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Materials and the Environment
(Most recent update January 7, 2006)
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• Solving Environmental Problems
• General Global Trends– Population
– Economy
• Raw Material Consumption Trends– Wood
– Other Materials
• Options to Wood Use
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Solving Complex Problems Requires a Combination of:
• Rational thinking
• The use of realistic assumptions
• Global or systematic analysis
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Environmental Problems
• Species loss
• Global warming
• Acid rain
• Ozone depletion
• Population growth
• Garbage/litter
• Desertification
• Tropical deforestation
• Urban sprawl
• Aquifer depletion
• Topsoil erosion
• Pollution of coastal waters
• Wetlands loss
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PopulationPopulation
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World Population 1850-1950
0123456789
10
Year
Billions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2002
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World Population 1850-1950
0123456789
10
Year
Billions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2002
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World Population 1850-2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
81850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Billions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2006.
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World Population 1850-2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
81850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Billions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2006.
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World Population 1850-2050(Medium Projection of Growth Assumed After 2000)
0123456789
10
Year
Billions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2006.
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Number of years to add each billion (year)
Ninth
Eighth
Seventh
Sixth
Fifth
Fourth
Third
Second
First Billion
All of Human History
(1800)
123 (1930)
33 (1960)
15 (1975)
12 (1987)
12 (1999)
13 (2012)
16 (2028)
26 (2054)
Growth in Global Population
Sources: First and second billion: Population Reference Bureau. Third through ninth billion: United Nations, World Population in 2300 (medium scenario), 2003.
All of recorded history
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Millions
Annual Increase in World Population, 1951-2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision, 2003. Data for 1990 through 2005 from U.S. Census Bureau, International Division.
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Rates of birth, death, and natural increase per 1,000 population
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1936-1938
1946-1948
1955-1960
1960-1965
1965-1970
1970-1975
1975-1980
1980-1985
1985-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2005
Birth rate Death rate
Natural Increase
World Birth and Death Rates, 1936-2003
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (medium scenario), 2003.
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Rate of Population Increase - 2006
Time Unit Population Increase
Year 74,281,173
Month 6,190,098
Week 1,428,484
Day 205,510
Hour 8,480
Minute 141
Second 2.4Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2006.
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Average Annual Rate of Population Growth for the World, 1950 – 2020 – Continuing Decline
Since 1970
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Per
cen
t
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2004.
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Medium Projections of Population Growth(billions)
2000 2050 2100
World 6.1 9.2 11.1
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2006.
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The world population will increase 60 to 90 percent within the lifetime of a
child born today
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Growth of U.S. Population, 1776- 2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006.
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Growth of U.S. Population, 1776- 2100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
History
Projection
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Medium Projections of Population Growth
(world population in billions, U.S. population in millions)
2000 2050 2100
World 6.1 9.2 11.1
United States 282 420 571
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2006.
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Growth of Minnesota Population, 1950- 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1950 1975 2000 2025
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Growth of Minnesota Population, 1850- 2100
0100000020000003000000400000050000006000000700000080000009000000
10000000
History
ProjectionProjection
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006.
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Medium Projections of Population Growth
(world population in billions, U.S. and Minnesota populations in millions)
2000 2050 2100
World 6.1 9.2 11.1
United States 282 420 571
Minnesota 4.9 7.1 9.4
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2006.
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World and U.S. populations will grow substantially within the lifetime of a
child born today
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No less significant, the world will be faced in the 21st century with the challenge of providing food, fuel, shelter, and clothing for a much
larger population.
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EconomyEconomyEconomyEconomy
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Gross Domestic Product:
The value of all goods and services produced within the borders of a
nation
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Gross World Product:
The sum of all Gross Domestic Product values expressed in a
common currency.
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Gross World Product, 1970-2004
05
101520253035
Trillions of 1990 U.S. dollars
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2005.
An increase of 174 percent. World population increased about 72
percent over the same period.
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Annual Growth in Gross Domestic Product for Nations Classified by Average Incomes,
1980-1990 and 1990-1998
Income Category 1981-1990 1990-1998Low income 6.6 7.3Low income excl. China and India 4.1 3.6Middle income 2.6 1.9 Lower middle income -- -1.3 Upper middle income 2.7 3.9Low and middle income 3.5 3.3 East Asia and Pacific 8.0 8.1 Europe and Central Asia -- -4.3 Latin America and Caribbean 1.6 3.7 Middle East and N. Africa 2.0 3.0 South Asia 5.7 5.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 1.8 2.2High income 3.1 2.1World 3.2 2.4
Source: World Bank, 2001
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China’s Gross Domestic Product(Exchange Rate Valuation)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Bil
lio
ns
of
1987
U.S
. D
oll
ars
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 2002.
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It is a virtual certainty that
consumption of raw materials globally
will increase substantially in the
future.
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Considering the combined effect of population growth and economic
growth within developing nations, demand for new housing units globally
over the next 50 years is likely to exceed one billion.
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How in the world is society going to be able to pull this off and wind up with an environment that most of us would
for our children and grand-children?agree is acceptable for our
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Raw Material Raw Material Consumption Consumption
TrendsTrends
Raw Material Raw Material Consumption Consumption
TrendsTrends
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U.S. Growth in Basic Raw Materials Consumption, 1970-2004
(Population growth during this period: 1.43x)
Wood Steel Cement Aluminum Plastics Products
1.00x 1.80x 1.85x 5.28x 1.38x
Source: Data for wood from USFS (2005); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S. Geological Survey (2006); and for plastics from the National Commission on Materials
Policy (1975) and the APC Plastics Industry Council (2006).
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World Growth in Basic Raw Materials Consumption, 1970-2004
(Population growth during this period: 1.72x)
Steel Cement Aluminum Plastics Wood
1.60x 3.50x 3.00x 6.83x 1. 27x
Source: Data for wood from FAO (2006); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S. Geological Survey (2006); and for plastics from the
Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (2002) and from Plastics Today magazine (2005).
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Wood
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Wood is a principal raw material in the world today.
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Annual World Consumption of Various Raw Materials, 2004
Billion Metric tons Billion m3
Roundwood 1.679 3.4Industrial roundwood 0.794 1.6Cement 2.000 1.9Steel 0.949 0.11Plastics 0.205 0.18Aluminum 0.029 0.01
Source: Data for wood from FAO (2006); for cement, aluminum, and steel from the U.S. Geological Survey (2006);and for plastics from the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in
Europe (2002) and from Plastics Today magazine (2005).
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Annual U.S. Consumption of Various Raw Materials, 2004
Million Metric tons Million m3
Roundwood 301 556Industrial roundwood 277 512Forest products (wd only) 180 296Cement 121 110Steel 125 158Plastics 39.1 34.5Aluminum 6.3 2.2
Source: Data for wood from USFS (2005); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S. Geological Survey (2006); and for plastics from the National Commission on
Materials Policy (1975) and the APC Plastics Industry Council (2006).
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U.S. Demand For Wood and Wood Products, 1800 - 2002
(Million Cubic Feet, Roundwood Equivalent)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1800
1813
1826
1839
1852
1865
1878
1891
1904
1917
1930
1943
1956
1969
1982
1995
Plywd/VenPulpLumberOther Ind.Fuelwood
Source: Howard, J. 2004. U.S.D.A.- Forest Service, USFPL.
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Global Wood Harvest, 1950 to 2004, with Projection to 2010
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2004 2010
Mill
ion
m3
Source: FAO (2005)
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Global Wood Harvest, 1950 to 2004
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2004
Indust. WoodFuelwood
Mill
ion
m3
Source: FAO (2005)
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Global Wood Harvest and Population, 1950 to 2004
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
HarvestPopulation
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2004
Har
vest
(M
illio
n m
3 )
Source: FAO (2005); U.S. Census Bureau, Int’l Division (2005)
Pop
ula
tion
(B
illio
ns)
0
2
4
6
8
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The Amount of Biosphere Per Person
Grows Smaller
As The Population Grows . . .
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The Same Is True of Forests
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Forests Then and Now - World
• In 1800– World population was 1 billion– There were about 11 acres of forests for
each person in the world
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Forests Then and Now - World
• In 1800– World population was 1 billion– There were about 11 acres (4.5 ha.) of
forests for each person in the world
• Today– World population is over 6 billion– There are about 1.4 acres (0.6 ha.) of forest
for each person in the world
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Forests Then, Now, and Future - World
By the end of the next century
– World population is expected to reach 10 to 11 billion
– Even with zero loss of forests over the next 100 years, the amount of forest land for each person in the world will shrink to 0.7 to 0.8 acres (or about 0.3 ha.)
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Forests Then and Now – U.S.
Year Population Forest Area (million ac.)
Forest Area/ Capita (acres)
1785 3,000,000 1,044 348
1850 23,300,000 926 40
1910 77,000,000 730 9.5
2000 281,000,000 747 2.7
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Forests Then, Now, and Future – U.S.
Year
Population Forest Area (million ac.)
Forest Area/Capita (acres)
1785 3,000,000 1,044 348
1850 23,300,000 926 40
1910 77,000,000 730 9.5
2000 281,000,000 747 2.7
2100 571,000,000 747 1.3
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Forests Then, Now, and Future – Minnesota
Year
Population Forest Area (million ac.)
Forest Area/Capita (acres)
1950 2.99 million 17.4 5.7
2000 4.91 million 14.8 3.1
2100 8.90 million 14.8 1.6
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Sharp reductions in forest land/ capita virtually ensure escalating conflict
over forest use, and raise the question of where needed wood supplies will
come from in the future.
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U.S. Trends in RawMaterial Procurement
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The U.S. is a net importer of most categories of raw materials used to support our economy and lifestyle.
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The U.S. is a net importer of most categories of raw materials used to support our economy and lifestyle.
• Most metals• Portland and masonry cement• Petroleum (the basis for plastics)• Wood and wood products
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesColumbium 100 Brazil, Canada, Estonia, GermanyMica (natural) 100 India, Belgium, China, GermanyManganese 100 S. Africa, Gabon, Australia, FranceGraphite 100 China, Mexico, Canada, BrazilStrontium 100 Mexico, GermanyBauxite/Alumina 100 Australia, Jamaica, Guinea, SurinameFluorspar 100 China, S. Africa, MexicoYttrium 100 China, Japan, Austria, NetherlandsThallium 100 Belgium, France, Russia, UKRubidium 100 Canada
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesAsbestos 100 CanadaQuartz (crystal) 100 Brazil, Germany, MadagascarArsenic (trioxide) 100 China, Chile, Morocco, Mexico Indium 100 China, Canada, Japan, FranceRare earth metals 100 China, France, Japan, EstoniaRubidium 100 CanadaVanadium 100 Czech Rep., S. Africa, Canada, ChinaGemstones 99 Israel, India, Belgium
Platinum Group 91 S. Africa, UK, Germany, CanadaBismuth 90 Belgium, Mexico, China, UK
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesTin 88 Peru, China, Bolivia, BrazilStone (dimension) 85 Italy, Canada, India, SpainDiamond (indust) 85 Ireland, Switzerland, UK, RussiaTitanium (sponge) 85 Kazakhstan, Japan, RussiaPalladium 81 Russia, S. Africa, UK, BelgiumTantalum 80 Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada, ChinaBarium (Barite) 79 China, IndiaRhenium 79 Chile, Kazakhstan, MexicoCobalt 76 Finland, Norway, Russia, CanadaIodine 74 Chile, Japan, Russia
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesTungsten 73 China, CanadaChromium 72 S. Africa, Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe,
RussiaPotash 70 Canada, Belarus, Russia, GermanyMagnesium Metal 68 Canada, China, Russia, IsraelTitanium concentrates 65 S. Africa, Australia, Canada, UkrainePetroleum 58 Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico,
Venezuela, NigeriaSilicon 56 S. Africa, Norway, Brazil, RussiaZinc 56 Canada, Mexico, Peru
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesBeryllium 55 Kazakhstan, Japan, Brazil, SpainSilver 54 Mexico, Canada, UK, PeruLithium >50 Chile, ArgentinaNickel 49 Canada, Russia, Norway, AustraliaMagnesium Cpds 48 China, Australia, Canada, AustriaCopper 43 Canada, Chile, Peru, MexicoAluminum 41 Canada, Russia, Venezuela, MexicoDiamond (dust, grit) 40 Ireland, China, UkraineNitrogen (fixed) 38 Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, RussiaLumber (softwood) 37 Canada, EU, Chile, N. Zealand, Mex.
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesMica 35 Canada, India, China, FinlandGarnet (industrial) 34 Australia, India, ChinaPumice 26 Greece, Italy, TurkeyPerlite 23 GreeceGypsum 26 Canada, Mexico, SpainSalt 20 Canada, Chile, Mexico, The BahamasCement (Port/msry) 23 Canada, Thailand, China, VenezuelaSulfur 20 Canada, Mexico, VenezuelaIron and steel 18 EEC, Canada, Mexico, S. Korea
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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2004, and by Major
Foreign Sources
Material % Imported Principal Foreign SourcesWood/Wd. Prod. 12 Canada, China, Indonesia, Finland,
N. Zealand, Chile, BrazilIron ore 8 Canada, Brazil, Australia, ChilePhosphate rock 6 MoroccoIron and steel slag 5 Canada, France, Italy, JapanTalc 1 China, Canada, France, Japan
Also significant import dependency for Arsenic, Cesium, Gallium, Germanium, Leather, Natural Rubber, Selenium, Wool, Zirconium.
Source: US Geological Survey, 2004.
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The United States is also a net importer of durable and non-durable
goods of all kinds.
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The United States has been a net importer of wood and wood products
for over 35 years.
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5757
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
2
Northeast
0
2
4
6
2
Alaska
Pacific Southwest
PacificNorthwest
Intermountain
North Central
South Central
Southeast
Growth
Removals
Growing Stock Consumption
Non-growing Stock Consumption
Bill
ion
Cu
bic
Fee
t
0
5
10
15
20
25All U.S.
Source: Shifley and Sullivan, U.S.F.S. - North Central Experiment Station (2002).
Timber Growth, Removals, and Consumption by Region
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Environmental Impacts of Materials Production
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Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Examination of all measurable:
•Raw material inputs
•Products and by-products
•Emissions
•Effluents
•Wastes
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Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)Typically involves all stages in production, use, and disposal, including:
•Extraction
•Transportation
•Primary processing
•Conversion to semi-finished products
•Incorporation into finished products
•Maintenance
•Disposal/reuse
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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Examines costs associated with specific environmental burdens:
•Cleanup costs
•Health impacts
•Landscape impacts
•Environmental impacts
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Consider for a moment the environmental impacts of decisions
regarding the construction of a residential home.
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Relative Energy Consumption to Produce a Ton of:
Material Energy
Aluminum 70
Steel 17
Brick 3.1
Concrete Blocks 3.0
Dry Lumber 1.0
Source: CORRIM I, National Research Council, 1976.
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Comparative Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior
Wall (GJ)
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
Wood Stud Wall Steel Stud Wall
Extraction 0.7 1.2
Manufacturing 2.1 9.7
Construction 0.6 0.6
Total 3.4 11.5
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Comparative Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior
Wall (GJ)
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
Wood Stud Wall Steel Stud Wall
Extraction 0.7 1.2
Manufacturing 2.1 9.7
Construction 0.6 0.6
Total 3.4 11.53.4x
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What about an exterior wall?
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What if the steel has 50% recycled content?
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Net Carbon Emissions in Producing a Ton of:Net Carbon Emissions
Material (kg C/metric ton)Framing lumber -460Concrete 45Concrete block 49Brick 148Glass 630Steel 1,090Aluminum 2,400Plastic 2,810
Source: Honey and Buchanan, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ, 1992.
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Various Components in a Typical House
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
TimberSteelConcrete Slab
House Frame Floor Wall
Net
Car
bon
Em
issi
on (
kg
C)
Source: Honey and Buchanan, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ, 1992.
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Various Components in a Typical House
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
TimberSteelConcrete Slab
House Frame Floor Wall
Net
Car
bon
Em
issi
on (
kg
C)
Source: Honey and Buchanan, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ, 1992.
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Comparative Emissions in Manufacturing Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall
Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall
CO2 (kg) 305 965CO (g) 2,450 11,800SOX (g) 400 3,700NOX (g) 1,150 1,800Particulates (g) 100 335VOCs (g) 390 1,800Methane (g) 4 45
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
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Comparative Effluents in Manufacturing Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall
Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall
Suspended solids (g) 12,180 495,640Non-ferrous metals (mg) 62 2,532Cyanide (mg) 99 4,051Phenols (mg) 17,715 725,994Ammonia (mg) 1,310 53,665Halogenated organics (mg) 507 20,758Oil and grease (mg) 1,421 58,222Sulphides (mg) 13 507
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
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It all comes down to this:
Although periodic harvesting of forests is viewed as environmentally undesirable in some circles, failure to responsibly harvest triggers a number
of undesirable environmental impacts. These impacts are often quite
substantial.
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Options to Domestic Harvest of Timber
• Shift to use of raw materials other than wood.
• Use wood, but import needs.
• Reduce the rate of raw material consumption/recycle.
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Shift to Non-Wood Raw Materials• A massive substitution would be
necessary to significantly impact wood use.
• Needs are already largely imported.• Gathering and processing of potential
substitute materials is relatively energy intensive, with large environmental impacts.
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Use Wood, But Import Needs
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Importing Raw Material Needs as a National Environmental Strategy . . .
• Is unethical
• Has adverse implications for– Global environment
– Balance of trade
– Long term economic security
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Reduce the Rate of Raw Material Consumption . . .
Probably a good idea, at least in U.S., but . .
• World population is likely to double within the relatively near term
• Large segments of the world population are seeking to consume more, not less.
• Population gains in developing countries translate to relatively larger increases in demand for raw materials.
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Summary
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Summary
• Substantial increases in population are certain.
• Substantial increases in global raw material demand will occur.
• Competition for basic raw materials will continue to increase.
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Summary
• Figuring out how to provide a billion new housing units for a growing population while also protecting the environment will a non-trivial undertaking.
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Summary
• Wood will be clearly be an important part of the sustainability equation. In fact, for the sake of the environment, a strong case can be made that we should use as much wood as possible.