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Costs of extreme apple domestication and the value of old cultivars under
global climate change
Martín [email protected]
Instituto de Ecología, A.C.Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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This talk is dedicated to the late Jörg Samietz who unexpectedly
died last year doing what he liked most: research
Andrea Birke
Daniel Baumgarden
Eva Arrigoni
Jörg Samietz
Larissa Guillén
Maria Ceyman
Carlos Pascacio
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• Campaña Nacional Contra Moscas de la Fruta (DGSV – SAGARPA – IICA) – José Manuel & Jesús Reyes
• Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)
Thank you!
• Research Station Agroscope Changins Wädenswil (ACW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Plant and animal domestication is the most important development in the past 13,000
years of human history
Jared Diamond, 2002
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Plant Domestication Process
Affecting the composition of plant secondary metabolites (PSM), which mediate some ecological interactions between plants and other organisms
Human preferences
Climate Change
Increased vulnerability of plants to the attack of pests and diseases
Cultivated plants will face new scenarios in near future
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Benefits/Costs of apple domestication process
More palatable Visually attractive Larger Higher yield/tree
Benefits Disadvantages
Fewer antioxidants (e.g., phenolic compounds)
Lower disease resistance Lower pest resistant
Apple scap Fruit flyattack
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Intake of high (poly)phenol-rich food benefits human health
• Reduction in chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
• Antioxidant activity reduce cellular senescence.
• Antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory activity.
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Climate Change
Global warmingCO2
Precipitation patterns
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Expansion of invasive species into an area not previously occupied by it (Booth et al., 2003), caused by both human-assisted introductions and natural range expansions (Carlton, 2001).
Global warming
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Plant response to CO2 increase
Increase in C/N balance
Changes in plant secondary metabolites (PSM’s) in plants
Competition between insect species and plant compensation
responses to insect herbivory
C-based PSM’s (e.g., tannins and phenolics) will be favoured over N-based PSM’s (e.g., alkaloids,
cyanogenics glycosides)
(Raza et al. 2014)
N
tannins
alkaloids
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Objetives
To investigate the susceptibility of 12 apple cultivars (Malus domestica) to the attack ofthe Mexican Fruit Fy (Anastrepha ludens), a potential invader in Europe under a global warming scenario.
To determine if there are any metabolic and physiological costs for the Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) when infesting apples.
To determine if there is any correlation between polyphenol content in apple cultivars and Mexican Fruit Fly infestation level as an indirect measure of environmental resilience to a potential invader.
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The genus Malus contains ca. 25-30 species and several sub-species called crab apples. Central
Asia is the area of greatest diversity and the center of origin
Crab apples
Cultivated apples
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There are more tan 4,200 tephritid fruit fly species all over the world, and less than 1% are
considered of economic importance
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Anastrepha ludens is considered a polyphagous species, which by definition is an insect that
infests/attacks plants/fruits belonging to more than one plant family
Slurp!
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Casimiroa greggii S. Watson
(Rutaceae)
Ancestral Hosts
Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. (Rutaceae)
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Exotic Hosts
Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae)
Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae)
Prunus persica & Malus domestica
(Rosaceae)
Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae)
Citrus aurantium
(Rutaceae)
Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae)
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12 Malus domestica Cultivars + Citrus paradisi
IDARED
BRAEBURNFUJI
DIWA ELSTARGOLDEN
SCHNEIDER-APFEL
ENGISHOFER
BOHNAPFELGRAUER HORDAPFEL
GALATOPAZ
GRAPEFRUIT
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Cultivar
Num
ber o
f pup
ae p
er
frui
t (m
ean
+SE
)To
tal n
umbe
r of
pupa
e in
25
frui
t
Fruit infestation rate of different Malus domestica Cultivars+ Citrus paradisi by Anastrepha ludens
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Engishofer
Grauer Hord
apfel
Bohnhapfel
Schneiderapfel
Fuji
Idared
BraeburnElst
arTo
pazDiw
aGala
Golden
Grapefruit
0
10
20
30
40
50
Engishofer
Grauer Hord
apfel
Bohnhapfel
Schneiderapfel
Fuji
Idared
BraeburnElst
arTo
pazDiw
aGala
Golden
Grapefruit
Reemplazar con pupas decentes
a
b
F = 29.618, df = 12, p < 0.001
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mg
/100
g F
M
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Engishofe
r
Grauer
Hord
apfe
l
Bohnapfe
l
Schnei
derap
fel
Fuji
Idar
ed
Braeb
urn
Elsta
r
Topaz
Diwa
Gala
Golden
Catechin
Epicatechin
Procyanidin B1
Procyanidin B2
Chlorogenic acid
p-Coumaroylquinic acid
Phloridzin
Phloretin-Xyloglucoside
Quercetin-Galactoside/glucoside
Rutin
Quercetin-Rhamnoside
Cultivar
Nu
mb
er o
f p
up
ae p
er
fru
it (
mea
n
+S
E)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Engishofer
Grauer Hord
apfel
Bohnhapfel
Schneiderapfel
Fuji
Idared
BraeburnElst
arTo
pazDiw
aGala
Golden
Grapefruit
a
bF = 29.618, df = 12, p < 0.001
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Cultivar
Pupal weight of Anastrepha ludens reared in different Malus domestica Cultivars + Citrus paradisi
Total number of weighed pupae =
5,367
Nu
mb
er o
f p
up
ae p
er
fru
it (
mea
n
+S
E)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Engishofer
Grauer Hord
apfel
Bohnhapfel
Schneiderapfel
Fuji
Idared
BraeburnElst
arTo
pazDiw
aGala
Golden
Grapefruit
a
bF = 29.618, df = 12, p < 0.001
Pu
pa
l w
eig
ht
in
mil
lig
ram
s(m
ean
+
SE
)
F = 360.282, df = 10, p < 0.001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Schnei
derap
fel
Bohnapfe
l
Braeb
urn
Idar
edFuji
Elsta
rGal
a
Topaz
Golden
Diwa
Grapef
ruit
f
a bd
cd e
abb,c,d b
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Development time in days (mean +SE)
Egg to pupa development time of Anastrepha ludens reared in different Malus domestica cultivars + Citrus paradisi
Day when the first pupa was registered
54
36
38
26
21
30
20
23
19
40
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Grapefruit
Golden
Topaz
Elstar
Diwa
Gala
Idared
Braeburn
Bohnapfel
Fuji
Schneiderapfel
F = 699.35, df =10, p < 0.001
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PO concentration in Anastrepha ludens pupae reared in different Malus domestica cultivars + Citrus paradisi
PO
co
nc
entr
atio
n i
n n
g
(me
an
+S
E)
F = 2.365, df = 10, p = 0.015
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Idar
ed
a
Grapef
ruit
b
Elsta
r
b
Braeb
urn
b
Diwa
b
Golden
b
Topaz
b
Schnei
derap
fel
a
Bohnapfe
l
a
Gala
a
Fuji
a
Cultivar
Nu
mb
er o
f p
up
ae p
er
fru
it (
mea
n
+S
E)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Engishofer
Grauer Hord
apfel
Bohnhapfel
Schneiderapfel
Fuji
Idared
BraeburnElst
arTo
pazDiw
aGala
Golden
Grapefruit
a
bF = 29.618, df = 12, p < 0.001
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Climatology 1950-2000, Mean Temperature, January
*Apple growing region
Citrus growing region
Mexico: potential invasion by A. ludens of apple region
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980 msnm, 18°C
430 msnm, 18°C
50 msnm, 24ºC
2,010 msnm, 14°C
180 msnm, 21ºC
0 25 50 75 100 Km
Temperature increase in certain regions may favor invasions of Anastrepha species into template areas
Regions in Mexico where apples are grown and areas where A. ludens populations are present in high numbers.
(Logan et al. 2003)
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Six Malus domestica cultivars + Citrus paradisi
ESPAÑOLA SAN JUANERACHIPONA
RAYADASTARKINGRED DELICIOUSGOLDEN
DELICIOUS
GRAPEFRUIT
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0
20
40
60
F = 31.21, df = 7, p < 0.001
Num
ber o
f pup
ae/f
ruit
(mea
n ±
SE)
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
NO pupa
Susceptibility of six mexican cultivars of Malus domestica + Citrus paradisi on pupal weight of A. ludens
Pupa
l wei
ght i
n gr
ams
(mea
n ±
SE)
F = 9.76, df = 6, p < 0.001
a
b
a
b
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Development time in days
Developmental time (egg to pupa) of Anastrepha ludens reared in Six Mexican cultivars of Malus domestica + Citrus paradisi
Culti
var
Rayada
Chipona
Starking
Red Delicious
Española
Golden Delicious
Grapefruit
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ab
a
a
a
a
a
b
F = 6.13, df = 6, p < 0.001
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Larval death possibly by intoxication (red strings were observed) and larvalgrowth arrestment.
Costs of infesting apples
We also observed larval deformities, low pupae weight and deformed pupae = inability tocomplete metamorphosis.
Protein content in pupa was also low and PO activity was significantly different in resistant cultivars depressing the immune system.
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Deformed pupae
Schneiderapfel Grapefruit
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CONCLUSIONS
Mantainance of locally-grown cultivars will increase agroecosysthem resilience to pest invasions where global warming is already wreaking avoac.
Locally-grown and old cultivars are an important source of genes to enhance cultivar properties in breeding programs.
Apple domestication has significantly reduced natural resistance to pests.