Mapping
Cartography =
Cartography =Science of Mapmaking
Eratosthenes
• (Era TOS the neez)•Ancient Greek Librarian at Alexandria in Egypt (3rd c. BCE). •First accurate measurement of circumference of the earth (within 50 miles). Based on suns’ angle at the summer solstice and the distance between two Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Syene. •Also credited with coining the term “geography” in Greek which literally translates to “earthwriting”
Ptolemy
• Ancient Egyptian/Greek (2nd c AD)• Published Guide to Geography• Compilation of rough maps of landmasses • Based on groovy new global grid system• Circular earth
Age of Discovery
The importance of proper map research
Case study #1:
Titanic
The tragic outcome
The importance of proper map use
Case study #2:
Blair Witch Project
The fatal error
The result
If you know how to read a map…
• You will get along with your friends.
• You will find your way back home.
• You will live to a ripe old age.
If you don’t know how to read a map…
• You will argue and fight with your friends.
• You will cuss a whole lot.
• You will die a horrible, gruesome death at the hands of supernatural demons.
MAPS = LIFE
Maps
• Elements of a map
• Latitude and longitude
• Scale
• Map projection
• Types of maps
• Mental maps
Elements of a map
• POINTS – cities, sites, etc.
• LINES– boundaries, routes, etc.
• FILLS– political colors, thematic patterns, etc.
• TYPE/SYMBOLS– Labels, statistical charts, etc.
Spatial Change Over Time: Baseball Teams, 1952 and 1998
Spatial Interaction: Flows of Foreign Investment
Shuttle Columbia, Feb. 1, 2003
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude lines(parallels)
run East-West, labeled N or S
90 ˚ N
Longitude lines(meridians)
run North-South, labeled E or W.
Santiago, Chile33 ˚ 26’ S, 70 ˚ 40’ W
Poniatowski, Wisconsin
45˚ N, 90˚ W
InternationalDate Line
180˚
Degree ˚Minutes ‘
Poniatowski,Wisconsin
45˚ N, 90˚ W
Projections: Turning a globe into a map
World Map Projections
Mercator Projection Robinson Projection
Goode’s Homosoline ProjectionPeters Projection
All Map Projections Distort…
• Relative Size or
• Shape or
• Direction or
• Distance or
• A combination of the above.
Mercator Projection
Mercator Projection
Goode’s Homolosine Projection
Goode’s Homolosine Projection
Peters Projection
Robinson Projection
Shape distortionsof projections
Molleweide
Mercator
CylindricalEqual-Area
Scale
Scale: Meaning #1
• The size/scope of places being studied
• Local Global
• Think in terms of local issues vs
regional, national, or global issues
Scale: Meaning #2
• Shows the ratio of distance and area on Earth to the distance and area on a map
• Example: one cm on map equals 1 km
• Representations:– proportional fraction (1/100,000)
– ratio (1:100,000)
– bar scale
– verbal statement
BAR SCALES
RATIO
Opposite meaning of “scale”
• A large-scale map shows a small area
• A small-scale map shows a larger area
• A scale of 1/5,000 is a large-scale map compared to a scale of 1/1,000,000.
Types of maps
• Choroplethic– Uses choropleths, or existing (political) units
• Isometric– Uses isolines, or data lines (such as contours)
• Symbolic– Proportional representation, located charts, etc.
• Cartograms
• Or a combination of the above
Choroplethic map : Calorie supply
Isometric map : Spatial Diffusion of College Soccer
Isometric map:Time-Space Compression
Topographic map (using elevation contour isolines)
Proportional symbols map :AIDS victims
Located chart map: Population increase
Cartogram: Population growth rates
Geographic InformationSystems (GIS)
• Data-driven systems
• Allows merging (comparison) of data using layers of information on a map.
• Fastest growing area of geographic jobs
• Highly technical, centered in government and business
Mental(cognitive)maps of our geographical perceptions
Map of Bellarmine
• In your notebook, create a mental (cognitive) map of Bellarmine campus: Include the most important locations for you.
New Yorker’s View of
the World
The World as seen from Ukraine
Mental map (Cognitive Map) interpretation
• Selection of information, details, labels
• Omission is as important as inclusion
• Proportions of sizes, scales, shapes
• Choice of physical or cultural features
• Relative placement of features
• Influence of personal experience
• Influence of media and world events
• Effect of core, periphery, semi-periphery