AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
MAPPING PERCEPTIONS OF CFS
MANAGER’S BEHAVIOUR ON SAFETY
TRAINING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ACROSS
GUJARAT
Mohammad Iqbal Zaffar Ansari Research Scholar, Controller of Explosives in Petroleum and Explosives Safety
Organisation (PESO)
&
Mohammad Israrul Haque Professor,Chairman, Deptt. of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University
Abstract: Safety is and always will be of paramount importance in everything we do at
management. Our motto shall be “SAFETY FIRST” as accidents can happen, accidents have happened and
accidents will happen, but reducing the risk of accident through safety training is a sine-quo-non and has to
be made a theme for achieving sustainable organizational growth in India by next decade. In order to
develop the available human resources employed in this domain, there exists a need of understanding the
role of Behavior Based Safety Training for capacity building of CFS managers, safety professionals and
law enforcing officials, for achieving safe and accident free working environment, maintaining an injury
free work place and reducing risk of disasters, where people can live and work together fearlessly from the
present era of living and working dangerously. This calls for leapfrogging to emerging innovative strategies
and systematic training through Behaviour Based Safety process, from the perspective of the safety of
human resources, their risk management, and by enforcing statutes to achieve the zero tolerance on
accidents. This research study was undertaken at six districts of Gujarat namely, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar,
Surat, Valsad, Vadodara and Rajkot, where more numbers of NGVs were plying with an objective to
explore the perceptions of CFS manager’s behaviour on safety training, to measure their level of awareness
and to gauge the benefits of safety training. The respondents were mainly comprised of CFS managers and
or owners of the clean fuels stations, managing the services of compressed natural gas refueling facilities at
their respective clean fuels stations. The structured non-disguised questionnaire, designed as Research
Instrument for collection of required primary data, was first coded with respect to important safety
criterions and then served by verbatim translating into vernacular local Gujarati language to help the
respondents to better understand and to respond to it correctly. Six demographic factors were determined to
measure the selected constructs responsible for gathering the information based on opinion of selected
respondents on safety criterions in order to explore, identify, analyze, evaluate and report on various
multiple influences caused on learning behaviour and training process as well as their beliefs, intentions,
and attitudes of selected CFS managers towards Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) training drawn randomly,
in the absence of exhaustive list of available respondents across the state of Gujarat. The major findings
based upon the data analysis reveal that BBS Training is a very useful tool to increase actively caring
behaviours of respondents and it may be used to spread knowledge, skills and attitude, required for
improving safety, reducing at-risk behaviours of others to avoid accidents and build around a strong safety
culture. This study will certainly create new avenues and future positions for HR Managers to show their
capabilities in training the available human resources.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Key Words: Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV), Green Concept, Carbon Credit, Greenhouse Gases, Air
Pollution Level, Environment Friendly, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Clean Fuel Station (CFS), City
Gas Distribution (CGD) Network, Safety Culture, Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) Training, Critical
Behaviour Checklist (CBC), Overall Behaviour (OB), Training Benefits (TB), Operational Awareness
(AO), Safety Measures (SM), Safety Norms (SN), Refueling Recommendations (RR), Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) and Human Resource Management System (HRMS).
Introduction:
This study deals with an important aspect of Clean Fuels Business, hither to neglected for
long; this Green Concept is getting more popular now as it does not increase the carbon
concentration in the atmosphere and improves Carbon Credit. Clean Fuel is basically
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which is a fossil fuel and mainly composed of Methane.
CNG is more environmentally clean as its combustion produces less Greenhouse Gases
and is much safer alternative to other fuels. CNG being Compressed at high pressure for
automotive use, it requires trained manpower to store and distribution in cylinders fitted
with internal combustion engines of Auto-rickshaw, Bus, Car and LCV Tempo-truck etc.
In response to high fuel prices and increasing global environmental concerns, the
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) are increasingly used in developing and developed
countries. Worldwide there were more than 15 million NGVs by 2011, plying in Iran,
Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Latin America, Europe, North America and Asia Pacific
Region especially in India, where National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi and other large
cities Like Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Baroda, Rajkot, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra,
Indore and Hyderabad are using public transportation vehicles with clean fuels to reduce
the Air Pollution Level. The foremost example is of DTC, who is operating the world
largest NGV fleet.
India have the fifth highest number of CNG vehicles in the word after Iran, Pakistan,
Argentina and Brazil and to cater the need of providing trained and skilled manpower to
handle the issue safely, this empirical study on Behaviour Based Safety Training in Clean
Fuel Stations, was undertaken by the researcher in the State of Gujarat, India. The study
mainly consists of the broad framework of the adopted research methodologies, its
objectives, scope and coverage, hypothesis, sampling decisions, representative samples,
and source of information, Instruments used for data collection, its limitation parts,
findings, conclusions marketing implications and recommendations. Behaviour Based
Safety Training in Clean Fuel Stations is required for achieving safe working
environment, maintaining an injury free work place and reducing risk of accidents for
achieving the ultimate goal of sustainable organizational growth for City Gas Distribution
(CGD) companies engaged in retailing of clean fuels by dispensing Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG) to automotive vehicles and promoting it as most environment friendly fuel
of this era.
Literature Survey:
In the Year 1931 H.W Heinrich estimated that 88% of all near hits and workplace injuries
results from the unsafe act and later it was tested empirically and now known as “The
Heinrich Triangle” It suggest that, the ratio between near miss incidents, minor injuries
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
and major injuries as 300 : 29 : 1. Therefore it is important to investigate the near hits in
order to reduce future minor and major injuries because of the fact that the 300:30 ratio of
near miss to Injury is referred to as a “Heinrich- Law” (1980). To understand Behavioural
Safety Training, theoretically, it is necessary to learn first about the learning concepts
required for establishing safety process in the organization. In early days, Kirkpatrick
(1959), in transforming learning to behavior describes four levels of training to improve
performance, namely: Reaction, Learning, Behaviour, and Results. For managing change
effectively, a seven step systematic approach has to be adopted, first need or desire for
change environment has to be determined, then a tentative implementation plan has to be
prepared and analysed for probable reactions, then a final decision has to be made by
establishing a time table and communicating the change for its effective implementation
(Kirkpatrick, D L 1959). Then P. Balanchard, (1986) described the Behaviour Modeling
Process, which was found useful for providing almost all types of skill trainings such as
training in Interpersonal Skills, Sales Training, Interviewee and Interviewer Training,
Safety Training, and for many other areas. This method was based on Albert Bandura’s
(1977) Social Learning Theory and was focused on developing behavioural skills only;
its initial steps reflects the Cognitively oriented approach and later steps follow the
Behaviorist and Reinforcement approaches (P.Balanchard, 1986).
Frank E. Bird (1997) added that the ratio of 600: 30 : 10 : 1, between near hits, property
damage, minor and major injuries on a wider scale as property damage is a physical trace
of an accident and the precursor of an injury and remnant witness of the fatal inferno. The
Behavoiur that contributed to a property damage incident was likely unintentional human
error. Therefore failure to report such property damage intentionally may be treated as
highest degree of disregard to Safety. In recent years, E Scott Geller’s (2001) name is
most popular one, who had described the concepts of Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) by
understanding the Psychology of People responsible for ensuring safety in the
organization.
Later, Christopher A Janicak, (2002) has described the tools and techniques for
measuring the Safety Performance of an individual and of an organisation. A total safety
culture mission requires a vision for behaviour management, and continual attention for
improvement through actively caring people, which can target three factors, namely
Person, Behaviour and Environment, responsible for influencing the safety culture of the
organization (Geller E Scott, 2005). Behaviour Based Safety Training requires a visible
presence and full management support with an open communication down the line for its
effective launching in the organization (Kaila H L, 2006). The positive impact of training
on intermediate results of knowledge scores, and on job skill evaluation scores has been
consistently observed on the increased productivity and the business performance of the
service industry, the positive impact of training on increase in learning of an individual in
a training programme, while working in a learning organization can be significantly
observed on business performance (Haque M I, 2007). Before launch of Behaviour Based
Safety programme in organizations, training exposure to all employees is essentially
envisaged, and an introductory workshop of two days duration should be called to include
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
the following components of behavioural safety. Psychology of behavioural safety, its
myths, its working, and its outcome, its implementations, its observations and feedback
process, and the roles of managers in developing behavioural safety culture must be
covered in detail (Kaila H L, 2009). Dr P T Shah (2010), In his article, Safety
Consciousness; A self Motivation for Productivity suggest that Expenditure in Safety is
investment for production, Safety consciousness contribute towards safety assurance,
which increases confidence and team building and motivate a person to produce more
and faster. Over confidence may be disastrous as safety is not a onetime affair, it has to
be reviewed constantly through inbuilt organizational system, and regular training of
workman’s may be one of the safe guards which can meet this need (P T Shah, 2010).
Therefore by identifying this research gap, the researcher is of the opinion that further
research study in this area has to be well supported by the Premium Business Schools and
Educational Training Research Institutes for sustainable business development. It is nice
to note that, BBS training process has already started in our country as well, and we are
getting good results out of it. However, it is a matter of great concern, that India has a
pool of only eleven numbers of recognized, Certified Safety Professionals (CSP) till 27th
Nov 2012 (www.bcsp.org).
Research Objectives: Aim of this research study was to explore, identify, analyze, evaluate and report on
multiple influences caused on learning behaviour and training process as well as beliefs,
intentions, and attitudes of selected CFS managers of clean fuel station towards
Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) training drawn randomly from amongst the Operating
Clean Fuel Stations located in the Selected Cities of the six districts of the State of
Gujarat. The major objective of the research study was focused on Respondents
representing selected CFS managers of clean fuel station.
Objective: 01
To gather information on CFS manager’s opinion about their Overall Behaviour (OB),
while working at CFS in selected cities.
Objective: 02
To explore the perception of CFS manager’s about Safety Measures (SM) at CFS in
selected cities.
Objective: 03
To explore the perception of CFS manager’s about Safety Norms (SN) at CFS in selected
cities.
Objective: 04
To measure the level of awareness of CFS manager’s about Awareness of Operations
(AO) at CFS in selected cities.
Objective: 05
To gauge the Training Benefits (TB) of CFS manager’s working at CFS in selected cities.
Objective: 06
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
To map the attitude of CFS manager’s about their Refueling Recommendation (RR)
given to visiting drivers at CFS in selected cities.
Prime Respondents of the Research:
The Clean Fuel Station Managers and or Owner of Clean Fuel Stations were considered
as prime respondents for the purpose of this research study, as they were mainly
responsible for managing and providing Compressed Natural Gas refueling services for
automotive vehicles arriving at Clean Fuel Station.
In general there are four different types of Clean Fuel Stations e.g. On-Line CNG Station,
On-Line CNG Mother Station, CNG Daughter Station and CNG Daughter Booster
Station. All are well equipped to provide safe CNG refueling services for Natural Gas
Vehicles, arriving at CFS.
Research Hypotheses:
The following research hypotheses were formulated for Manager Respondents of each
types of Clean Fuel Station (CFS), managing refueling services for visiting NGVs i.e.
Auto- Rickshaw, Bus, Car and LCVs such as Tempo, Truck etc at their respective CFS.
Hypothesis: 01
H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of their Overall Behaviour (OB) at CFS with respect to
selected cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of their Overall Behaviour (OB) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
Hypothesis: 02 H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of Safety Measures (SM) at CFS with respect to selected
cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of Safety Measures (SM) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
Hypothesis: 03 H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of Safety Norms (SN) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of Safety Norms (SN) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
Hypothesis: 04 H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of Awareness of Operations (AO) at CFS with respect to
selected cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of Awareness of Operations (AO) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
Hypothesis: 05
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of Training Benefits (TB) at CFS with respect to selected
cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of Training Benefits (TB) at CFS with respect to selected cities.
Hypothesis: 06 H0: Significant differences do not exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS
manager’s in terms of Recommendations for Refueling (RR) at CFS with respect
to selected cities.
H1: Significant differences exist in the mean scores of opinion of CFS manager’s in
terms of Recommendations for Refueling (RR) at CFS with respect to selected
cities.
Research Methodologies Adopted:
The structured non-disguised questionnaire, designed as Research Instrument for
collection of required primary data, was first coded with respect to important safety
criterions and then used for undertaking a pilot study. This was conducted locally on 30
respondents of the selected CFS locations of Vadodara City. Based upon the findings, Six
Criterions namely Overall Behaviour (OB), Training Benefits (TB), Awareness of
Operation (AO), Safety Measures (SM), Safety Norms (SN), and Recommendation for
Refueling (RR), were finally selected for conducting this research Study. The
questionnaire was also given to the industry experts as well as to two Professors, one
each of MSU Baroda and AMU Aligarh for offering their comments. The comments
received were incorporated. The minor suggestions were carried out in the designed
Research Instrument before it was finally served. Three different sets of questionnaires
were prepared for each type of the respondents in English and the same was also
verbatim translated in vernacular local Gujarati language to help respondents to better
understand and to respond to it. The researcher has used Critical Behaviour Checklist
(CBC) method for preparation of the detailed questionnaire for collection of responses
from all prime respondents of CFS, and collected opinion on safe refueling practices
being adopted, during dispensing of CNG to the automotive vehicles arriving at Clean
Fuel Stations (CFS).
The outcomes were tested for its validity and reliability. On computing the Cronbach’s
Reliability Alpha Coefficient and measuring the Convergent Validity Scores for all group
indicators together, it was found to be more then 0.6, which confirms the internal
reliability of the Scale used and thus validated the Research Instrument, “as in the early
stages of research on predicted test or hypothesized measures of a construct, one saves
time and energy by working with instruments that have only modest Reliability, for
which purpose reliabilities of 0.60 or 0.50 will suffice” (p.226) Nunnally, J.C. (1978).
Sampling Decisions:
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
The Non - Probability Sampling Design was applied based up on the Simple Random
Sampling (SRS) Methods for Convenience Drawing of samples from the current
population of the selected Clean Fuel Station (CFS) amongst the Selected Cities of State
of Gujarat. It was observed that, population of interest i.e. CFS Managers were generally
managing all 4 types of CFS, available in the state for refueling of visiting NGVs,
comprised of Auto Rickshaw, Bus, Car, and LCV/ Mini Truck/ Tempo etc. Thus sample
from each segment was taken accordingly, i.e. from each type and all groups of the
respective respondents for getting the better precision.
However, in the absence of exhaustive list of available respondents across the state of
Gujarat, the Primary Data were collected personally in the months of July and August in
the year 2011, from the total number of 73 respondents who were either manager or
owner of CFS and providing CNG refueling services through their CFSs located in the
selected cities comprising of six district of the State of Gujarat, India. The selection of
Districts were based on the fact that, on 15/04/2011, there were 240 numbers of CFS,
operating in the state of Gujarat, at the time of collection of primary data, and responses
from 73 numbers of CFS Managers were Randomly collected through Structured Non-
disguised Questionnaire printed both in English as well as local regional Gujarati
language for ease of better understanding of the subject. The procedures adopted with the
aim to cover the entire population of 240 numbers of available CFS in the state of
Gujarat, operating at the time of collection of primary data. As all these population of
operating CFS were found geographical distributed and were located in North, South,
East and West Districts of Gujarat with an average population of 60 numbers in each
region. Therefore it was considered to collect the primary data only from the selected
districts, operating with Highest Numbers of CFS in each pocket based on their present
population. Current Population of Clean Fuel Stations operating on 15/04/2011, in
different zones of Gujarat State, at the time of collection of Primary Data for Sample
Calculations were found as, (North=90 + South=60 + East=55 + West=35); Comprising
of total=240 Nos. of CFS. Population of Interest (POI) was comprised of the highest
numbers of operating CFS in each Zone. Ahmedabad (61) and Gandhi Nagar (13) from
North Zone, Surat (36) and Valsad (16) from South Zone, Vadodara (20) from East Zone
and Rajkot (24) from West Zone, giving a total of 170 Nos. of operating CFS selected for
collection of Primary data out of 240 Nos. of operating CFS existing in the State of
Gujarat as Population of Universe (POU). Source: http://www.peso.gov.in accessed on
16-04-2011.
In absence of exhaustive list of available respondents, an attempt was further made to
completely Randomize the Procedures adopted for collection of Primary Data. Due to
excess of Sample Frame, the services of available on line sample size calculators were
utilized for determining the correct sample size of the respondents available in the
selected districts of State of Gujarat.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Since the present population in these selected districts, at that time of collection of
Primary Data was of 170 numbers of CFS, the Sample Frame for Respondent CFS
Managers as calculated for 90% CL, 10% Error and considering 50% Response
Distribution, comes out to be minimum 53 numbers, but 73 responses were Randomly
collected from CFS Managers, who so ever were willing to respond, which also comes
out to be Approx. 30% of the total population of operating CFS Managers available at
the time of collection of Primary Data. The present population in these selected districts,
at that time of collection of Primary Data was of 170 numbers of CFS.
In this way, all the total numbers of 73 responses from CFS Managers were Randomly
drawn and considered for the purpose of Data Analysis and Interpretation, selected
respectively from the 48 numbers of operating CFS in six districts, which covers the 20%
of entire available population of CFS i.e. from 240 numbers of CFS operating in the State
of Gujarat at the time of collection of Primary Data, which were used for sampling by
applying Convenience Drawing.
In view of the available facts, regarding non availability of exhaustive list, the selected
sample size used for this research study was kept at 30 % strength of CFS Managers,
from the parent population in terms of number of CFS, that were presently in operations
in the State of Gujarat i.e. 240. Therefore the primary data was collected from the total
number of 73 CFS Managers, within the pool of selected 48 CFS locations available in
the State of Gujarat, that comes out to be 20% of available population of CFS in the State
of Gujarat. Thus, for the ease of convenience more than 30% strength of the total
population of operating CFS was considered and a total number of 73 CFS Managers
were finally selected as representative respondents evenly distributed within six selected
districts in the State of Gujarat. The selections of respondents were done randomly. It was
purely based on their willingness and availability, on that particular day and time of
visiting the selected CFS for collection of the primary data. The entire sampling was done
personally by visiting each of the CFS with effect from 01/07/2011 to 30/08/2011. It was
also patently noticed that most of the CFS Managers preferred to respond the
questionnaire translated in their local regional language i.e. Gujarati. (Please Refer
Table: 01 for details).
Discussions:
The respondents’ responses were obtained with help of the structured non-disguised
questionnaire prepared both in English as well as local Gujarati Language. On analysis of
the demographic data collected from the 73 CFS Managers indicated that majority of the
CFS Managers were of 31-45 age group, married, male, graduate or above graduate,
getting less than Rs.20,000/- per month salary and were Hindus. They were found
managing refueling services of Auto, Cars, LCV and Buses from the service providers
like CHAROTAR, ADANI, GSPC, BPCL and GAIL’s CNG retail outlets for more than
2 years but were being deputed for attending safety training only once in a year basis
(Refer Table: 04 - 04.09 for details). All the collected responses were subjected to the
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
reliability, validity, scale measurement, frequency distribution, factor analysis, one way
ANOVA and chi square Test using SPSS, 15.0, following were the outcomes:
1. Cronbach’s Alpha ranged from 0.686 to 0.896, and Overall Reliability Score of all
indicators together were measured as 0.940, which really shows internal reliability of
the scale for selected respondent CFS Managers (Nunnally, J.C. (1978). (Refer Table:
02 for details).
2. The Reliability Tests were applied to determine how strongly the opinions of
respondents were related to each other and to the composite Cronbach’s Alpha Scores
of all indicators together. The results were found to be more than 0.6 in all the cases
which confirms the internal reliability of the scales used on all dimensions of the
structured non disguised questionnaires prepared for measuring opinions of
respondent CFS Managers, managing selected CFSs in selected cities (Malhotra,
Naresh K. 2007; Nunnally, Jum C. 1981, and Puay Cheng Lim & Nelson, Tang K H.
2000). (Refer Table: 02 for details).
3. The computed results of Validity Test undertaken to measure the comparison of mean
scores of extent of CFS Managers’ opinion about services provided at CFS, supported
the strength of linkage between the selected criterions and full fill the conditions of
Convergent Validity thus validated the Research Instrument used for this research
study. It is seen from the findings that results are supporting the strength of linkage
between all the six statements which thus fulfill the condition of convergent validity
test (Malhotra, Naresh K. 2007; Sharma, R D. & Chahal, Hardeep. 1999;
Parasuraman et. al., 1991). (Refer Table: 03 for details).
4. Factor Analysis were also conducted to know some of the very important Safety
Criteria related to the CNG dispensing that needs further improvement for ensuring
safety at work place and reducing risk of accidents, amongst the respondent Managers
of different types of selected CFSs in selected cities. (Refer Table: 08 for details).
5. Test of Homogeneity of Variances of selected Respondents’ opinion about Selected
Safety Criterion indicated that Levine’s P value is less than 0.05 (P – value < 0.05)
that means variance of all type of CFS Managers are not equal. It was also clearly
evident that difference within the group found to be higher than difference between
the groups. Further, P value is < 0.05 that means it has significant value. So, mean of
at least one of the selected city was found different from other.
6. The average opinion of selected respondent CFS Managers’ about Safety Measures at
all selected CNG stations in selected cities, was found to be different in some of the
selected criteria, wherein average opinion of selected respondents CFS Managers’
about Safety Measures at all Selected CNG Stations was uniform with regard to other
selected items.
7. The average opinion of selected respondents CFS Managers’ about Training Benefits
at all Selected CNG Stations in selected cities, was found to be different in some of
the selected criteria, wherein average opinion of selected respondents CFS Managers’
about Training Benefits at all Selected CNG Stations was uniform with regard to
other selected items. (Refer Table: 05 for details).
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
8. The average opinion of selected respondents CFS Managers’ about
Recommendations for Refueling at all Selected CNG Stations in selected cities, was
found to be different in some of the selected criteria viz., I shall recommend others to
visit Clean Fuel Station, that adopts safety measures; I shall recommend others to
visit Clean Fuel Station, that comply statutory norms; and I recommend, others for
refueling from my Clean Fuel Stations for its good quality of service, wherein
average opinion of selected respondents CFS Managers’ about recommendations for
refueling at all selected CNG Stations was found uniform with regard to other
selected items. Similar types of findings were also reported on referring
recommendations in different studies on patients’ satisfaction measurement in
healthcare sector in India (Vyas, Parimal H, Pandya, Madhusudan. N and Bhatt,
Mayank. 2010).
Conclusions:
From the above discussions on data analysis using statistical software SPSS 15.0,
following conclusions can be drawn with respect to selected respondent CFS Managers of
Clean Fuel Stations of selected cities in the state of Gujarat:
1. It can be inferred from the above findings based upon the data analysis of Frequency
Counts of Important Training Benefits of Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) Training of
selected respondent CFS Managers of selected Clean Fuel Stations that, there exists a
need to further improve upon of some of the very important Safety Criteria. (Refer
Table: 05-08 for details).
2. The Reliability Test was applied to determine how strongly the opinions of
respondents were related to each other and to the composite Cronbach’s Alpha Scores
of all indicators together. The results were found to be greater than 0.6 in all the cases
which confirms the internal reliability of the scales used on all dimensions of the
structured non disguised questionnaires prepared for measuring opinions of CFS
Managers of selected CFSs in selected cities.
3. The Validity Test of the structured questionnaire prepared for measuring opinions of
CFS Managers of selected cities, were undertaken to measure the comparison of
mean scores of extent of CFS Managers’ opinion about services provided at CFS, the
computed results on selected rating scales supported the strength of linkage between
the selected criterions and full fill the conditions of Convergent Validity thus
validated the Research Instrument used for this research study. (Refer Table: 02-03
for details).
4. Factor Analysis also suggests some of the very important Safety Criteria related to the
CNG dispensing that needs further improvement for ensuring safety at work place
and reducing risk of accidents, amongst the different respondent CFS Managers in the
selected cities.
5. The Test of Homogeneity of CFS Managers’ opinions on the selected criterions
mostly indicated the Levine’s P value as less than 0.05, that means variances are not
equal amongst selected CFS Managers of CFS in selected cities as it has a significant
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
value, therefore the mean scores of opinion of CFS Managers’ of one city was found
to be different from other.
6. All six Demographic variables of respondents namely their age, marital status,
gender, educational qualification, monthly income and religion were selected for
cross tabulations to interpret the results with respect to selected CFSs in selected
cities for analysis of primary data collected through the research instrument. The total
response counts for overall training benefits of CFS Managers were reported lowest
in north Gujarat i.e. in Gandhinagar, followed by Surat and Valsad, where as
Vadodara, scored the highest frequency, followed by Ahmedabad and Rajkot Districts
of Gujarat State. (Refer Table: 05 for details).
7. The detailed analysis of the primary data with respect to six selected criteria shows
significant variation amongst different respondents of different districts on important
safety issues like operational awareness, safety measures and safety norms, which
indicated that lack of knowledge and skill persist amongst the respondents CFS
Managers of different cities as their responses were not found equal on critical safety
issue. Thus undoubtedly they requires Behaviour Based Safety Training to improve
upon their overall behaviour to gain the maximum training benefit in terms of
reducing the chances accidents during refueling of CNG at their respective CFS
located in different cities. Their actively caring behaviour also improves safety at
work place and at the same time attracts other customers to revisit the CFS, due to
increased refueling recommendations of the respondents. (Refer Table: 06-07 for
details).
8. The Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) Training is thus a very useful tool to increase
actively caring behaviours of respondents CFS Managers and it may be used to
spread knowledge skills and attitude, required for improving safety and reducing at-
risk behaviours of others to avoid accidents.
Limitations:
This study was conducted with the following assumptions and limitations in the state of
Gujarat.
1. This research study was focused on only those Clean Fuel Stations (CFS) located in
the selected six districts of the State of Gujarat therefore; the findings cannot be
generalized across all the other states of INDIA due to its geographical as well as
demographical limitations. The entire research study was limited to the respondents
of only six numbers of selected districts situated in the state of Gujarat e.g. Metro city
Ahmedabad, tier two cities of Surat, Vadodara and Rajkot, tier three cities of
Gandhinagar, and Valsad, and other selected towns of these districts of the state of
Gujarat.
2. This research study was conducted for specific time duration, which might have
influenced the results up to some extent. Instead of entire population, only
representative samples were covered under this research study from the available time
and convenience of the researcher. Due to emerging populations of CGD companies
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
operating at the time of collection of primary data within the demographic area of the
states of Gujarat, all the factors influencing their training decisions and selection of
appropriate training methodologies individually by them at CFS was not covered in
detail.
3. The researcher was not able to find any published literature analyzing role and impact
of Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) Training, its content, objective, methods, and other
design parameters concerning the safety of various personals engaged in managing
and refueling operation of Natural Gas Vehicles arriving at Clean Fuel Stations (CFS)
in INDIA.
4. The researcher has studied only the learning process, training practices and its
relationship on Safe Behavior of an individual at Clean Fuel Station (CFS). It is
suggested that further research should include more personal as well as location
variables.
5. The application of Social Learning Theory (SLT) was not explored in detail to
correlate it, with safety aspects associated with refueling of CNG in automotive
vehicles at Clean Fuel Station (CFS) due to limited resources.
6. This study proceeded with the assumption that the questionnaire on different
parameters will elicit a forth right response from the different types of respondents
available at Clean Fuel Stations (CFS). The hurdles faced by the researcher were the
“Can Not Say”, “Don’t Know”, “Undecided”, “Neutral”, and “No Opinion” response
options were received from the surveying samples or respondents. Thus possibility
that, due to their reserved or biased opinion, the CFS Managers, of Clean Fuel
Station’s (CFS) might not have revealed the exact facts to the researcher.
7. The private operators of Clean Fuel Station (CFS) might not have fully disclosed the
profiles and behavioural aspects of their personnel, who were engaged in filling
operations in detail.
8. Lastly since the researcher is a working professional, a public servant and was also
the inspecting authority for the clean fuel station operating in the state of Gujarat at
the time of administration of questionnaire used for collection of primary data, he was
in fact forcibly bounded by the Central Government’s civil code of conduct, different
provisions of safety rules and other regulatory statutes, which certainly have its own
limitations too.
Business Implications:
This research study shall contribute to the CFS Manager’s learning behaviour and
training decisions, apart from its contribution to the existing academic theories on BBS
training processes. This research shall add to the literature on learning behaviour and
training methodologies, through the survey of the influence of the selected factors on the
beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of the CFS Managers managing the CFS. Identification
and measurement of the personal variables, beliefs and attitudes shall be able to help the
establishment and legislation of customized training programs, like BBS Training, its
implementations shall be made mandatory for all the CGD companies operating CFS.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
The results of this research study shall help to identify a suitable type of training that
affects the choice and training decision process for enrolling to a particular type of safety
training called BBS. Its results shall contribute to the formulation of the better training
strategies for the CFS Managers.
The area of significance of this research studies includes not only learning and its
applications but also extends to the disciplines of training behaviour as well as strategies
adapted by service providers of Clean Fuel Stations, for Clean Fuel Consumers, Clean
Fuel Retailers, Clean Fuel Station Managers, Clean Fuel Station Operators and NGV
Drivers visiting Clean Fuel Stations. This study is also very significant for several
reasons in relation to both learning theories and behaviour based safety training
applications and will certainly provide a safe work place culture and evergreen and clean
business environment for all the stake holders of this emerging sun rise sector of India in
near future. The respective objectives of this research study shall help the service
providers of Clean Fuel Station (CFS) in better understanding the role of certain selected
variables or factors in selecting and implementing the Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)
training process. It will help them in attaining zero accidents at work place and more
accident free man-hours at the various stages of CNG retailing operations. This research
study shall also be an add providers in recognizing the role of the HR Managers about
their safety training decisions in relation to their attendant’s behaviour, while refueling
the Clean Fuel Products for safe and clean environment as part of CSR charter of their
organisation.
Thus, as part of the organizational Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives for
nurturing and promoting the brand image of supplying CGD Company in the society, and
as part of their marketing strategies to stay ahead of their rivals for competitive advantage
and sustainable development in all fields through operational effectiveness and superior
performance on variety of services offered for delightedness of customers availing
services of a Clean Fuel Stations, it is necessary to implement the Behaviour Based
Safety (BBS) training process. To manage this sunrise sector in generation next, effective
training strategies and better HR Practices has to be adopted in the interest of society,
environment and social responsibility. To be fully compliant to the government rules and
regulations, licensing authorities instructions, labour legislation, environment protection,
occupational safety and health administration, the clean fuel stations has to develop an
effective Human Resource Management System (HRMS) for managing their day-
today affairs. This will create new avenues and future positions for HR Managers to show
their capabilities in training the available human resources and marketing the clean fuel
products and offer variety of services up to the delightedness of their customers, i.e. NGV
Drivers arriving at Clean Fuel Stations (CFS) for refueling of their automotive vehicles.
Future Directions:
The directions for undertaking future research studies on the related matters are appended
below:
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
1. Future researchers may utilize the application of Social Learning Theory (SLT) in
detail and explore it further to correlate it with safety aspects associated with
refueling of CNG in automotive Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) as per the requirements
of globally accepted Safety Health Environment (SHE) and prevailing Vehicular
Emission Standards of European Countries (e.g. Euro IV and Euro V Norms) and
Automotive Industry Standards (AIS) of India. (e. g. Bharat Stage III and Bharat
Stage IV Compliant Natural Gas Vehicles).
2. The statutory legislators may therefore formulate the new regulations for effective
implementation of ‘BBS TRAINING’ by incorporating the same and amending the
laws accordingly. There is an immediate need to assess the need of implementing
BBS Training, for improving safety standards in refueling at CFS.
3. Since, this research study was conducted with limited resources and for specific time
duration, which might have influenced the results up to some extent. Therefore all
future studies may be carried out on larger scale. Not only be limited to only six
districts of a state but may be done on All India basis covering all the CGD
Companies operating In India.
4. In a nutshell, since, the results indicated a high degree of variance amongst selected
CFS Managers’ regarding BBS Training considering different dimensions on selected
criteria with regard to CFS’s, it is advisable that, all future research study on the
subject shall be able to cover and must focus on the selected factors influencing the
training decisions and on the selection of appropriate training methodologies to be
adapted at CFS, which has varied due to emerging populations of CGD companies
operating in the demographic area of the different states of India. More numbers of
demographic variables may be studied with respect to the locality and type of
respondents.
5. To ensure safe operations at CFS, more numbers of respondent’s at risk behaviours
may be identified and more numbers of construct be included in all future studies to
measure the safety performance of either an individual respondent or of an operating
organization with available tool and techniques.
6. After substantial time, later the incident rate, accident reduction rate, rate of failure,
and overall success rate of an operating CFS can also be measured for promoting
safety culture, providing accident free work place, and creating awareness amongst
users of clean fuels.
7. All the future research study in this area shall be an additional aid provider in
recognizing the role of the operators as well as the trainers and their belief, attitude,
behaviour, culture and intensions about their training requirements and decisions in
relation to the coverage of all the relevant safety aspects associated at various stages
of their training process, with a goal to achieve the zero accident and provide accident
free work place for the society and sustain the clean, green and safe environment for
future, peaceful and fearless living.
8. Lastly, it is hope that, all future research studies shall provide help to the service
providers, legislators and all the stake holders in better understanding the BBS
training requirements for all types of respondents availing the services of Clean Fuel
Stations (CFS), factors affecting their learning process and variables responsible for
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
selection of a specialized type of BBS training so that their existing training programs
can be customized accordingly as per their Training Need Analysis (TNA).
Recommendations:
Based upon the data analysis and discussions of this research study undertaken on
mapping perceptions of CFS Managers’ behaviour on Safety Training- an empirical study
across Gujarat, the following recommendations are put forward in the interest of Safety
of Human Resources for its effective implementation at Clean Fuel Stations.
1. The study revealed that majority of CFS Managers working at CFS were not much
aware about training benefits of Behaviour Based Safety Training, which can be
planned for their education and spread of knowledge on the subject. Safety
Awareness Campaign, Display of Safety related Dos and Don’ts, Distribution of
Safety Instruction Cards and Procedural Guidelines Pamphlets through Road Shows
can be organized for them on regular basis at CFS. The study also evidenced that
selected Respondents’ are not generally exposed to safety training. They should be
mandated to undergo training at least once in six month basis to help them to get
exposed to the new things happening outside the world on the subject domain and
enable them to increase their knowledge and experience to handle things safely by
onsite demonstration, training programmes or through FM Radio clippings and visual
ads.
2. There is a need for a concrete action on the part of the law enforcing agencies to
make suitable amendments in the existing regulations for making such training
mandatory and necessary to be organized at regular intervals at CFS particularly for
CFS Managers managing CNG refueling services at CFS in the interest of public
safety.
3. There is a need to properly document and design the specific programme on
Behaviour Based Safety Training for all the respondents of CFS for capacity building,
spreading knowledge on this domain and developing skill for safe handling of CNG
refueling operations of Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs).
4. All recommended Safety Measures to be firmly adopted at CFS for ensuring Safety at
Work Place and the same may be taught through periodic training to every individual
visiting CFS with the help of latest training tools and techniques.
5. All prescribed Statutory Norms to be strictly complied in, to make CFS a safe place
for refueling CNG in automotive vehicles. Periodic internal safety audit and rigorous
inspection drives at regular intervals may be carried out to monitor the compliance of
all the statutes.
6. All CGD companies engaged in dispensing CNG may foster a strong Safety Culture
in their organizations and must provide Behaviour Based Safety Training to all the
stake holders for reducing risk of accidents and creating a safe working environment
in and around CFS.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
7. Continuous efforts may be taken by all concerns to develop a strong safety culture in
order to identify the near misses and source of potential hazards to avoid occurrence
of accidents at Clean Fuel Stations (CFS).
8. To achieve the mission of Zero Tolerance towards Accidents both, quality of services
rendered by the individuals working at CFS and NGV Drivers or domestic passengers
visiting CFS has to be improved by providing them Basic Behaviour Based Safety
Training with proper follow up procedures for further improvement in reducing the
risk of accidents at CFS and handling the real time situations.
References:
Bandura, A. (1977a), and Kraut, A. J. (1976); Behaviour Modeling Symposium:
Developing Managerial Skills via Modeling Techniques. Personnel Psychology 29:325-
28.
Bandura, A. (1977b), Social Learning Theory. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, NJ.
Bird, Jr., F.E., & Davies, R.J. (1996). “Safety at the bottom line”.GA: Febc,
Loganville.
Bird, Jr., F.E., Germaine, G.L. (1997). “The property damage accident”:The neglected
part of safety. Loganville, GA: Institute Publishing Inc.Blanchard, P, Huszco G; Camp R
(1986); Towards a more organizationally effective training strategy and practices,
Upper Saddle River; Prentice Hall, NJ.
Blanchard, P.N, James W.W, and Thacher (1999); Effective Training Systems,
Strategies and Practices: Prentice Hall of India, Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
Blanchard, P.N and Thacher, J.W (2004); Effective Training Systems, Strategies and
Practices: Prentice Hall of India, Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
Bhardwaj R.S. (1999), The Business Statistics. Excel Books, Narayana New Delhi.
Bhattacharya D.K. (2008); “Human Resource Research Methods”; Oxford University
Press, New Delhi.
Geller,E.S,Lehman,G.R,and Kalsher,M.R (1989);“Behavior Analysis Training for
Occupational Safety”.Make-A-Difference, Inc., Newport, VA.
Geller, E.S (1996); “How To Improve Behaviours And Attitudes on the Job”; “The
Psychology of Safety”; Randor, PA; Chilton Book Co.; Washington D.C., USA.
Geller, E.S (2001); “The Psychology of Safety Handbook”; CRC Press, LLC Washington
D.C.,USA.
Geller, E.S (2002); “The Participation Factor” “How To Increase Involvement In
Occupational Safety”; Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers; USA.
Geller, E.S., Perdue, S.R., & French, A. (2004) “Behaviour Based Safety Coaching”;
Ten guidelines for successful application. Journal of Professional Safety, 49(7).
Geller, E.S., (2004) “Critical research principles and procedures for safety
Management; Industrial illustration and practical strategies”. Journal of Professional
Safety, 49(9).
Geller, E.S (2005); “The Source – People Based Safety”; Dave Johnson; Coastal
Training Technologies Corporation, Virginia-23452, USA
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Haque, M.I (2007); “Impact of Training on Knowledge, Skill and Business
Performance” JIMS, 8M, p28-43
Haque M.I & Arvind (2008); “Impact of Locus of Control, Trainers Effectiveness &
Training Design on Learning” IJIR, Vol.44.
Haque M.I & Arvind (2009);“Impact of Training on Learning” JPFM,Vol.1,Jul-Dec
Haque, M.I & Maninder Singh (2007); “Impact of Training on Business Performance:
An Experimental Research” SJBS, Vol.2, July-December
Harper W. Bayd Jr., Ralph Westfall, Stanley F.Stasch, Richard D. Irwin (2005);
“Marketing Research” – Text and Cases 7th Edition - All India Traveler Book Seller,
Delhi.
Heinrich H W (1931); “Industrial Accident Prevention” McGraw Hill, New York.
Heinrich H W(1980);“Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach” McGraw
Hill Book Company New York
Janicak, A. Christopher (2003); “Safety Matrics; Tools & Techniques forMeasuring
Safety Performances; ABS Consulting, Government Institutes, Rock Ville, MD,
Maryland-20850 USA.
Kaila, H L (2006), BBS in Organisations, Indian Journal of Occupational Environmental
Medicine: 10:102-106.
Kaila, H L (2009), BBS in Indian Organisation, Journal of Health Management, 11(3): p
489-500.
Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1959); “Techniques for Evaluating Training Programs”;Journal of
the American Society of Training Directors, 13, 3-26
Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1967); “Evaluation of Training” In Craig, R.L & Bittel, L.R:
Editions, Training and Development Handbook: McGraw Hill NY
Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1998); “Evaluating of Training Programs”;The four levels, 2nd
Edition, San Francisco, CA; Berret-Koehler Publishers
Kirkpatrick, D.L. (2001); “Managing Change Effectively” ; A systematic 7 step
approach; Butterworth – Heinemann
Kirkpatrick, D.L. (2005); “Transferring Learning to Behaviour”; Using the four level to
improve performances; Berret-Koehler Publishers INC, San.Frn
Kirkpatrick, Jim (2007); The Hidden Powers of Four Levels: American Society for
Training and Development, 61 (08): p34-37.
Kothari, C R. (1999); Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques; 2nd
Edition;
New Age International, Wishwa Parakashan, New Delhi.
Malhotra Naresh K. (2007); “Marketing Research An Applied Orientation”;Pearson
Prentice Hall;Fifth Edition, New Delhi.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978); Psychometric Theory 2nd
Edition, p226 McGraw Hill,NY.
Nunnally Jum C. (1981); “Psychometric Theory”; Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Ltd.
New Delhi.
Parasuraman, Valarie A.Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry (1991);“Refinement and
Reassessment of the SERVQUAL Scale”; Journal of Retailing, Vol, 67, Spring No. 4,
Winter 1991, PP. 420 – 450.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Puay Cheng Lim & Nelson K.H. Tang (2000); “A Study of Patients’Expectations and
Satisfaction in Singapore Hospitals”; “International Journal of Health Care Quality
Assurance”, Vol. 13, No. 7, 2000, PP. 290-299. MCB University Press.
Shah, P.T (2008); “Behaviour Based Safety”; Suraksha,Gujarat Safety
Council,Vadodara, Vol.1, p3
Shah, P.T (2010); Safety Consciousness; Suraksha, Gujarat Safety Council,Vadodara,
Vol.3, p3-4
Sharma J.K. (2007); “Operation Research” – Theory and Applications, 3rd Edition,
Macmillan India, Delhi.
Sharma R.D. & Hardeep Chahal (1999); “A Study of patients’ Satisfaction of private
Health Care facilities”; “Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers”, Vol, 24 No. 4,
October- December 1999, PP. 69-76. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.
Vyas, Parimal H. & Pandya, Madhusudan. N & Bhatt, Mayank (2010),“ Patients’
Satisfaction Measurement in the Government, Trust and Private Hospitals in Vadodara
City of India”, EB Journal of Management and Research, Vol. No:3, Issue 4, Oct-Dec-
2010, p20-51.
Vyas, Parimal H. & Thakkar, P.D. (2005), “Market Performance Analysis an
Measurement of Respondents’ Satisfaction in Healthcare Services”, “The Indian Journal
of Commerce”, Vol.58, No.1, January – March, 2005, pp. 150-161. (Quarterly
Publication of the Indian Commerce Association, School of Management Studies,
IGNOU, New Delhi).
Web References:
http://www.bcsp.org accessed on 27-11-2012
http://www.dgfasli.nic.in accessed on 01-02-2011
http://www.drgutah.com accessed on 16-04-2011
http://www.peso.gov.in accessed on 16-10-2012
http://www.raosoft.com accessed on 16-04-2011
http://www.surveysystem.com accessed on 16-04-2011
Data Tables:
TABLE NUMBER 01:
Population of Clean Fuel Stations Operating as on 15 April 2011 in the State of
Gujarat
North Gujarat South Gujarat East Gujarat
(Central)
West Gujarat
(Saurashtra)
Districts Nos. Districts Nos. Districts Nos. Districts Nos.
Ahmedabad 61 Surat 36 Vadodara 20 Rajkot 24
Gandhinagar 13 Navsari 08 Anand 09 Surendranaga
r
11
Mehsana 11 Valsad 16 Bharuch 13
Sabarkantha 03 Panchmahal 04
Banaskantha 01 Kheda 09
Patan 01
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Total 90 60 55 35
Source: http://www.peso.gov.in. Accessed on 16-04-2011
Current Population of Clean Fuel Stations operating in different zones of Gujarat State, at
the time of collection of Primary Data for Sample Calculations were found as, (North=90
+ South=60 + East=55 + West=35); Comprising of total=240 Nos. of CFS. Population of
Interest (POI) comprised of the highest numbers of operating CFS in each Zone.
Ahmedabad (61) and Gandhi Nagar (13) from North Zone, Surat (36) and Valsad (16)
from South Zone, Vadodara (20) from East Zone and Rajkot (24) from West Zone, giving
a total of 170 Nos. of operating CFS selected for collection of Primary data out of 240
Nos. of operating CFS existing in the State of Gujarat as Population of Universe (POU).
TABLE NUMBER 02:
Summary of Indicators and Reliability Alpha Score of CFS Managers
Sr.
No.
Grouped Indicator Items Cronbach
Reliability
Alpha
Coefficient
01 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Overall Behaviour
0.686
02 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Training Benefits
0.895
03 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Awareness of Operations of Clean Fuel
Stations
0.778
04 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Safety Measures to be followed at Clean
Fuel Stations
0.742
05 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Statutory Norms to be adopted at Clean
Fuel Stations
0.739
06 Managers’ Perceptions for working of CFS refueling CNG based
on criteria related with Recommendations for Refueling
0.896
07 Overall Reliability Score of all indicators together for Managers 0.940
Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.686 to 0.896, and Overall Reliability Score of all
indicators together were measured as 0.940, which really shows internal reliability of the
scale for respondents.
TABLE NUMBER 03:
Comparison of Mean Scores of Extent of CFS Managers’ Opinion about Services
Provided
Comparison of Mean Scores of
Extent of Managers’ Opinion
about Services Provided by CFS
Managers’ Overall Opinion with
respect to Criteria
Difference
in Mean
Count
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Managers’ Opinion with respect
to Criteria
(Column 2
– Column
4) Rating Scale 1 (Disagree), 2 (Can’t Say) & 3 (Agree)
(Q-6 - 1 to 76) &
(Q-7 - 1 to 27)
Mean
Score
(Rank)
(Q-8 -1 to 6) Mean
Score
(Rank)
1 2 3 4 5
I am happy with the
Overall Behaviour of
the operators of
Clean Fuel Stations
4.79
(5)
I am happy with the
Overall Behaviour of
the operators of
Clean Fuel Stations
4.66
(3) - 0.13
In my opinion
Behaviour Based
Safety Training given
to the operators is
quite Beneficial in
ensuring safe
refueling at Clean
Fuel Stations
4.88
(2)
In my opinion
Behaviour Based
Safety Training given
to the operators is
quite Beneficial in
ensuring safe
refueling at Clean
Fuel Stations
4.62
(5) + 0.26
I am Aware about
Operations of CFS
4.84
(3)
I am Aware about
Operations of CFS
4.70
(2) + 0.14
I am aware of Safety
Measures to be
followed at CFS
4.81
(4)
I am aware of Safety
Measures to be
followed at CFS
4.63
(4) + 0.18
I am aware of
Statutory Norms to be
adopted at CFS
4.74
(6)
I am aware of
Statutory Norms to be
adopted at CFS
4.52
(6) + 0.22
I Recommend, other
Managers for
Refueling from my
Clean Fuel Stations
for its good quality of
service
4.93
(1)
I Recommend, other
Managers for
Refueling from my
Clean Fuel Stations
for its good quality of
service
4.70
(1) + 0.23
Overall Average 4.83 4.63 + 0.20
It is seen from the above table that results are supporting the strength of linkage between
the six statements which thus fulfill the condition of convergent validity test.
TABLE NUMBER 04:
Frequency Analysis: Age of Respondent: Managers* Name of the Districts
Crosstabulation
Name of the Districts (Frequency and Percentage)
Age of
Respondents Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
18-30 9 2 7 2 5 3 28
32.1% 7.1% 25.0% 7.1% 17.9% 10.7% 100.0%
31-45 14 4 1 1 6 3 29
48.3% 13.8% 3.4% 3.4% 20.7% 10.3% 100.0%
46 and
Above 6 0 2 1 7 0 16
37.5% .0% 12.5% 6.3% 43.8% .0% 100.0%
Total 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Three age groups were defined for respondents; maximum frequency was noticed for age
group 31-45, followed by 18-30, while 46 and above recorded the lowest frequency.
TABLE NUMBER 04.01:
Frequency Analysis:Marital Status of Respondent: Managers*Name of the Districts
Crosst.
Name of the Districts(Frequency and Percentage)
Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Marital
Status of
Respondents
Married Count 19 6 6 3 15 5 54
%
within 35.2% 11.1% 11.1% 5.6% 27.8% 9.3% 100.0%
Unmarried Count 10 0 4 1 3 1 19
%within 52.6% .0% 21.1% 5.3% 15.8% 5.3% 100.0%
Total
Count 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
%within 39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Most of the respondents were found married as unmarried counts were reported less.
TABLE NUMBER 04.02:
Frequency Analysis: Gender : Managers * Name of the Districts Crosstabulation
Name of the Districts(Frequency and Percentage)
Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Gender Male Count 29 5 10 4 17 6 71
within 40.8% 7.0% 14.1% 5.6% 23.9% 8.5% 100.0%
Female Count 0 1 0 0 1 0 2
within .0% 50.0% .0% .0% 50.0% .0% 100.0%
Total Count 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
within 39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Most of the respondents were found male as female count was reported very less in Nos.
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
TABLE NUMBER04.03:
Frequency Analysis: Educational Qualification: Managers* Name of the Districts
Crosstab
Name of the Districts(Frequency and Percentage)
Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Educational
Qualifications
Below
SSC
Count 4 1 0 0 4 1 10
%within 40.0% 10.0% .0% .0% 40.0% 10.0% 100.0%
Below
Graduate
Count 4 0 2 0 6 1 13
%within 30.8% .0% 15.4% .0% 46.2% 7.7% 100.0%
Graduate
or
Above
Graduate
Count 21 5 8 4 8 4 50
%within 42.0% 10.0% 16.0% 8.0% 16.0% 8.0% 100.0%
Total Count 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
%within 39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Three literacy groups were defined for respondents; maximum frequency was noticed for
Graduates or above Graduates, followed by below Graduates, while below SSC recorded
the lowest one.
TABLE NUMBER04.04:
Frequency Analysis: Monthly Income (In Rupees):Managers* Name of the Districts
Crosst.
Name of the Districts(Frequency and Percentage)
Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Monthly
Income
(In
Rupees)
Less than
Rs.20,000/-
Count 14 3 7 3 10 5 42
%within 33.3% 7.1% 16.7% 7.1% 23.8% 11.9% 100.0%
Rs. 20,001
to Rs.
30,000/-
Count 7 2 1 0 2 0 12
%within 58.3% 16.7% 8.3% .0% 16.7% .0% 100.0%
Rs.30,001
to Rs.
40,000/-
Count 1 1 1 0 2 0 5
%within 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% .0% 40.0% .0% 100.0%
More than
Rs.40,000/-
Count 7 0 1 1 4 1 14
%within 50.0% .0% 7.1% 7.1% 28.6% 7.1% 100.0%
Total Count 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
%within 39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Four income groups were defined for respondents; maximum frequency was noticed for
less than Rs.20000/-, while Rs.30001/- to Rs.40000/- recorded the lowest frequency.
TABLE NUMBER 04.05:
Frequency Analysis: Religion : Managers * Name of the Districts Crosstabulation
Name of the Districts(Frequency and Percentage)
Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Religion Hindu Count 27 6 10 4 15 4 66
%within 40.9% 9.1% 15.2% 6.1% 22.7% 6.1% 100.0%
Buddhist Count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
%within .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0%
Christian Count 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
%within 50.0% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% .0% 100.0%
Muslim Count 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
%within 50.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% 100.0%
Jain Count 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
%within .0% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%
Sikh Count 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
%within .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0%
Total Count 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
%within 39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Six basic religion groups were defined for respondents; maximum frequency was noticed
for Hindus, while rest of other groups recorded the lower frequencies. No count was
noticed for Buddhists.
TABLE NUMBER 04.06:
Frequency Analysis: Service Provider : Managers * Name of the Districts
Crosstabulation
Name of the Districts
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Sr.
No
.
Service
Provider Barod
a Surat
Rajko
t
Gandhinag
ar
Ahmedaba
d
Valsa
d Total
01 ADANI 5 0 0 0 11 0 16
31.3% .0% .0% .0% 68.8% .0%
100.0
%
02 BPCL 3 2 4 1 3 1 14
21.4% 14.3%
28.6
% 7.1% 21.4% 7.1%
100.0
%
03 CHAROTA
R 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
39.7% 8.2%
13.7
% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2%
100.0
%
04 ESSAROIL 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
50.0% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% .0%
100.0
%
05 GAIL 11 1 0 0 0 0 12
91.7% 8.3% .0% .0% .0% .0%
100.0
%
06 GUJARAT
GAS 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
.0%
100.0
% .0% .0% .0% .0%
100.0
%
07 GSPC GAS 5 2 3 2 0 4 16
31.3% 12.5%
18.8
% 12.5% .0%
25.0
%
100.0
%
08 HPCL 4 0 4 0 2 0 10
40.0% .0%
40.0
% .0% 20.0% .0%
100.0
%
09 IOCL 5 0 0 0 1 1 7
71.4% .0% .0% .0% 14.3%
14.3
%
100.0
%
10 SABARMA
TI GAS 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
(count/
%within) .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0%
100.0
%
There were ten numbers of service providers operating CFS in the state of Gujarat;
maximum respondent’s frequency was noticed for CHAROTAR, followed by ADANI,
GSPC, BPCL, GAIL, HPCL and IOCL. Rest of other groups recorded the lower
frequencies.
TABLE NUMBER 04.07:
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
No. of Years Refueling at Clean Fuel Stations: Managers* Name of the Districts
Crosstabu.
Name of the Districts (Frequency and Percentage)
No. of
Years Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Less than
1 Year
9 1 3 1 3 2 19
47.4% 5.3% 15.8% 5.3% 15.8% 10.5% 100.0%
1 to 2
Year
6 0 0 1 4 2 13
46.2% .0% .0% 7.7% 30.8% 15.4% 100.0%
More than
2 years
14 5 7 2 11 2 41
34.1% 12.2% 17.1% 4.9% 26.8% 4.9% 100.0%
Total 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Three time span were defined for counting the respondents refueling experiences at CFS;
maximum frequency was noticed for more than 2 years, followed by less than 1 year,
while 1 to 2 years recorded the lowest one.
TABLE NUMBER 04.08:
Frequency Analysis: Vehicles Refueling : Managers* Name of the Districts
Crosstabulation
Name of the Districts
Sr.
No
.
Vehicle
Refuelin
g
Barod
a Surat
Rajko
t
Gandhinaga
r
Ahmedaba
d
Valsa
d Total
01 Auto 29 6 10 3 18 4 70
41.4% 8.6% 14.3% 4.3% 25.7% 5.7%
100.0
%
02 Bus 15 3 4 3 12 4 41
36.6% 7.3% 9.8% 7.3% 29.3% 9.8%
100.0
%
03 Car 29 6 10 3 18 4 70
41.4% 8.6% 14.3% 4.3% 25.7% 5.7%
100.0
%
04 LCV 18 6 5 2 10 3 44
(count/
%within) 40.9%
13.6
% 11.4% 4.5% 22.7% 6.8%
100.0
%
Four types of vehicular groups were defined for respondents refueling CNG vehicles at
CFS; maximum frequency was noticed for Car and Auto followed by LCV, while Bus
recorded the lowest one.
TABLE NUMBER 04.09:
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
Frequency Analysis: No. of Times Deputed for Safety Training : Managers* Name
of the D.
Name of the Districts (Frequency and Percentage)
No of
Times
Deputed
for Baroda Surat Rajkot Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Valsad Total
Once in
Qtr 9 1 8 3 2 2 25
36.0% 4.0% 32.0% 12.0% 8.0% 8.0% 100.0%
1 in six
month 9 3 0 0 0 3 15
60.0% 20.0% .0% .0% .0% 20.0% 100.0%
Once in a
year 7 2 2 1 14 1 27
25.9% 7.4% 7.4% 3.7% 51.9% 3.7% 100.0%
Never 4 0 0 0 2 0 6
66.7% .0% .0% .0% 33.3% .0% 100.0%
Total 29 6 10 4 18 6 73
39.7% 8.2% 13.7% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2% 100.0%
Four types of training frequency groups were defined for respondents of CFS; maximum
frequency was noticed for Once in a year, followed by once in Quarter and once in six
month, while never deputed for training recorded the lowest one.
TABLE NUMBER 05:
Over All Training Benefits: Frequency Managers *Name of the Districts
Crosstabulation
Q.N
. Total
Manager
s * Name of the Districts (Frequency and Percentage)
TB (count/
%within)
Barod
a
Sura
t
Rajko
t
Gandhinaga
r
Ahmedaba
d
Valsa
d Total
29 6 10 4 18 6 73
39.7%
8.2
%
13.7
% 5.5% 24.7% 8.2%
100.0
%
The frequency of total response counts for over all Training Benefits (TB) of CFS
Managers was reported highest in Baroda followed by Ahmedabad and Rajkot.
TABLE NUMBER 06:
Descriptive Statistics of Variable Average – CFS Managers
Description N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
OBVARAVG 73 3.75 5.00 4.6687 .30292
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
SMVARAVG 73 3.72 5.00 4.6294 .28630
SNVARAVG 73 3.72 5.00 4.5274 .30948
AOVARAVG 73 3.69 5.00 4.7050 .33086
TBVARAVG 73 3.72 5.00 4.6344 .31183
RRVARAVG 73 3.00 5.00 4.7009 .47463
Valid N (listwise) 73
Descriptive Statistics of Managers responses were tabulated with mean and Standard
Deviations for N=73.
TABLE NUMBER 07:
Descriptive Statistics of Mean of Safety Criterion – CFS Managers
Q8 N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
OB 73 4 5 4.79 .407
TB 73 3 5 4.88 .371
AO 73 4 5 4.84 .373
SM 73 4 5 4.81 .396
SN 73 4 5 4.74 .442
RR 73 4 5 4.93 .254
Valid N (listwise) 73
Descriptive Statistics of Managers responses for mean of Question Number 8 were
tabulated with mean and Standard Deviations for N=73.
TABLE NUMBER 08:
Summary of Criteria Need Improvement for Opinion of Managers on Selected
Dimensions
Sr.
No. Selected Factors Important Criteria that Needs Improvement
01 Behaviour
Operator welcome, visitors arriving at CFS for
refueling
Vehicle earthling is there after removed by the
Operator
Operator call the next vehicle after present vehicle
leaves the Dispensing area towards Exit of the
CFS
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
The Managers are guided for getting their CNG
cylinder tested from an authorized cylinder testing
station
02 Safety Measures
SM Operator instruct Manager for not to touch the
vehicle to avoid discharge of static current before
start of refueling
Fire Buckets with Sand and Water are available
for use in case of Fire
DCP Type of Fire Extinguishers are kept in ready
to use positions, near CNG Dispensers,
Compressor, Motor Station,, CNG Storage and
CNG Cascade refueling area for Fire Fighting
CNG Dispensers are provided with Emergency
Switch to Stop the Filling
It is ascertained that fitted on board CNG Cylinder
is not test due before refueling
03 Safety Norms
Operator check Vehicle for switch off the other
electronic devices before start of refueling
With the Behaviour Based Safety Training, one
can identify source of fire or any other
implements capable of igniting flammable vapour
or gas, which shall not be allowed at CFS
04 Awareness of Operations
Operator observe that driver switch off the
ignition when Vehicle is placed for refueling
Warning Signs are displayed at CFS, for
information & action of Visitors
05 Training Benefits
I know statutory provisions related to the Clean
Fuel station
Behaviour Based Safety Training Educates the
operators on Safety issues
Safety Training is helpful in improving quality of
services rendered by individuals working at Clean
Fuel Station
Safety Training of the employees improves the
Brand Image of the Company Operating the Clean
Fuel Station.
With investment on imparting the Behaviour
Based Safety Training, Company's Annual
Profitability increases
06 Recommendations
for Refueling NA
AIMA Journal of Management & Research, May 2014, Volume 8 Issue 2/4, ISSN 0974 – 497 Copy right© 2014 AJMR-AIMA
out of six selected factors for Managers were listed with their important criteria that need
further improvements.
All the six selected factors for CFS Managers were listed with their important criteria that
need further improvements. It can be seen from the above Factor analysis findings, that,
the opinion of CFS Managers on different criteria selected for factor loadings resulted in
listing of some of the important criteria that needs further improvements, which can be
effectively achieved with the help of BBS Training at CFS amongst the CFS Managers of
selected cities. The study further reveals that most of the respondent CFS Managers were
agreeing on following training benefits of BBS Training at CFS, that Safety Training can
avoid Accidents, Safety Training can minimize Near Misses, Safety Training can Set up
Accident Free Workplace, Safety Training can achieve Zero Accidents at CFS, Safety
Training increases motivation of employees of CFS, Safety Training improves retention
of employees of CFS, Safety Training is helpful in improving quality of services rendered
by individuals working at CFS, Safety Training improves job satisfaction of employees
of CFS, Safety Training improves knowledge of employees of CFS and Customer
Satisfaction increases due to Safe Work place Environment at CFS, Safety Training of
the employees improves the Brand Image of the Company Operating the CFS. With the
BBS Training, an Individual can increase his Knowledge on Safety Issues, With the BBS
Training, an Individual can increase his Safety Consciousness Level, With the BBS
Training, an Individual can identify Near Misses in a better way, With the BBS Training,
an Individual can reduce Accidents in a better way, With investment on imparting the
BBS Training, Company’s Annual Profitability increases. On rest of the criteria either
they were undecided or disagreeing based upon their individual knowledge and belief on
the subject. Thus, it can be inferred that, CFS Managers were actually not much aware
about all the important training benefits of BBS Training so, they had not opined
generously but came up tightfistedly covering only few of the important Selected Safety
Criteria’s in general. It was noticed that, CFS Managers were either not well exposed or
at least not considered fit for deputation to avail Safety Training by their operating CGD
companies, as they were unaware about most of the other proven benefits of the BBS
Training related to safe refueling practices being adopted at operating Clean Fuel Stations
across the globe.