
4.5.1 Land Resources
4.5.2 Forest Resources
4.5.3 Water Resources
4.5.4 Marine Resources
4.5.5 Mineral Resources
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4.6 Ecological Balance
4.7 Ecological Imbalance
4.8 Types of Environmental Pollution
4.9 Environment Degradataion and causes of Environmental Pollution
4.10 Measures of Environmental Protection
4.11 Let us sum up
4.12 For self study
4.13 Books
4.14 Questions
UNIT 5: Population and Economic Development in India
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Size and growth of population in India.
5.3 Causes for Rapid growth of Population
5.3.1 Causes for Decline in death Rate
5.3.2 Causes for High birth rate
5.4 Let us sum up
5.5 For self study
5.6 Books
5.7 Questions
UNIT 6: Problems of Population in India
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Difference problems of population growth and Economic Development
6.2.1 Population and growth of National and Per capita income
6.2.2 Population and Food supply.
6.2.3 Population and the Burden of unproductive consumers
6.2.4 Population and Unemployment
6.2.5 Population and the burden of Education, Medical care and Hosting.
6.2.6 Population and Capital Formation.
6.3 Population Policy
6.4 Population policy in India
6.5 Family planning under Five year plans in India.
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6.6 1976 National population policy.
6.7 Family Planning programme after 1980.
6.8 National population policy of 2000.
6.9 Appraisal of population policy.
6.10 Coercive methods
6.11 The approach of Family Planning
6.12 Let us sum up
6.13 For self study
I. Books
II. Questions
UNIT 7: Human Resources Development in India
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The concept
7.3 Significance of Human Resources
7.4 Social Infrastructure
7.5 Education
7.6 Public Health
7.7 Manpower Planning
7.8 Let us sum up
7.9 For self study
I. Books
II. Questions
UNIT 8: Infrastructure and Economic Development
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role Infrastructure in Economic Development
8.3 Energy
8.4 Commerce
8.5 Electricity
8.6 Transport
8.7 Let us sum up
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8.8 For self study
I Books
II Questions
BLOCK 3:
UNIT 9: Planning Strategy and Its Achievement
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Concept of Planning
9.3 Features of Planning in India
9.4 Objectives of Planning in India
9.5 Indias five year Plans
9.6 Development strategy in Indian Planning
9.7 Achievement and Failures of Planning
9.8 Let us sum up
9.9 For self study
I Books
II Questions
UNIT 10: Decentralised Planning
10.0 Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Features of decentralized Planning
10.3 Characteristics of Decentralised planning
10.4 Development of Grass roots organizations
10.5 Panchayath Raj System
10.6 Panchayath Raj in India
10.7 Non- Government Organizations
10.8 Assure Groups
10.9 Let us sum up
10.10 For self study
I Books
II Questions
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BLOCK 4:Agricultural Sector
UNIT 11: Problems of Agricultural Sector
11.0 Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Features of Indian Agricultural
11.3 Cropping pattern
11.4 Problems of Indian Agricultural Productivity
11.5 Land Reforms
11.6 Technological Changes
11.7 Agricultural Labour
11.8 Let us sum up
11.9 For self study
I Books
II Questions
UNIT 12: Agricultural Finance and Agricultural Marketing
12.0 Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Needs for Finance
12.3 Sources of agricultural credit
12.3.1 Institutional Sources
12.3.2 Private Sources
12.4 Causes of Rural Indebtedness
12.5 Consequences of Rural Indebtedness
12.6 Remedies to the problem of Rural Indebtedness
12.7 Agricultural marketing (Meaning & Importance)
12.8 Essential of Good marketing
12.9 Defects of Agricultural Marketing
12.10 Effects of Defective Marketing
12.11 Government measures for improvement
12.12 Let us sum up
12.13 For self study
I Books
II Questions
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UNIT 13: Agricultural Policy for Sustained Agricultural Development
13.0 Objectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Concept of sustained agricultural development
13.3 Pricing inputs
13.4 Pricing output
13.5 Agricultural price policy of the Government
13.6 Food Security and public distribution policy
13.6.1 Public Distribution system
13.7 Investment trends in agricultural
13.8 National Agricultural Policy
13.9 Let us sum up
13.10 For self study
I Books
II Questions
BLOCK 5:
UNIT 14: Industrial Sector in India
14.0 Objectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Industrialization concept14.3 Industrialization and economic Development
14.4 Industries during British Period
14.5 Industries under various plans First plan 1950 51 to 10th
plan 2002 07
14.6 A Review of Industrial growth in India
14.7 Trends and pattern of industrial development in India
14.8 Major problems of industrial development in India
14.9 Major problems of industrial development
14.10 Measures to solve the problems
14.11 Summary
14.12 Key Concepts
14.13 References
14.14 Check your progress
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UNIT 15: Industrial Policy in India
15.0 Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Concept of Industrial policy
15.3 Need for industrial policy
15.4 Evolution of Industrial policy during British period
15.5 Industrial policy after Independence
15.6 Industrial Policy Resolution 1948
15.7 Industries (Development and Regulation Act) 1951
15.8 Industries (Development and Regulation Act) 1956
15.9 Industries Policy Statements of 1973, 1977 and 1980
15.10 New Industrial Policy, 1991
15.10.1 Industrial licensing
15.10.2 Foreign Investment
15.10.3 Foreign Technology Agreement
15.10.4 Public Sector Policy
15.10.5 MRTP Act
15.11 An appraisal of new Industrial Policy
15.12 Industrial Policy under pre and post Liberalisation A comparative out look
15.13 New trends in Industrial Policy
15.14 Summary
15.15 Key Concepts
15.16 References
15.17 Check your progress
UNIT 16: The Public Sector Enterprises in India
16.0 Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Concept of public enterprise
16.3 Role and objectives of PSEs
16.4 Orgin and growth of PSEs in India
16.5 Organisational Forms of PSEs
16.6 Performance of PSEs
16.7 Problem of PSEs
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16.8 Remedial Measures
16.9 Indian Public Sector under globalization period
16.10 Major Public Sector reform since 90s.
16.11 Reforms in corporative governance in PSEs
16.12 Summary
16.13 Key Concepts
16.14 References
16.15 Check your progress
UNIT 17: Small Scale Industries in India
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Small Scale Industry concept and its features
17.3 Importance of SSIs
17.4 Growth and performance of SSIs in India
17.5 Small Scale industry policy
17.6 An Assessment of the new policy
17.7 Problems and prospects of SSIs
17.8 Recommendations of Abid Hussain Committee
17.9 Liberalisation and small Scale Sector
17.10 New Challenging facing SSI
17.11 WTO and SSIs
17.12 Summary
17.13 Key Concepts
17.14 References
17.15 Check your progress
UNIT 18: Privatization and Disinvestment in India
18.0 Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Privatisation concept and objectives
18.3 Need for privatization
18.4 Methods of Privatization
18.5 Major issues of Privatization
18.6 Privatization in India
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18.7 Evils of Privatization
18.8 Disinvestment concept and objectives
18.9 Methods of Disinvestment
18.10 Progress of Disinvestment
18.11 Strategis of Disinvestment
18.12 Critical issues in the Disinvestment
18.13 A critique of Disinvestment policy
18.14 MRTP Act 170 MRTP Amendments since 1990
18.15 Indian Private Sector under Liberalization
18.16 Summary
18.17 Key Concepts
18.18 References
18.19 Check your progress
BLOCK 6:
UNIT 19: Supply of Money in India
19.0 Objectives of the unit
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Indian currency system
19.3 Money supply in India
19.3.1 Money supply: Four measures19.3.2 Money supply measures and liquidity
19.3.3 Narrow money and broad money
19.3.4 Relative status of different money measures
19.4 Factors influencing money supply in India
19.4.1 Net bank credit to the Government
19.4.2 Bank credit to the commercial sector
19.4.3 Foreign exchange assets
19.4.4 Government's currency liabilities to the public
19.4.5 Non-monetary liabilities of the banking sector
19.5 Money supply in India: Trends and implications.
19.5.1 Rising money supply
19.5.2 Desirable and undesirable expansion
19.5.3 Trends during the I990s
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19.5.4 Important recent developments
19.6 Money supply and price behaviour in India
19.7 Causes for price rise in India
19.8 Impact of money supply on prices
19.9 Money-price nexus
19.10 Anti-inflationary policy of the Government
19.11 Chakravarthy committee recommendations
19.12 Let us sum up
19.13 Key concepts
19.14 Self-assessment questions
19.15 Further Readings
UNIT 20: Money Market and Capital Markets in India
20.0 Objectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Money Market: Meaning and Importance
20.3 Nature of the Indian Money Market
20.4 Trading in short tenn instruments
20.5 Composition of the Indian Money Market
20.5.1 Unorganised sector of the Money Market
20.5.2 Organised sector of the Money Market
20.6 Characteristics of the Indian Money Market
20.7 The Reform of the Indian Money Market
20.8 Suggestions for Improvement of the Indian Money Market
20.9 Indian Capital Market
20.10 Structure of the Capital Market
20.11 Role of Capital Market in India's Industrial Growth
20.12 Growth of Capital Market in India
20.12.1 Government Securities Market
20.12.2 The Corporate or Industrial Securities Market
20.12.3 Stock Exchange Market
20.12.4 National Stock Exchange of India
20.13 Factors contributing to the Growth of Capital Market in India
20.14 Problems of Indian Capital Market
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20.15 Capital Market Reforms
20.16 SEBI and Capital Market Development
20.17 Let us Sum Up
20.18 Key Concepts
20.19 Self-assessment Questions
20.20 Further Readings
UNIT21: Banking In India
21.0 Objectives
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Banking Developments in India
21.2.1 Nationalisation of banks
21.2.2 Progress in branch expansion
21.2.3 Progress in deposit mobilization
21.2.4 Mass banking
21.2.5 Priority to neglected sectors
21.2.6 Popularization of social banking
21.2.7 Diversification of functions
21.2.8 Public sector banks
21.2.9 Establishment of Regional Rural Banks
21.2.10 Establishment of foreign banks
21.3 Indian Banking: An evaluation.
21.4 Banking Sector Reforms
21.5 Recommendations of the I Narasirnham committee (1991)
21.5.1 Recommendations relating to functional autonomy and competition
21.5.2 Profitability related recommendations
21.5.3 Recommendations relating to market related interest
21.5.4 Recommendations on capital adequacy and bad debts
21.5.5 Recommendations on structure of banking system
21.5.6 Financial institutions, capital markets and new institutions.
21.6 Recommendations of the II Narasirnham Committee (1998)
21.7 Implications of Banking Sector Reforms
21.8 Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank o fIndia
21.9 Meaning and objectives
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21.10 Instruments of Monetary Policy
21.11 Monetary policy: A performance evaluation
21.11.1 Achievements
21.11.2 Failures
21.12 Let us Sum Up
21.13 Key concepts
21.14 Self-assessment questions
21.15 Further Readings.
UNIT 22: Fiscal Policy I
22.0 Objectives
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Public expenditure in India
22.3 Growth of Public expenditure in India
22.4 Composition of public expenditure in India
22.4.1 Development expenditure
22.4.2 Non-development expenditure
22.5 Public expenditure management
22.6 Expenditure Reforms Commission
22.7 Tax and Tax Reforms in India
22.8 Tax Revenue of the Central Government
22.9 Tax Revenue of State Government
22.10 Taxation in India: Trends
22.11 Tax reforms since 1991
22.11.1 Recommendations of the Tax Reforms Committee
22.11.2 Major Recommendations of the Advisory Group on Tax Policy and
Tax Administration for the Tenth Five Year Plan.
22.12 Deficit financing in India
22.13 Meaning
22.14 Rationale for Deficit Financing
22.15 Deficit Financing Under Various Plans
22.16 Evil consequences of Deficit Financing
22.17 Ways and Means of Advances
22.17.1 Features of WMA
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22.17.2 Implications of WMA
22.18 Public Debt in India
22.19 Debt obligations of the Central Government
22.20 Debt obligations of State Government
22.21 Role of Debt Finance in India
22.22 Public Debt: Problems and Issues
22.23 Liquidation of Public Debt
22.24 Let us sum up
22.25 Key Concepts
22.26 Self-assessment questions
22.27 Further Readings
UNIT 23: Fiscal Policy - II
23.0 Objectives
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Objectives of Fiscal Policy in India
23.3 Fiscal Policy and Growth Performance of the Economy.
23.3.1 Fiscal Policy and Resource Mobilisation
23.3.2 Fiscal Policy and Allocational Efficiency
23.3.3 Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Equilibrium
23.3.4 Fiscal Policy and Tax Structure
23.3.5 Fiscal Policy and Promoting Socially Desirable Activities.
23.3.6 Fiscal Policy and Market Oriented Development
23.3.7 Fiscal Policy and Equity
23.3.8 Fiscal Policy and Balanced Regional Development.
23.4 The Fiscal Imbalance and Crisis
23.5 Fiscal Correction
23.6 Remedial Measures
23.7 Features of the New Fiscal Policy
23.8 The New Fiscal Approach and Responsibility
23.9 Fiscal Responsibility and Management Bill
23.9.1 Objectives of FRMB
23.10 Appraisal of the New Fiscal Policy
23.10.1 Positive Aspects of the Policy
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23.10.2 Limitations of the Policy
23.11 Let us sum up
23.12 Key concepts
23.13 Self-assessment questions
23.14 Further Readings
BLOCK 7:
UNIT 24: Foreign Trade of India Structures Features Trends
24.0 Objectives
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Value of trade
24.3 Indias trade
24.4 Indias trade in relation to GDP and world trade
24.5 Unit value index and volume index
24.6 Trends in export value
24.7 Explanation of export value
24.8 Trends in import value
24.9 Explanation of import trends
24.10 Structure of exports
24.11 Structure of imports
24.12 Direction of Indias trade24.13 Features of Indias Trade
24.14 Summing up
24.15 Suggested Reading
24.16 Questions
UNIT 25: Balance of Payment
25.0 Objectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Balance of payments-its meaning
25.3 Trends in balance of payment
25.3.1 Trends in balance of trade
25.3.2 Trends in invisible and others
25.4 Causes for the deficit
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25.5 Capital Account: Financing the deficit
25.5.1 Financing deficit in the pre-reform period
25.5.2 Financing deficit in the post-reform period
25.6 Emerging issues in the balance of payments management
25.7 Summing up
25.8 Table 1, 2, 3 and 4
25.9 Suggested Reading
25.10 Questions
UNIT 26: EXPORT AND IMPORT POLITICS
26.0 Objectives
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Foreign trade policy and economic development in India
26.3 Import policy in the pre-reform period
26.4 Brief evaluation of import
26.5 Export policy in the pre-reform period
26.6 Brief evaluation of export policy
26.7 Import Export policy in the post reform period some general marks
26.8 Main features of exim policy (Export Import policy) in the post-reform
period
26.9 Exim policy 2002-07
26.10 Brief evaluation of Post reform trade policy
26.11 Import Substitution and Export Promotion alternative trade strategies
26.11.1 Import substitution and export promotion concepts
26.11.2 Indias trade strategy
26.12 Concluding remarks on trade strategy
26.13 Foreign Exchange Management Act
26.13.1 A Brief Evaluation of FEMA
26.14 Summing up
26.15 Suggested Reading
26.16 Questions
UNIT 27: Foreign Exchange Rate
27.0 Objectives
27.1 Introduction
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27.2 Exchange Rate what does it really mean?
27.3 Exchange rate policy An Overview
27.4 Exchange rate management during the pre-reform period
27.5 Exchange rate Management its significance in the post reform period
27.6 Exchange rate management major developments
27.7 Brief evaluation
27.8 Some unsettled issues
27.9 Summing up
27.10 Suggested reading
27.11 Questions
UNIT 28: Foreign Capital and MNCs
28.0 Objectives
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Role of Foreign Capital
28.3 Indian Governments policy towards Foreign Capital
28.4 Foreign Investment and Foreign technology some indicators
28.5 Brief Evaluation
28.6 Multinational Companies their features and growth
28.7 MNCs and India
28.8 Problems posed by Foreign capital and MNCs
28.9 Summing up
28.10 Suggested reading
28.11 Questions
UNIT 29: Rationale of Internal and External Reforms
29.0 Objectives
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Internal and External Reforms A conceptual framework
29.3 Rationale for economic reforms
29.3.1 Roots of the crisis Macroeconomic imbalance
29.3.2 Weaknesses / Limitations of the heavy industry strategy
29.4 Components of economic reforms
29.4.1 Internal reforms An outline
29.4.2 External Reforms A brief
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29.5 Implications of economic reforms
29.6 Impact of economic reforms
29.7 Summing up
29.8 Suggested Reading
29.9 Questions
UNIT 30: Globalization of Indian Economy
30.0 Objectives
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Globalization Conceptual clarity
30.2.1 Globalization Process in India
30.3 Globalization and Agriculture
30.4 Globalization and Industry
30.5 Globalization and foreign trade
30.6 Globalization and Governance
30.7 Globalization and Competition
30.8 Globalization and safety nets
30.9 Summing up
30.10 Suggested Reading
30.11 Questions
MEC23: International Trade and Finance
BLOCK 1:
UNIT 1: Need for International Trade
1.0 Aims and Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need or basis of International trade
1.3 Internal trade or International trade
1.4 Specialization and trade or Advantages of trade
1.5 Effects on efficiency or disadvantages of trade
1.6 Trade and economic development
1.7 Summary
1.8 Key words
1.9 Check your progress
1.10 Questions for Self Institutional exercises
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1.11 Suggested Books
UNIT 2: Classical Theory of Int
2.0 Aims and Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Absolute advantages
2.2.1 Assumptions
2.3 Comparative cost theory of International trade
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Comparative cost difference
2.3.3 Assumptions
2.3.4 Comparative cost advantage illustration
2.3.5 Criticism
2.4 Opportunity cost
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Opportunity cost and substitution curve
2.5 Empirical testing of the theory / Limitations
2.6 Key words
2.7 Summing Up
2.8 Questions for Self Institutional exercises
2.9 Suggested Books
UNIT 3: Classical Theory of International Trade Factor Price Equalization,
Samuleson Theory
3.0 Aims and Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Factor Price Equalization Hypothesis meaning
3.3 Assumptions
3.4 A diagrammatic representation
3.5 Critical evaluation of the theorem
3.6 Summary
3.7 Key words
3.8 Suggested Books
3.9 Model examination questions
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UNIT 4: Hecksher Ohlin Theory of International Trade
4.0 Aims and Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Assumptions
4.3 Factor abundance
4.4 Factor Price factor intensity reversal
4.5 A diagrammatic representation of H- O theory
4.6 Leontief method of testing Leontief paradox
4.7 An evaluation / Limitations
4.8 Summing up
4.9 Key words
4.10 Suggested Books
4.11 Questions for self instruction exercises
UNIT 5: Kravis and Linders Theory of Trade
5.0 Aims and Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The availability approach Kravis
5.3 Linders representative demand hypothesis overlapping demand
5.4 An evaluation
5.5 Key words
5.6 Suggested Books
5.7 Questions for self instruction exercises
UNIT 6: Rynczynski Theory
6.0 Aims and Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Assumptions
6.3 Rybczynski theory
6.4 Policy implications of immiserising growth
6.5 Causes of emergence and measurement of intra-industry trade and its impact
on developing countries
6.6 An evaluation
6.7 Key words
6.8 Suggested Books
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9.3 Types of Terms of Trade
9.3.1 Commodity terms of trade (CTOT)
9.3.2 Factoral terms of Trade (FTOT)
9.3.3 Income terms of Trade (ITOF)
9.3.4 Current Account Terms of Trade
9.4 Factors affecting Terms of Trade
9.4.1 Reciprocal Demand
9.4.2 Changes in Factor Endowments
9.4.3 Changes in Technology
9.4.4 Changes in Growth
9.4.5 Tariffs
9.5 Different concepts of Terms of Trade
9.6 Factors on whom terms of Trade depend
9.7 Terms of Trade and Developing Economics
9.8 Terms of Trade Estimation
9.9 An Evaluation
9.10 Keywords
9.11 Suggested Books
9.12 Questions for self instruction exercises
UNIT 10: Tariffs
10.0 Aims and Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Meaning of tariff
10.3 Types of tariffs
10.4 Effects of tariffs under partial and general equilibrium
10.5 An evaluation
106 Key words
10.7 Suggested Books
10.8 Questions for self-instruction exercises
UNIT 11: Optimum Tariffs and Welfare
11.0 Aims and Objective
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Optimum tariffs
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11.3 Effects of tariff on income distribution
11.4 Stapler and Samuelson theorem
11.5 Tariff Welfare small nation model
11.6 Tariff welfare-large nation model
11.7 Tariff effects
11.8 An evaluation
11.9 Key words
11.10 Suggested Books
11.11 Questions for self-instruction exercises
UNIT 12: Quotas
12.0 Aims and Objectives
12.1 Meaning of Quotas
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Different types of Quotas
12.4 Import and Export Quotas and their effects
12.5 An Evaluation
12.6 Key words
12.7 Suggested Books
12.8 Questions for self-instruction Exercises
UNIT 13: Tariffs Vs Quotas13.0 Aims and Objectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas
13.3 Visible and invisible effects
13.4 Tariff Vs Quotas
13.5 Orderly Marketing agreements
13.6 An evaluation
13.7 Key words
13.8 Suggested Books
13.9 Questions for self-instruction exercises
UNIT 14: Non-Tariff Barriers
14.0 Aims and objectives
14.1 Introduction
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14.2 Subsidies
14.3 Types of subsidies
14.4 Dumping
14.5 International price discrimination-Excess capacities
14.6 Anit-dumping regulations
14.7 Other non-tariff barriers
14.7.1 Government procurement policies
14.7.2 Social regulations
14.8 Sea-transport-freight restrictions
14.9 An evaluation
14.10 Key words
14.11 Suggested Books
14.12 Questions for self instruction exercises
BLOCK 3: International Trade and Finance
UNIT 15: Free Trade Policy
15.0 Aims and Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Concept of Free Trade
15.3 Arguments in favour of free trade
15.4 Case Against Free Trade15.5 Limitations
15.6 An Evaluation
15.7 Key words
15.8 Questions for Self Institutional exercises
15.9 Suggested Books
UNIT 16: TRADE PROTECTION POLICY
16.0 Aims and Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Meaning of Protection
16.3 Arguments for and Against Protection
16.4 Limitations
16.5 An Evaluation
16.6 Key words
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16.7 Questions for Self Institutional exercises
16.8 Suggested Books
BLOCK 4:
UNIT 17: Meaning and Components of Balance of Payments
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Balance of payments Meaning and Different concepts
17.3 Components of Balance of Payments
17.4 Current Account BOP and Capital Account BOP
17.5 Statistical Discrepancy-Errors and Omissions
17.6 Current Account Deficits
17.7 Net Foreign Investment and Current Account Balance of Payments
17.8 Impact of Capital Flows on Current Account
17.9 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Balance of Payments
17.10 Summary
17.11 Keywords
17.12 Questions for self study
17.13 Books for study
UNIT 18: Foreign Exchange Market and Foreign Exchange Rate
18.0 Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Meaning of Foreign Exchange Market
18.3 Types of Foreign Exchange Market-Spot and Forward Markets
18.4 Types of Exchange Rate
18.5 Exchange Rate Determinants
18.6 Trends In Foreign Exchange
18.7 Summary
18.8 Keywords
18.9 Questions for Self Study
UNIT 19: Theories of Foreign Exchange Rate
19.0 Objectives
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mint Parity Theory
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19.3 Purchasing Power Parity Theory
19.4 Balance of Payments Theory
19.5 Summary
19.6 Key words
19.7 Questions for Self Study
19.8 Books for Study
BLOCK 5:
UNIT 20: Balance of Payments Adjustment
20.0 Objectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Balance of Payments Adjustment under Gold Standard
20.3 Adjustment under Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rates
20.4 Adjustment through Capital Market
20.5 Adjustments through Income Changes
20.6 Stimulation of Exports
20.7 Summary
20.8 Key Words
20.9 Questions for Self Study
20.10 Books for Study
UNIT 21: Exchange Rate Adjustment and Balance of Payments Mechanism
21.0 Objectives
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Effects of Exchange Rate on Production Costs and Prices
21.3 Elasticity Approach The Marshall Lerner Mechanism
21.4 Income Absorption Approach
21.5 The Monetary Approach
21.6 Direct Controls
21.7 Devaluation
21.8 Overvaluation
21.9 Balance of Payments in Developing Countries
21.10 Summary
21.11 Keywords
21.12 Questions for self study
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21.13 Books for Study
UNIT 22: Balance Of Payments Policy: Internal and External Equilibrium
22.0 Objectives
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Expenditure Reducing Policy
22.3 Expenditure Switching Policy
22.4 Swan Model-Policy Measures
22.5 Mundelein Model
22.5.1 Introduction
22.5.2 Internal and External Balance with Monetary and Fiscal Policies
22.5.3 Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates and Perfect Capital Mobility
22.5.3 A Critical Review
22.6 Summary
22.7 Keywords
22.8 Questions for self study
22.9 Books for self study
UNIT 23: Foreign Trade Multiplier
23.0 Objectives
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Foreign Trade Multiplier23.2.1 Conceptual interpretation
23.2.2 Assumptions
23.2.2 Derivation
23.3 Foreign Repercussions
23.4 Implications of the Foreign Trade Multiplier.
23.5 Foreign Trade Multiplier and National Income
23.6 Criticisms
23.7 Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Practices in Developing Countries
23.8 Summary
23.9 Keywords
23.10 Questions for self study
23.11 Books for study
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BLOCK 6:
UNIT 24: Economic cooperation
24.0 Objectives
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Concepts of cooperation
24.3 Benefits of Cooperation
24.4 Types of cooperation / Integration
24.4.1 Free trade Areas
24.4.2 Common Market
24.4.3 Customs Unions
24.4.4 Economic Unions
24.5 Theory of Customs Unions
24.5.1 The Evolution and Its Variants
24.5.2 The Static Effects
24.5.3 The Dynamic Effects
24.6 Summary
24.7 Keywords
24.8 Questions for self study
24.9 Books for Reference
UNIT 25: European Union (UE) and North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
25.0 Objectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 European Common Market
25.3 European Economic Union (EEU)
25.4 North American Free Trade Agreement
25.5 Summary
25.6 Key Words
25.7 Questions for self Study
25.8 Books for reference
UNIT 26: Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries
26.0 Objectives
26.1 Introduction
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BLOCK 7: International Monetary System
UNIT 29: World Bank
29.0 Objectives
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Objectives and Functions of the World Bank
29.3 Resources
29.4 World Bank And LDCs
29.5 Limitations of the World Bank Operations
29.6 Summary
29.7 Key Words
29.8 Questions for Self-Study
29.9 Books for Reference
UNIT 30: International Monetary Found
30.0 Objectives
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Objectives and Functions
30.3 Organizational structure andResources
30.4 SDRs/PAPER GOLD
30.5 International Liquidity
30.6 IMF and LDCs30.7 Summary
30.8 Key Words
30.9 Questions for Self-Study
30.10 Books for Reference
MEC24: Economics of Demography
BLOCK 1 & 2:
UNIT 1: Nature and Scope of Economics of Demography
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of Demography
1.3 Nature of Demography
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1.4 Scope of Demography
1.4.1 Micro-Demography
1.4.2 Macro-Demography
1.5 Demography and other Disciplines
1.6 Importance of Demography
1.7 Let us sum up
1.8 Key words
1.9 Reference Books
UNIT 2: Theory of Demographic Transition
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Meaning of Demographic Transition
2.3 Different views on Demographic Transition
2.4 Theory of Demographic Transition
2.5 Notestein and Cowgills Theories of Demographic Transition
2.6 Demographic Transition in the course of Economic Development.
2.7 Zero Population Growth
2.8 Critical Review of Demographic Transition
2.9 Let us sum up
2.10 Key words
2.11 Reference Books
UNIT 3: Role of Population in Economic development
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of Population as an accelerating factor
3.3 Role of population as a retarding factor
3.4 Let us sum up
3.5 Key words
3.6 Reference Books
UNIT 4: Malthus pessimistic theory of population
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Malthus pessimistic theory
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4.3 Assumption
4.4 Central theme of the theory
4.5 Check on population
4.6 Importance of Malthusian theory
4.7 Applications of Malthus theory
4.8 Criticism
4.9 Neo-Malthusian theory
4.10 Let us sum up
4.11 Key words
4.12 Reference Books
UNIT 5: Optimistic Theories of Population Marxian Theory of Surplus
Population
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Marx and Malthusian views on Population
5.3 Explanation of Marxs Theory His definition about development
5.4 Karl Marxs theory of surplus Population
5.5 Marxs socialist views about population
5.6 Critical evaluation of Marxs Theory
5.7 Let us sum up
5.8 Key words
5.9 Reference Books
UNIT 6: Population and Keynesian Thesis
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Keynes views and Malthusian Theory
6.3 Keynes and Declining population
6.4 The Neo Keynesian views
6.5 Advantages of population growth
6.6 Criticisms
6.7 Let us sum up
6.8 Key words
6.9 Reference Books
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UNIT 7: Canons Optimum Theory of Population
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definition of optimum population
7.3 Assumptions
7.4 Explanations of the Theory
7.5 Superiority of optimum theory
7.6 Criticisms
7.7 Let us sum up
7.8 Key words
7.9 Reference Books
UNIT 8: Population and Economic Development of Less developed countries
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Concept of Less- development and features of less-developed countries
8.3 Effects of Population on economic Development in Less Developed Countries
8.4 Control of Population
8.5 Let us sum up
8.6 Key words
8.7 Reference Books
BLOCK 3 & 4:
UNIT 9: Population Trends in the 20th
Century Organisation
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Population trends Population explosions
9.3 Structure of Population in developed and less developed countries
9.3.1 Trends in Sex Composition.
9.3.2 Pattern of age composition
9.4 Let us sum up
9.5 Key words
9.6 Reference Books
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UNIT 10: Demographic Effects of Population Structure
10.0 Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effects of Sex and age structure
10.2.1 Sex- Structure and Population
10.2.2 Age Structure and Population
10.2.3 Ageing
10.3 Problems due to ageing
10.4 Key words
10.5 Reference Books
UNIT 11: Theories of Fertility
11.0 Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Meaning and importance of the study of Fertility
11.3 Importance of the study of fertility
11.4 Trends in Fertility
11.5 Factors affecting Fertility
11.6 Let us Sum Up
11.7 Keywords
11.8 Reference Books
Check Your Progress
UNIT 12: Biological Theories and Hypothesis of Fertility
12.0 Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biological Theories of Fertility
12.2.1 The Density
12.2.2 The Diet Principle
12.2.3 Ginis Theory
12.2.4 Biological Theory of Spencer
12.2.5 Castros Theory of Protein Consumption
12.6 Let us Sum up
12.7 Key words
12.8 Reference Books
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UNIT 13: Socio Cultural and Economic Theory
13.0 Objectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Social Theory of fertility
13.2.1 Social Capillarity Theory
13.2.2 Theory of Diffusion or Cultural Lag
13.2.3 Theory of Change and Response
13.3 Economic Theories of fertility
13.3.1 Libensteing Theory
13.3.2 Beckers Theory
13.3.3 Easterlins Frame work
13.3.4 Caldwells Wealth Flow Theory
13.4 Socio- Economic Theories
13.5 Differential Fertility
13.6 Let us Sum up
13.7 Key words
13.8 Reference Books
UNIT 14: The Stage Theory of Population
14.0 Objectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Stage Theory of population
14.3 Critique
14.4 Let us Sum up
14.5 Key words
14.6 Reference Books
UNIT 15: Marriage
15.0 Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Concept of Marriage
15.3 Analysis of Martial Status
15.4 Trends in Age and Marriage
15.5 Differential in Mean Age at Marriage
15.6 Let us Sum up
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15.7 Key words
15.8 Reference Books
UNIT 16: Measurement of Fertility
16.0 Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Measurement of fertility
16.3 Proximate determinants of fertility
16.4 Let us Sum up
16.5 Key words
16.6 Reference Books
UNIT 17: Mortality
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Meaning and Importance of the study of Mortality
17.3 Measures of Mortality
17.4 Trends in Mortality
17.5 Mortality Differentials
17.6 Factors of Morality Decline
17.7 Let us Sum up
17.8 Key words17.9 Reference Books
UNIT 18: Life Table
18.0 Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Construction and Uses of Life Table
18.2.1 Construction of Life Table
18.2.2 Uses of Life Table
18.3 Concept of Stable Population
18.4 Methods of Population Projection
18.4.1 Algebraic Techniques
18.4.2 Component Projection Technique
18.5 Let us Sum up
18.6 Key words
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18.7 Reference Books
BLOCK 5 & 6:
UNIT 19: Migration & Population Change
19.0 Objectives
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Kinds of migration
19.3 Courses of migration
19.4 Migration effects on population
19.5 Factors affecting migration
19.6 Obstacles in migration
19.7 Key words
19.8 Reference.
UNIT 20: Theories of Migration
20.0 Objectives
20.1 Theory related to internal migration
20.2 Urbanization
20.3 United Nations Classification of urbanization
20.4 Processor of Urbanization
20.5 Measures of degree of urbanization
20.6 Determinants of urbanization
20.7 Determinants of Urbanization
20.8 Distribution of rural urban population
20.9 Let us Sum Up
20.10 Key words
20.11 Reference Books
UNIT 21: Methods of Measuring, Migration, Lewis & Todaro Models Of
Migration
21.0 Objectives
21.1 Methods of Measuring internal migration
21.2 Place of birth method
21.3 Duration of residence method
21.4 Place of last Residence Method
21.5 Indirect measures for estimating Internal migration
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21.6 Sources of finding international migration
21.7 Lewis model of unlimited supply of labour
21.8 Todaro model of migration
21.9 Let us Sum Up
21.10 Key words
21.11 Reference Books
UNIT 22: Population Changes & Environment Protection
22.0 Objectives
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Population Environment Analysis
22.3 Demographic Background
22.4 Population impacts on the environment
22.5 Environmental impacts on population
22.6 Critical Issues
22.7 Types of population
22.8 Population, development and Environment
22.9 Let us Sum Up
22.10 Key words
22.11 Reference Books
UNIT 23: Population & Education Problems Education Policy23.0 Objectives
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Returns to education
23.3 Impact to family size on the amount of education children receive
23.4 Trends in the total and school age population.
23.5 Trends in school enrollment and educational attainment
23.6 Problems involved in education and policy aspect
23.7 Let us Sum Up
23.8 Key words
23.9 Reference Books
UNIT 24: Man Power Economics and Man Power Supply
24.0 Objectives
24.1 Introduction
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24.2 Human Capital
24.3 Cost-benefit Analysis Applied to education
24.4 Manpower planning
24.5 Manpower shortages
24.6 Manpower surpluses
24.7 Strategy for manpower planning
24.8 Let us Sum Up
24.9 Key words
24.10 Reference Books
UNIT 25: Man Power Economics and Man Power Demand
25.0 Objectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The concept of Manpower Requirement
25.3 Validity of Manpower forecasting
25.4 Methods of Manpower forecasting
25.5 Employers Estimate of future manpower requirement
25.6 Method of International comparison
25.7 Method of Manpower Population Ratios.
25.8 Method of Extrapolation of fixed input output ratios
25.9 The links between Manpower, Levels of output and education
25.10 The analysis of Manpower Demand
25.11 Let us Sum Up
25.12 Key words
25.13 Reference Books
BLOCK 7:
UNIT 26: Fertility and Mortality in India
26.0 Objectives
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fertility Concept
26.3 Historical Background
26.4 Trends in fertility and its Measures
26.4.1 Birth Rates Birth rates in Rural urban areas, And education and
fertility
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26.4.2 Age Specific Birthrates
26.4.3 Differential fertility in India
26.5 Reasons for high fertility in India
26.6 Measures to control high fertility
26.7 Mortality Meaning
26.8 Trends in and measures of Mortality in India
26.9 Infant Mortality
26.10 Expectation of Life at Birth
26.11 Measures to control high mortality
26.12 Sterility in India
26.13 Population Policy in India
26.14 Let us Sum Up
26.15 Key words
UNIT 27: Different Aspects of Demography In India
27.0 Objectives
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Different Aspects of Demography in India
27.3 Density
27.4 Sex Radio
27.5 Religion wise population
27.6 Literacy
27.7 Let us Sum Up
27.8 Key words
27.9 Reference Books
UNIT 28: Foods and Nutrition Position in India
28.0 Objectives
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Importance of Food and Nutrition
28.3 Position of food and Nutrition in India and their problems
28.4 Factors that affect Food and Nutrition
28.5 Public Distribution System and Food Security (PDS)
28.6 PDS and Poverty
28.7 Defects of PDS
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28.8 Revised System Public Distribution
28.9 Let us Sum Up
28.10 Key words
28.11 Reference Books
28.12 Check your progress
UNIT 29: Study of Census in India
29.0 Objectives
29.1 Introduction - Census Prior to 1971
29.2 Census of 1971
29.3 Census of 1981
29.4 Census of 1991
29.4.1 Defects of census Operation In India
29.4.2 Suggestions for Improvement
29.5 Census of 2001
29.5.1 Feature of Census of 2001
29.5.2 Results of Census of 2001
29.6 Let us Sum Up
29.7 Key words
29.8 Reference Books
UNIT 30: Trends in World Population30.0 Objectives
30.1 Introduction - Census Prior to 1971
30.2 Growth of World Population (100-1940)
30.3 Recent trends in world population
30.4 Causes for Rapid growth of world population
30.5 Different Aspects of world population
30.5.1 Growth rate of world population
30.5.2 Crude Birth and Death Rates
30.5.3 Infant Mortality
30.5.4 Expectation of Life at Birth
30.5.5 Rural and Urban population
30.5.6 Density of population
30.5.7 Working Population
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30.6 Distribution of world population
30.7 Reasons for unequal distribution of world population
30.8 Implication of uneven distribution of world population
30.9 Different views of Global population
30.9.1 Recommendations of International Conference
30.9.2 US International Population Policy
30.9.3 Antalya Statement of on world population problem
30.9.4 AAASs Resolutions
30.10 Let us Sum Up
30.11 Key words
30.12 Reference Books
MEC25: Welfare Economics
BLOCK 1:
UNIT 1: Nature and Scope of Economics I
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Some definitions of welfare economics
1.3 Nature of welfare Economics
1.4 Subject matter
1.5 Positive economics and welfare economics
1.6 Defining Individual, general and social welfare
1.7 General Welfare and social welfare
1.8 Individual Welfare and social welfare
1.9 Value Judgment in welfare Economics
1.10 Let us Sum Up
1.11 Some Questions
1.12 Books.
UNIT 2: Nature and Scope of Economics II
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concept and evolution of welfare state
2.3 Different functions of welfare state
2.4 Allocation function
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2.5 Distribution function
2.6 Stabilization function
2.7 Less Developed Economy State function
2.8 Social Security schemes
2.9 Social overheads
2.10 Public Sector Enterprises
2.11 Local Government and public participation
2.12 Disadvantage of Public Sector enterprises
2.13 Let us Sum Up
2.14 Some Questions
2.15 Some Books.
BLOCK 2:
UNIT 3: Pre Pertain Welfare Economics (Classical of welfare Economics)
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classical Theory
3.3 Welfare and classical value theory
3.4 Economic Problem
3.5 Classical Welfare Ideas
3.6 Classical theory of Trade and Welfare3.7 Marginal Revolution and welfare Economics
3.8 Two main lines of development
3.9 Let us Sum Up
3.10 Books
3.11 Questions
UNIT 4: Bent Amite Approach to Aggregate Welfare
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Happiness of Society
4.3 Aim of the Government
4.4 Limitations
4.5 Institutional arrangements
4.6 Let us Sum Up
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4.7 Books
4.8 Questions
UNIT 5: Individual Consumption
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Utility
5.3 Cardinal Utility
5.4 Relation between Utility and Welfare
5.5 Measurement of Utility
5.6 Ordinal Measurement
5.7 Monotic Transformation and Liner Transformation
5.8 Assumptions
5.9 Let us Sum Up
5.10 Books
5.11 Questions
UNIT 6: Income Distribution
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Real Income
6.3 Lerners Views6.4 Futilitarians Views
6.5 Marginal Utility of Money
6.6 Distribution of Income
6.7 Let us Sum Up
6.8 Books
6.9 Questions
UNIT 7: Marshalling Welfare Economic
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Marshallian Welfare Economics
7.3 Consumers Surplus
7.4 Producers Surplus
7.5 Doctrine of Maximum Satisfaction
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7.6 Perfect Competition
7.7 Tax-bounty analysis
7.8 Implication of Tax bounty analysis
7.9 Consumers Surplus and Welfare effect
7.10 Tax- bounty analysis and Hicks
7.11 Let us Sum Up
7.12 Books
7.13 Questions.
UNIT 8: Compensation Principle
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 New Welfare Economics Two Lines of Developments
8.3 Assumptions
8.4 Compensation Principle
8.5 Utility Possibility Curve
8.6 Criticisms
8.7 Let us Sum Up
8.8 Books
8.9 Questions.
UNIT 9: Principle of Compensation Variation9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Measurement of consumers surplus with indifference curve
9.3 Consumers Surplus with diminishing marginal Utility of Money
9.4 Comparison of Hicks and Marshallian Consumers surplus
9.5 Hicks four concepts of consumers surplus
9.6 Application of Consumers surplus
9.7 Importance of Consumers surplus
9.8 Let us Sum Up
9.9 Books
9.10 Questions.
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UNIT 10: Scientific Socialism
10.0 Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Socialists View
10.3 Limitations in free enterprise economy
10.4 State Intervention
10.5 Miser Hayek Robbins Views
10.6 Democratic Socialism
10.7 Let us Sum Up
10.8 Books
10.9 Questions.
BLOCK 3:
UNIT 11: Pareto Optimality
11.0 Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pareto Criterion
11.3 Pareto Criterion and Utility possibility Curve
11.4 Pareto Optimum and Marginal Conditions
11.4.1 Optimum Distribution of Products among consumers Efficiency of
Exchange
11.4.2 Optimum allocation of factors: Efficiency in Production
11.4.3 Optimum Direction of Production: Efficiency in Product mix
11.4.4 Optimum Degree of Specialization
11.4.5 Optimum factor Product relationship
11.4.6 Allocation of time
11.4.7 Inter temporal optimum allocation of money assets
11.5 Second Order and total conditions
11.6 Evaluation of Pareto Optimality
11.7 Let Us Sum Up
11.8 Books
11.9 Questions
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BLOCK 5:
UNIT 15: Contribution of Scitovsky
15.0 Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Scitqvskys Paradox
15.3 Scitovskys Double Criterion Of Welfare
15.4 Criticisms
15.5 Community Indifference Curves
15.5.1 Criticisms
15.5.2 Usefulness Of Community Indifference Curves
15.6 Let Us Sum Up
15.7 Books
15.8 Questions
UNIT 16: Contribution of Samuelson
16.0 Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Assumptions
16.3 Samuelsons Conditions For Welfare Maximisation
16.4 Pure Exchange Conditions16.5 Samuelson And Social Indifference Curves
16.6 Samu Procedure
16.7 Let Us Sum Up
16.8 Books
16.9 Questions
UNIT 17: Contribution of Bergson
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Social Welfare Function and Value Judgement
17.3 Individualistic Social Welfare Function
17.4 Representation Of Bergson - Samuelson Welfare Function through social
indifference curve
17.5 Maximum Social Welfare; Point of Constrained Bliss
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17.6 Critical Evaluation of Bergson and Samuelson
17.6.1 Limited practical Significance
17.6.2 Bias in social welfare function
17.6.3 Impossibility of constructing Social welfare function
17.6.4 Social welfare function is individualistic
17.6.5 Welfare depends on a number of variables
17.6.6 Welfare in terms of utility
17.7 Arrows Theory of Social Choice
17.8 Arrows Condition of Social Choice
17.9 Arrows Theory of Impossibility
17.10 Arrows Consequences.
17.11 Alternative Social Choice Theories
17.12 Let Us Sum Up
17.13 Books
17.14 Question
BLOCK 6:
UNIT 18: Pigouvian Welfare Economics
18.0 Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Main elements of Pigouvian Welfare Economics18.2.1 The Pigouvian Concept of Economic Welfare
18.2.2 Two Basic Propositions
18.3 Non-Market Interdependence
18.4 Externalities of production and Consumption
18.4.1 Externalities in Production
18.4.2 Externalities in Consumption
18.5 Summary
18.6 Glossary
18.7 Questions for Review
UNIT 19: External Economics and Diseconomies
19.0 Objectives
19.1 Introduction
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19.2 Optimal resource allocation in a competitive market.
19.2.1 The competitive situation with no external economics or diseconomies
19.3 Competitive model with external economics and diseconomies
19.3.1 Beneficial Externalities of production
19.3.2 Detrimental externalities of production19.3.3 Beneficial and deter mental externalities of consumption
19.4 Effects of externalities on allocation of resources
19.5 Meads Analysis of external economics and diseconomies
19.6 Unpaid factors
19.7 Creation of atmosphere
19.8 Summary
19.9 For Further Reading
19.10 Review Questions
UNIT 20: Welfare and Efficiency
20.0 Objectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Concept of welfare
20.3 Criteria of social welfare
20.4 Concept of Efficiency
20.4.1 Criteria of Efficiency
20.5 Summary
20.6 Glossary
20.7 Suggested Reading
20.8 Review Questions
UNIT 21: Theoretical measure of Economic Welfare
21.0 Objectives
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Measures of economic Welfare
21.2.1 National income and per capita incomes as indicators of economic
welfare
21.2.2 Measures of Economic Welfare (MEW)
21.2.3 Index of Sustainable economic Welfare (ISEW)
21.2.4 Index of Economic Well being
21.3 Earned income
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21.4 Taxes
21.5 Intra family transfers
21.6 Non-market activities and leisure times
21.7 Summary
21.8 Glossary
21.9 Suggested Reading
21.10 Review Questions
UNIT 22: The Empirical Measures of Economic Welfare
22.0 Objectives
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Consumers Surplus as a measure
22.1.2 Pareto Principle
22.1.3 Compensation Principle
22.1.4 Aggregate surplus Measures
22.2 The Study of economic opportunity
22.3 Standardizing by Family size
22.4 Components of economic welfare
22.5 Net worth
22.6 Summary
22.7 Glossary22.8 Suggested Reading
22.9 Review Questions
UNIT 23: The distribution of economic Welfare
23.0 Objectives
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Presentation of Findings
23.2.1 Income Poverty
23.3 Country experience
23.3.1 Canada 1975-1994
23.3.2 Poland
23.3.3 Russia
23.3.4 India
23.4 Cash components of economic welfare
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23.5 Demographic characteristics and economic welfare
23.6 Summary
23.7 Glossary
23.8 Suggested Reading
23.9 Review Questions
UNIT 24: Increasing returns and Economic Progress
24.0 Objectives
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Concept of economic progress
24.1.2 Concept of increasing returns
24.2 Why increasing returns operate
24.2.1 Internal economics
24.2.2 External economics
24.3 Buchanans increasing return
24.4 Implications for economic progress/welfare
24.4.1 Productivity game
24.4.2 Taxes, subsidies and increasing returns
24.5 Summary
24.6 Glossary
24.7 Suggested Reading
24.8 Review Questions
UNIT 25: Interdependent Utilities
25.0 Objectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Interdependent Utilities
25.2.1 A functional representation
25.2.2 Welfare economics and interdependent utility
25.2.3 Empirical studies
Interdependence of Investment decisions
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BLOCK 7: Non Welfare Issues in welfare Economics
UNIT 26: Optimum Tariff Structure
26.1 Objectives
26.2 Introduction
26.3 Meaning of tariff
26.4 Effects of Tariff
26.5 Optimum tariff
26.6 Determination of optimum tariff
26.7 Summing up
26.8 Key words
26.9 Suggesting Reading
26.10 Questions
UNIT 27: Pricing Of Public Utility Undertakings
27.1 Objectives
27.2 Introduction
27.3 Meaning and nature of public Utility Undertakings
27.4 Government Provision for Public utilities
27.5 Objectives of Pricing Policy
27.6 Principle of Pricing
27.7 Summing up
27.8 Key words
27.9 Further Reading
UNIT 28: Utility Strategy and Social Decision Rules
28.1 Objectives
28.2 Introduction
28.3 Utility Strategy and Social Decision Rules
28.4 Evaluation
28.5 Summing up28.6 Key words
28.7 Further Reading
UNIT 29: Conceptualizing Welfare Efficiency Relationship
29.1 Objectives
29.2 Introduction
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29.3 Welfare Vs efficiency Issues
29.4 Output taxation relationship
29.5 Policy Implications of Output tax curve
29.6 Taxation and Expenditure relation to aggregate demand
29.7 Summing up
29.8 Key words
29.9 Further Reading
UNIT 30: Policy Implications Ad Future Directions
30.1 Objectives
30.2 Significance of the welfare measure
30.3 Welfare measure in future decision
30.4 Calculating Economic Welfare for young families
30.5 Benefits from the government programmed for the aged
30.6 Summing up
30.7 Key words
30.8 Further Reading