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Mass Spectrometry Interpretation
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MS vs NMR
Ab
so
rban
ce
aspirin
EI-MS NMR
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MS vs. NMR
• MS peaks are narrower than NMR peaks
• MS is much more (104 x) more sensitive than
NMR (among most sensitive tools)
• MS allows one to analyze much larger molecules
(>50 kD) than NMR
• MS samples are more difficult to prepare
• MS is not particularly quantitative
• MS instruments cost a little less than NMR
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Appearance of the Spectrum
• molecular ion
– highest mass ion except for isotope peaks
– molecular weight
• Nitrogen Rule (even-odd rule)
– compounds with 0 or even numbers of N atoms
have even molecular weights and fragments of
odd mass
– compounds with an odd number of N atoms
have odd molecular weights
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Interpretation of Mass Spectra
Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion
(M+)
Examine spectrum for peak clusters of
characteristic isotopic patterns
Test (M+) peak candidate by searching for other
peaks correspond to reasonable losses
Look for characteristic low-mass fragment ions
Compare spectrum to reference spectra
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Exact Masses
Element Symbol Exact mass
hydrogen 1H1
1.00783
carbon 6C12
12.00000
nitrogen 7N14
14.0031
oxygen 8O16
15.9949
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Molecular Weight Determination
Compounds with nominal mass 28. Exact mass
exact
mass
CO 27.9949
N2 28.0062
C2H4 28.0312
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Natural Isotopic Abundance Ratios
Element M+ M+1 M+2
hydrogen 1H1
100 1H2
0.016
carbon 6C12
100 6C13
1.08
nitrogen 7N14
100 7N14
0.38
oxygen 8O16
100 8O17
0.04 8O18
0.20
sulfur 16S32
100 16S32
0.78 16S32
4.40
chlorine 17Cl35
100 17Cl37
32.5
bromine 35Br79
100 35Br81
98.0
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Molecular Weight Determination
Compounds with nominal mass 28. Isotope Clusters
M M+1 M+2
CO 100% 1.12 0.2
N2 100% 0.76 0.00
C2H4 100% 2.23 0.01
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Halogen Isotope
Clusters
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Position Intensity
135 0%
133 0%
124 0%
123 3%
122 0%
121 30%
120 1%
119 96%
118 1%
117 100%
116 0%
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Fragmentação • Governada pela estabilidade do íon produzido
• consideração
regra do octeto
deslocalização por ressonância
polarizabilidade e hiperconjugação
eletronegatividade
• Regra de Stevenson:
Para quebra de uma ligações simples, o fragmento com o
potencial de ionização mais baixo fica com a carga
(em outras palavras, forma-se o íon mais estável)
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Regras Gerais de
Fragmentação
Quebra de Uma Ligação (Quebras-a)
Quebra de Duas Ligações
• Eliminação de H-X
• retro Diels-Alder
• Rearranjo de McLafferty
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The mass spectra of simple hydrocarbons have peaks at m/z values corresponding to
the ions produced by breaking C-C bonds. Peaks can occur at ...
m/z 15 29 43 57 71 85 etc.
CH3+ C2H5
+ C3H7+ C4H9
+ C5H11+ C6H13
+
• the stability of the carbocation formed affects its abundance
• the more stable the cation the higher the peak
• the more alkyl groups attached to the carbocation the more stable it is
most stable tertiary 3° > secondary 2° > primary 1° least stable
alkyl groups are electron releasing and stabilise the cation
ALKANES
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
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Alkane Fragmentation • Long chains give homologous series of m/z = 14
units
• Long chains rarely lose methyl radical
• Straight chain alkanes give primary carbocation
• branched alkanes have small or absent M+
• enhanced fragmentation at branch points
Cycloalkanes
• loss of side chain
• loss of ethylene fragments
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octane
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CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 CH2 CH3
m/z = 114
8571574329
linear alkane pattern
sequential peaks 14 mass units apart
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isooctane
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CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
m/z = 114
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
CH2 CH CH3
CH3
C CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
m/z = 57 m/z = 99
branched alkane - formation of most stable carbocation
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Alkene Fragmentation
• Fairly prominent M+
• fragment ions of CnH2n+ and CnH2n-1
+
• terminal alkenes lose allyl cation if possible
Cycloalkenes
• prominent molecular ion
• retro Diels-Alder cleavage
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1-butene & 2-butene
mass spectra are identical - not a good method for alkene isomers
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Alkyne Fragmentation
• Molecular ion readily visible
• terminal alkynes readily lose hydrogen atom
• terminal alkynes lose propargyl cation if
possible
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Fragmentation
• Molecular ion usually strong
• alkylbenzenes cleave at benzylic carbon
tropylium ion formation
• McLafferty rearrangement of aromatics
need g-hydrogens
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benzene
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m/z = 78C6H6
ei+ e
closed shell(paired electrons)
open shell(odd electron ion)
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toluene
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CH3
- H+
C7H7
tropylium ion
m/z = 91m/z = 92
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n-propylbenzene
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m/z = 92
+
CH2H
H
CH2CH2-+H
+CH2CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
- +
C7H7
tropylium ion
m/z = 91m/z = 120
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isopropylbenzene
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m/z = 120 m/z = 105
-
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH CH3
+
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o-xylene
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m-xylene
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Halide Fragmentation
• Loss of halogen atom
• Elimination of HX
• alpha-cleavage
• 1,4-rearrangement
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chloroethane
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CH3 CH2 Cl CH3 CH2 Cl
CH3 CH2Cl
m/z 64
m/z 29 (loss of 35)m/z 49
CH2 ClCH3
(lossof 15)
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bromoethane
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bromohexane
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m/z = 164
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 Br
- Br
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2+
85
Br
Br
- CH2CH3
135
+
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Alcohol Fragmentation
• Molecular ion strength depends on substitution
primary alcohol weak M+
secondary alcohol VERY weak M+
tertiary alcohol M+ usually absent
• Dehydration fragmentation
thermal vs. 1,4-dehydration of M+
• Loss of alkyl group
largest R group lost as radical
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1-butanol
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CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
74a-cleavage
- CH3CH2CH2 CH2 OH+
31
- H2O
C4H9+
56
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2-butanol
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74a-cleavage
- CH3CH2 CH OH
CH3
+
- H2O
C4H9+
56
CH2 CH OH
CH3
CH3
59
a-cleavage
- CH3
CH2 CH OHCH3
+
45
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t-butanol
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benzyl alcohol
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CH2
OH
- H CH2
O+
108 107
-CH2O
+
77O
H H
H- CO
+
H H
+
79
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o-cresol
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Carbonyl Compounds
Dominant fragmentation pathways:
a-cleavage
b-cleavage
McLafferty rearrangement
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Cleavage of bonds next to the carbonyl group (C=O) is a characteristic fragmentation
of aldehydes and ketones. A common fragment is carbon monoxide (CO) but as it is
a molecule and thus uncharged it will not produce a peak of its own. However, it will
produce an m/z drop of 28 somewhere in the spectrum.
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group
the more stable the acylium ion RCO+, the more abundant it will be and
the more abundant the species the taller its peak in the mass spectrum
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
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The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
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The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
C4H9 C+
CH3•
O
C4H9 C• CH3+
m/z = 15
m/z = 85
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
Breaking the bond between the methyl
group and the carbonyl group
produces two possible ions,
depending on how the bond breaks.
Two peaks at m/z values 15 and 85 will
appear in the mass spectrum.
• +
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The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
CH3 C+
C4H9•
O
CH3 C• C4H9+
m/z = 57
m/z = 43
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
Breaking the bond between the butyl
group and the carbonyl group
produces two further ions, depending
on how the bond breaks.
Two peaks at m/z values 43 and 57 will
appear in the mass spectrum.
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The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
CH3 C+
C4H9•
O
CH3 C• C4H9+
m/z = 57
m/z = 43
O
C4H9 C+
CH3•
O
C4H9 C• CH3+
m/z = 15
m/z = 85
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
A further peak occurs at m/z = 72 (100-28) due to loss of CO
Example;
![Page 59: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
2-butanone
![Page 60: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
CH3 C
O
CH2 CH3CH3 C
OCH2 CH3
+-
72 43
-
C
O
CH2 CH3+
57
CH3
a-cleavage
favor loss of larger radical
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2-octanone
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McLafferty Rearrangement
58
O
C
H
CH3
O
C
H
CH3
113
43
128
CH3 C
O
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
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butyraldehyde
![Page 64: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
butyric acid
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p-anisic acid
![Page 66: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
methyl butyrate
![Page 67: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
McLafferty Rearrangement
74
O
C
H
CH3O
O
C
H
CH3O
71
59
102
O C
O
CH2CH2CH3CH3
M+
C
O
CH2CH2CH3+- CH3O - CO
CH2CH2CH3+
71 43
![Page 68: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
methyl benzoate
![Page 69: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
metastable
m* = (m
m
2
1
)2
m1+
m2+ + neutral
![Page 70: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
acetophenone
![Page 71: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
C
O
CH3
120
105
43
77
metastable peaks at 91.9, 56.4, 33.8
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m* = (m
m
2
1
)2
m* = (105
120
).
2
91875 4.49120
)(77 = *m
2
m* = (77
105
).
2
56 47 m* = (51
77
).
2
338
120 105 77 51
timing of fragmentation
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ethylamine
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CH3 CH2 NH2 CH2 NH2
- CH3 +
45 30
a - cleavage
ab
![Page 75: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
diethylamine
![Page 76: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation - Moodle USP: e · PDF fileInterpretation of Mass Spectra Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion (M+) Examine spectrum for peak clusters of](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110111/5aa6b7887f8b9afa758ec7ce/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
CH3 CH2 NH
CH2
CH3
- CH3
73
a - cleavage
ab
CH2 NH
CH2
CH3
+
58
NHH+
- C2H4
NHH+
30
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triethylamine