Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 7: English consonants in detail
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 72
English Consonants- how can we classify them?
Three main properties:
• VOICE
• MANNER of articulation• PLACE of articulation
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 73
English Consonants- how can we classify them?
Kelly (2000)
1. Voiced and voiceless plosives
Introducion to spectrogram reading
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 75
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position
• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:
• /ppæk/• /bbæk/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /ppak/ (« Pâque »)• /bak/ (« bac »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 76
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position
• Demonstration:• /ppæk/• /bbæk/
(in French)• /ppak/ (« Pâque »)• /bak/ (« bac »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 77
/ppæk/ /bbæk/
aspirationaspiration devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
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/ppæk/ /bbæk/
aspirationaspirationupper lip
lower lip
vocal foldvibration
upper lip
lower lip
vocal foldvibration
devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
initiation(airstream)
initiation(airstream)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 79
AspirationAspiration• /pæk/ : phonemic transcription• [ppʰhæk] : narrow (detailed) transcription
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /bæk/• [bbæk]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 710
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position(unstressed syllable)
• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:
• /ppəˈræmɪtə/• /bbɪˈliːf/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 711
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:
• /ˈppʌblɪk/• /rɪˈppʌblɪk/
• /ˈppeɪppə/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 712
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:
• /ppeɪs/• /sppeɪs/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 713
/ppeɪs/ /sppeɪs/
aspirationaspiration no aspirationno aspiration2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
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AspirationAspiration• /ppeɪs/• [ppʰheɪs]
No aspiration after No aspiration after /s//s/• /sppeɪs/• [sppeɪs]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:after /s/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 715
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //bb// in thefollowing words:
• /bbeɪt/• /dɪˈbbeɪt/
• /bbiː/• /ˈæbbi/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 716
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position
• In English, voicelessvoiceless plosives /p /p t t k/k/ areaspiratedaspirated [ppʰh t tʰh k kʰh], especially in word-initialposition before a stressed vowel (/pæk/[ppʰhæk]).
• But it is not the case before before or after after /s//s/(/speɪs/ [sppeɪs], /fɪks/ [fɪkks]), or immediatelyafter another plosive (/ˈæktə/ [ˈækttə]).
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 717
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// are totallyor partially devoiceddevoiced [bb d d g g (or gg )] in word-initial position.
• Word-medially they can be partially devoiced.• In any case, they are not aspirated.
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 718
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /bækk/• /bægg/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /bakk/ (« bac »)• /bagg/ (« bague »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 719
/bækk/ /bægg/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
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Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowelClipping: shortening of the preceding vowel• /bæk/• [bææ k]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /bæg/• [bægg (or gg )]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 721
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless plosive (//p p t t kk//)in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bææ k].
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 722
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[bb d d g g (or gg )], as in /bæg/ [bægg (or gg )].
• But the explosion noise tends to be smallerthan that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 723
N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels
What happens to the following words?• /biːd/• /biːt/• /bɪd/• /bɪt/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 724
/biːd/ /bɪt/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortenedpreceding vowel shortened))
/biːt/ /bɪd/
2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 726
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /feɪss/• /feɪzz/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /fass/ (« face »)• /fazz/ (« phase »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 727
/feɪss/ /feɪzz/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
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Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /feɪs/• [feeɪɪs]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /feɪz/• [feɪzz ]
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 729
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless fricative (//f f θθ s sʃʃ//) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feeɪɪs].
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 730
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //v v ð z ð z ʒʒ// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[vv ð ð z z ʒʒ (or ʒʒ)], as in /feɪz/ [feɪzz ].
• But they tend to be shorter, and the frictionnoise tends to be smaller than that of voicelesscounterparts (//f θ s ʃ//) in the same position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
3. Voiced and voiceless affricates
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 732
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
• Observe the consonant at the beginning ofthe following words:
• /ttʃʃeɪn/• /ddʒʒeɪn/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 733
/ttʃʃeɪn/ /ddʒʒeɪn/
aspiration (long aspiration (long hissing hissing noise)noise) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
34
AspirationAspiration• /tʃeɪn/• [ttʃʰʃʰeɪn]
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /dʒeɪn/• [dd ʒʒeɪn]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 735
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial/medial position
• As in plosives, the voicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// isaspiratedaspirated [ttʃʰʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]).
• The voicedvoiced affricate //ddʒʒ// is totally or partiallydevoiceddevoiced [dd ʒʒ] in word-initial position.
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 736
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the end of thefollowing words:
• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 737
/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
38
Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /eɪtʃ/• [eeɪɪtʃ]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /eɪdʒ/• [eɪdd ʒʒ]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 739
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel isclippedclipped (shortened) when followed by avoicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// in the same syllable:/eɪtʃ/ [eeɪɪtʃ].
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 740
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, the voicedvoicedaffricate //ddʒʒ// is devoiceddevoiced totally or partially inword-final position (especially in utterance-finalposition) [dd ʒʒ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eIdd ʒʒ].
• But the friction noise tends to be smaller thanthat of the voiceless counterpart //tʃ// in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
4. Approximants
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 742
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the palato-alveolar (post-alveolar)approximant in the following words:
• /krræb/• /grræb/• Then compare them with the consonants at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kʁʁab/ (« crabe »)• /gʁʁa/ (« gras »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 743
/krræb/ /grræb/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7
44
/krræb/ /grræb/
voicedvoiced
(soft) palate
tongue
vocal foldvibration
vocal foldvibration
(soft) palate
tongue
partially devoicedpartially devoiced
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 745
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the lateral approximant in thefollowing words:
• /kllɑːs/• /gllɑːs/• Then compare them with the consonants at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kllas/ (« classe »)• /glas/ (« glace »)
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 746
/kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 747
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the approximants in the followingwords:
• /kjjuːt/• /twwɪn/
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 748
/kjjuːt/ /twwɪn/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced partially devoicedpartially devoiced
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 749
Approximants: After a voiceless plosive
• In English, approximantsapproximants //l l r j r j ww// are oftenpartially devoiceddevoiced after a voiceless plosive,especially in a word-initial stressed syllable:[l l rr j j w w ], as in /klɑˑs/ [kl l ɑˑs], /kræb/[krr æb ], /kjuːt/ [kjj uˑt], /twɪn/ [tww ɪn].
2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 750
Summary
/p t k tʃ/ voicelessplosives and affricate
/b d g dʒ/ voicedplosives and affricate
/f ! s ʃ/ voicelessfricatives
/v " z ʒ/ voicedfricatives
/l r j w/ approximantspreceded by a plosive
after /s/before /s/,after aplosive
word-initialstressed
othercontexts
word-final
devoicingno clipping
devoicingno clipping
voiced
partially devoiced
voiced
strongly aspirated aspirated (prec. V)
clipping
(prec. V)clipping
no aspiration
devoiced can bedevoiced
voiceless