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Mark’s Image of JesusThe Suffering Son of God
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What do we know about Mark’s Gospel?
Shortest gospel/Jewish Gospel Probably our earliest gospel (Markan Priority) Authorship: Anonymous – attributed to Mark Written in Greek (Koine) Date: 65-70 CE, about the time of the first
Jewish Revolt at which time the Second Jewish Temple was destroyed
Gospel = good news; ancient biography of the life and deeds of Jesus
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Structure of Mark I. Prelude to Public Ministry Baptism
and Temptation (1:1-13) II. Galilean Ministry (1:14-8:26) III. Journey to Jerusalem (8:27-10:52) IV. Jerusalem Ministry (11:1-15:47) V. The Empty Tomb (16:1-8)
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Composition of Mark Begins with an adult Jesus who is
baptized by John the Baptist Ends with empty tomb – and the women
go away and tell no one Written sources that are now lost (such
as miracle source)
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Who is Jesus according to Mark?
The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God(Mark 1:1)
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“Christ” (Messiah)Greco-Roman View Not a name Not a meaningful
title “to anoint” as in a
rubdown with oil
Jewish View Equivalent to
Hebrew “Messiah” Messiah is a title “to anoint” as a
king Mark is writing
about Jesus the Messiah
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What is a Jewish Messiah?
“anointed one”- the Lord’s anointed Jewish King, like King David Political title/warrior king After 587 BCE, emphasized future
deliverer of Israel from its enemies A future king like David who would rule
Israel as an autonomous nation Associated with grandeur and power
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Messiah in the First Century
Warrior-king like David Supernatural cosmic judge of the earth Priestly ruler who would interpret God’s
Laws (Dead Sea Scrolls) Jewish sources refer to the messiah in
these ways What is the description of messiah in
Mark?
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Mark’s Jesus as Messiah
One who suffers One who dies One who dies for the sins of people Suffering servant Combination of future deliverer (Parousia)
with one who is truly righteous who suffers (Ps. 22)/suffering Son of Man
Righteousness, suffering and death are NOT linked to descriptions of Messiah in the Jewish tradition
Not associated with grandeur and power
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Jesus and Jewish Expectations of
Messiah Did not overthrow the Romans Did not arrive from the clouds in
judgment
Instead, he was: executed by the Romans for treason - How can he be the Messiah? Mark’s Gospel answers this question . . .
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Son of GodGreco-Roman
Divinely inspired teacher/ruler
Miraculous deeds that benefited people
Jewish Intimate relationship
with God; chosen by God; human title
Endowed with divine power
Fantastic deeds Inspired teachings Mediates between
God and humanity
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Jesus as fulfillment of Jewish Prophecy
Quote from the prophet Isaiah The prophet John the Baptist
proclaiming the Jewish rite of baptism for forgiveness of sins
Baptizes and preaches about one who is mightier – mightier than a prophet?
Then Jesus takes center stage . . .
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Baptism and Temptation
You are my beloved son, in you I am well pleased – approval by God
As a result of this, Jesus is driven into the desert to confront evil
Angels minister to him Jesus begins to proclaim that God’s
kingdom is near His story begins….
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Characterization of Jesus as Messiah
Authoritative leader Teaches with authority; astonishes Commands unclean spirits Heals the sick Heals all who come to him Commands evil forces (exorcist)The Result? Jesus is an authoritative Son of God who . . . is misunderstood and suffers
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Son of Man Dan 7:13-14 – one like a Son of Man
coming from the clouds – divineThe Son of Man in Mark: Jesus uses it to refer to himself (8:31,38) Jesus uses it to talk about impending
suffering (Mark 8:31) Jesus references a cosmic figure who is
going to bring judgment at the end of time (Parousia) – imminent for Mark (8:37-38)
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Three Passion Predictions
And he began to teach them that the Son of man must suffer many things (Mark 8:31)Predicts his own death in JerusalemPredicts rejection by Jewish leadersFirst prediction in 8:31, uses it to instruct that suffering is his fate and the fate of his followers“Whoever would come after me must take up the cross and follow me.”Jesus is always MISUNDERSTOOD
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2nd prediction – Transfiguration Jesus predicts his own death and disciples
do not understand; begin to argue over who is greater
3rd prediction –James and John request prominence
Jesus responds that following him means certain death –
must serve rather than be served
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The Messianic Secret “You are the Christ.” And he charged them
to tell no one about him (Mark 8:29-30) Attempts to keep identity secret Commands demons not to speak Commands those he heals to keep silent If someone recognizes who he is, he
demands silenceWHY? He is not a warrior-king messiah He is the messiah who must suffer and die
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Jesus as Messiah is . . .
An authoritative teacher who is:
Misunderstood
Mysterious
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Unique Markan Features
Begins with an adult Jesus who is baptized by John the Baptist (no infancy narrative)
Ends with the empty tomb and the women afraid to tell anyone (no post-resurrection appearance)
Naked young man (14:51-52)
Healing of Blind Man at Bethsaida (8:22)
Refers to Jesus most often as “teacher”
Jesus is misunderstood (especially by the disciples)
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Other Features in Mark Unsympathetic characterization of the
disciples: they are obedient, dull-witted, inept, unreliable, cowardly, slow learners; their hearts are hardened (like the Pharaoh); called “men of no faith”
Women in Mark: generally portrayed in positive ways
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Who is this Jewish Messiah?
Not the messiah who came to overthrow evil forces to bring about the kingdom of God
Was the messiah who came to suffer and die at the hands of these forces (Romans)