Download - March 12 – The Nigerian Nation
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March 12 – The Nigerian Nation
Agenda:• Country Briefs• Quick-write• Notes• Jigsaw
Homework:• 548-end of chapter
Take out:• Notebook• Country Briefs• Pen/Pencil
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QW: What was meant by the following quotation? What does it tell us about governing Nigeria?
“Nigeria is not a nation. It is a mere geographical expression.”Yoruba Chief Obafemi Awolowo
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The Nigerian Nation
• Northwest• AKA “The North”• Hausa-Fulani• Largest ethnic group• Predominantly
Muslim• Northern People’s
Congress (NPC)
• Southeast• AKA “The East”• Igbo• 2rd largest ethnic
group• Predominantly
Christian• National Convention of
Nigerian Citizens (NGNG)
Southwest AKA “The
West” Yoruba 2nd largest
ethnic group 40% Christian,
40% Muslim, 20% Yoruban
Action Group (AG)
Three other “minority” zones exist (Northeast, Middle Belt, and the Delta)
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DIVERSITY leads to…
• Fragmentation• The tendency to divide along ethnic, linguistic, regional,
and/or religious lines• Lots of people are watching Nigeria (if it fell apart, it would
have major repercussions for the rest of W. Africa) • “…as Nigeria goes, so goes the rest of Africa”
• Over 250 ethnic groups call parts of Nigeria home• There are over 400 languages spoken
• Most can’t speak other languages
• HF = 29% Yor = 21% Ibo = 18% Ijaw=10%
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But why do the divisions exist in an established country?
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The NorthHausa-Fulani
The WestYoruba
The EastIgbo
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The NorthHausa-Fulani
The WestYoruba
The EastIgbo
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Nigeria - Historical Differences
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North vs. South – Historical Differences
The North
• Drier• Thinly populated • More connected to world
economy• Saharan trade
• Did not welcome/ allow missionaries
• Cultural diffusion through trade to the north
The South
• Fertile Delta• More densely populated
• BUT small communities
• Very little trade along water before colonization
• Became a British protectorate• Relied on Royal Niger
Company
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Precolonial Era (800-1860)• Early influence of Islam
• Contact in North• Arabic education influenced and replaced traditional customs• Sharia Law
• Kinship-based politics• Prevalent in the South• Political organization and trade by village/tribe
• Democratic impulses• Developed in South• Rulers expected to seek input of community
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Nigeria Basics – Sharia States
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Colonial Era (1860-1960)• Authoritarian Rule was Indirect
• South - Regional chiefs left in charge• North – Local elites placed in control• Divide and Conquer – pitted local rulers against each other to
compete for rewards • (infrastructure, social needs, bureaucratic appointments)
• Individualism• Created tendency for local rulers to seek personal benefits
• Christianity• Spread through south andwest (vs. Islam in the north)• Education only offered through missionary schools
• Intensification of Ethnic politics• Southern elitism (vs. north)
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British Legacy• Once the British announced they were leaving Nigeria, all
semblance of national unity was gone…competition became intense for political power
• The Big Question:
How could Nigeria become truly independent when it had been dependent for so long?
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The First Republic(1960-1966)• Westminster Model (Parliamentary)• The Northerners dominated (with Igbo allies)
• Originally sought to redress the imbalance from Colonial era
• Ethnic divisions create unrest• Majority could not maintain control• PM authority was consistently undermined
• Descended into military rule• Igbo (Biafra) attempt secession (1967-1970)• Three civil wars lead to over 1 million deaths• Military (Igbo controlled) seized power in ’66 to end fighting in the
Western region (among the Yoruba) and to stop corruption and northern abuses
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LEADERSHIP TRANSISITON SINCE 1960YEARS RULER TYPE GOV TRANSITION?
1960-1966 Balewa (PM) RepublicFIRST REPUBLIC
Military coup; died
1966 Ironsi Mil. Dictatorship Military coup; died
1966-1975 Gowon Mil. Dictatorship Military coup; replaced
1975-1976 Muhammed Mil. Dictatorship Military coup; died
1976-1979 Obasanjo Mil. Dictatorship Replaced by Dem. Elect. Pres.
1979-1983 Shagari Pres. DemocSECOND REPUB
Military coup; replaced
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YEARS RULER TYPE GOV TRANSITION?
1983-1985 Buhari Mil. Dictatorship Military coup; replaced
1985-1993 Babangida Mil. Dictatorship Military coup; resigned under pressure
1993 (83 Days)
Shonekan Pres. DemocTHIRD REP
Deposed
1993-1998 Abacha Mil. Dictatorship Death; Abubakar rules temporarily
1999-2007 Obasanjo Pres. DemocFOURTH REP
End 2 term limit
2007-2010 Yar’ Adua Pres. Democ Died in office
2010 - present
Jonathan Pres. Democ
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4th Republic: 1999 – present • Unitary system in a federal guise – An all-powerful
government surrounded by weak and bankrupt states• Consequence of military rule Incredibly strong executive
branch• Weak legislature and judiciary
• Patronage politics that sap accountability, and undermine the rule of law• Accentuate cleavages• Rampant clientelism, corruption and authoritarian governing
structures
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Public Policy: Economics• Loyalty pyramid – informal political structure of power
• Squandered Nigeria’s wealth• $30 billion in debt, 60% in poverty, oil revenues go directly to
government
• Since the last military regime (1999) there have been basic fiscal changes: • IMF/World Bank ‘Shock Treatment’• Some privatization • Scheme for alleviating poverty
• Restructuring• Diversify economy• Reduce government spending
• Financial reserves have grown slowly (finally out of debt in 2006)
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But what about the people?
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Group-Share• You have been assigned a reading packet that includes
news relating to a region of Nigeria• Read you assigned packet• Use SPECIFIC DETAILS from the packet to complete a
three-column chart with the following headings:• Specific Problems/Issues in Nigeria• What has been done?• What still needs to be done?
• After beginning your chart, you will collaborate with a small group to share information from the other reading packets