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Managing to Make Source Managing to Make Source Control Happen at Contaminated Control Happen at Contaminated
Sediment SitesSediment SitesPrepared by:
Joan P. SnyderStoel Rives LLP
900 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 2600Portland, OR 97204
For Presentation at: Remediation of Contaminated Sediments International
Conference Platform Session B5, Abstract No. 332January 24, 2007
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O r e g o n W a s h I n g t o n C a l I f o r n I a U t a h I d a h o
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EPA Principles for Managing Contaminated Sediment Risks at
Hazardous Waste Sites
First Principle:
“Control Sources Early”
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Sample of Sediment Sites Reviewed by EPA Contaminated Sediments
Technical Advisory Group (CSTAG):
• Kanawha River Site near Nitro, WV– www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/super/sites/
WVSFN035516/index.htm
• Snow Creek/Choccolocco Creek systems in Anniston, AL (OU3 and OU4 of Anniston PCB site)– www.epa.gov/region4/waste/npl/nplal/
annpcbal.htm
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Sample of Sediment Sites Reviewed by EPA Contaminated Sediments
Technical Advisory Group (CSTAG): (cont.)
• Portage Creek and Kalamazoo River in Kalamazoo, MI– www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/kalriv.html– www.epa.gov/region5/sites/kalproject
• Lower Duwamish Waterway in Seattle, WA– http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/tcp/sites/
lower_duwamish/lower_duwamish_hp.html– http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/cleanup.nsf/sites/
lduwamish– http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0409043.pdf
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Sample of Sediment Sites Reviewed by EPA Contaminated Sediments
Technical Advisory Group (CSTAG): (cont.)
• Portland Harbor, in Portland, OR – http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/cu/nwr/
PortlandHarbor/jointsource.htm– http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/cleanup.nsf/
sites/ptldharbor
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Kanawha River Choccolocco Creek
Kalamazoo River
Lower Duwamish
Portland Harbor
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Common Themes of CSTAG Reviews
• Need review and compilation of all available data and assessment of all potential contaminant sources
• Need to estimate at least qualitatively the relative contaminant loads from different sources and prioritize them
• Need to coordinate with Water Quality programs to address point sources (industrial and municipal wastewater and stormwater discharges)
• http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/sediment/cstag_sites.htm
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Lessons Learned
• Not “one size fits all”– Some sites’ initial focus is on one
contaminant versus many– Some sites start as a follow-on to
upland cleanup while others start out as investigation of urban river system
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Contaminants
Kanawha
Anniston
Kalamazoo
Duwamish
Portland Harbor
PCBs X X X X X
Dioxins X ? ? ?X X
Pesticides/ Herbicides
?X ?X
TPH/PAH ? ?X X
Phthalates X ?X
Other organic ? X ?X
Mercury X ? ?X ?X
Lead ? ? ?X ?X
Other Metals X ? X X
Other bacteria perchlorate
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Lessons Learned
• There will be multiple sources
• Relative importance will vary
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Contaminant Sources
Kanawha
Anniston
Kalamazoo
Duwamish
Portland Harbor
Contaminated upland site(s) X X X X XOver-water
activities? ? X X
Landfills X ? X X?Contaminated fill dirt X? X? ? X? XPublic Wastewater Treatment Plant
X? X X? (CSO)
(CSO)
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Contaminant Sources
Kanawha
Anniston
Kalamazoo
Duwamish
Portland Harbor
Private Industrial Waste Discharge
X ? ? X X?
Public or private stormwater
X? ? ? X X
Agricultural runoff ? ? ? ? ?Upstream Sources, incl. tributaries
X X X X X
Other Sources Atmospheric
Deposition
Atmospheric Deposition
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Lessons Learned
• Perception of your progress depends somewhat on your starting agenda
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Perception of Progress
Not Started
Just Started
Well IntoClose to
Completion
Kanawha
Anniston
Kalamazoo
Duwamish
Portland Harbor
IDENTIFICATION
PRIORITIZATION
SOURCE CONTROL
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Lessons Learned
• Multiple methods of source control will ultimately be required
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Types of Source Control That
Have OccurredKanawh
a Anniston Kalamazo
o Duwamis
hPortland Harbor
Removal of contaminated upland soil
X X X XCapping of contaminated upland soil
X X X XOther upland cleanup X X XImprovements to landfills (e.g. capping, leachate collection)
X X
Issuance of TMDL for contaminants of concern
X
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Types of Source Control That
Have OccurredKanawha Anniston Kalamazo
o Duwamis
hPortland Harbor
Stricter NPDES permits for industrial wastewater
X X
Stricter NPDES permits for public wastewater
X
Stormwater best management practices
X X X X
Stormwater treatment X X X XRiverbank stabilization/ capping
X X X
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Lessons Learned
• Will be a multi-agency task
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Lead/Support Agencies
Kanawha Anniston Kalamazoo Duwamish Portland Harbor
Lead EPA Cercla
EPA Cercla
EPA Cercla
State Cleanup
State Cleanup
Support
State Cleanup State Solid Waste/Landfills State Water &Waste Managem’ntState HealthEPA RCRAEPA Water QualityUSGSArmy CorpsDam operators
State Cleanup (RCRA)State WQArmy CorpsUS Fish & WildlifeDam operators
State CleanupState WQState Nat’l ResourcesState HealthState Public LandsUS Fish & WildlifeUSGSNOAA
EPA CERCLAState WQState Health EPA RCRAArmy CorpsKing CountyCity of SeattlePort of SeattleNOAA
EPA CERCLAUS Fish & WildlifeNOAAState HealthState Fish & WildlifeState Public LandsCity of PortlandPort of Portland
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Interactions
• Formal Cleanup-focused Memoranda of Agreement between agencies– Duwamish, Portland
• Already existing enforcement-based agreements– Intergovernmental Agreements for
RI/FS– MOA delegating stormwater
enforcement
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Interactions (cont.)
• Informal Work Groups– Lower Duwamish Source Control Work Group
and expanded Focus Group– Portland Harbor DEQ/EPA/Trustee Partner
technical team and DEQ/EPA/PRP technical team
• Informal coordination– E.g. interstate sources—AL/GA in Anniston– With Water Quality efforts (permits, TMDLs)
• Facilitated Discussions/mediation– Kalamazoo, of remediation and restoration
issues
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Lessons Learned
• Will generate interest of stakeholders
– Citizen groups (5/5 sites)
– Tribal governments (3/5 sites)
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Interactions
• Interaction with Community Advisory Groups
• Including in Expanded Focus Group• Public meetings
– During public comment periods– Informal updates– Educational meetings– Sharing data– Communications regarding specific site risks,
including fish consumption advisories
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E.g., Portland Harbor Milestone Report
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/cu/nwr/PortlandHarbor/jointsource.htm
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What Is Moving Source Control Forward?
• Early source assessment– Needed for conceptual site model– Allows prioritization and management
of resources• Narrowing priorities to site drivers• Loading sampling• “Early actions” to control identified
sources
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What Is Moving Source Control Forward?
• Joint Source Control Strategy (Portland Harbor)
• Work groups to communicate and get information out
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What Is Delaying Source Control?
• Data related– Complexity of sites– Large number of sources– Delays in sampling, issues of
sampling design– Lack of historical information
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What Is Delaying Source Control?
• Not Data Related– Expecting answers to source control
questions that are “yes” or “no”– Screening levels too uncertain; lack of
cleanup standards or even site specific risk numbers
– Uncertainty in risk assessments– Fear of setting precedents (too
strict/not strict enough)
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What Is Delaying Source Control?
• Not Data Related– Not realizing that source control should
be parallel to EPA cleanup process, rather than a serial step within that process
– Need to understand that effective source control must consider ALL pathways and contaminants, regardless of prior program decisions (e.g., NFAs)
– Insufficient resources (funding, staff)
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Metrics for Success
• For the most part, yet to be developed– Direct measurement
• Sediment • Surface Water quality (may need high volume
sampling)• Fish tissue• Semipermeable Membrane Devices• Landfill leachate• Sediment traps, catch basin samples• Effluent/discharge sampling
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Metrics for Success
– Tracking progress• By site• By permit• By river section • “Milestone Report”
– New approaches• Basinwide stormwater permits• Mass load tracking/modeling
– Continued re-evaluation• E.g. dam removal
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The Headline We Are All Trying to Avoid
Fresh Contamination Taints Superfund Foss WaterwayThe News Tribune - Tacoma, Wash. * Oct 15, 2006
“Recent laboratory tests of bottom-dwelling critters exposed to [Thea Foss] Waterway sediment confirm it has been recontaminated. The problem is excess phthalates, or plasticizers, which enter the waterway through Tacoma's storm drain system, said EPA, city officials and others. . . . Portland-based PacifiCorp and two other utilities spent $8.5 million to clean up that part of the Superfund project. The rest of the Foss cleanup - costing more than $90 million - was coordinated by city officials.”
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Additional Resources• www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/sediment --
EPA Web site on Contaminated Sediment Sites• http://cag-cd.net/I_Links.htm --
Anniston Community Advisory Group (CAG)• http://www.kalamazooriver.net/index.htm --
Kalamazoo River Watershed• http://www.portlandharborcag.org/
Superfund.html -- Portland Harbor CAG• http://www.duwamishcleanup.org/ --Duwamish
River Cleanup Coalition (incl. Report: “Restoring Our River: Protecting Our Investment: Duwamish River Pollution Source Control,” Dec 17, 2004)