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Mathison - SDSU 1
Attention and consciousness are at different levels of the same brain activity.
How do you perceive & comprehend the world? How do you attend to it and become conscious of it? How do you know?
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
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Mathison - SDSU 2
Attention and consciousness are how we create understanding of our world and build a sense of who we are in relation to the world.
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
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Mathison - SDSU 3
The brain, at some level, is always in a state of readiness. It has powerful predictive capabilities, building mental maps and navigational aids.
The brain is constantly revising based on external input and internal interpretation.
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
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Mathison - SDSU 4
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto
stimuli
motororientation
noveltydetection & reward
executiveorganization
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Mathison - SDSU 5
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto
stimuli
motororientation
noveltydetection & reward
executiveorganization
Faculty Meeting
Monayawns
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Mathison - SDSU 6
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto
stimuli
motororientation
noveltydetection & reward
executiveorganization
Faculty Meeting
Monayawns
you turneyes toward
Mona
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Mathison - SDSU 7
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto
stimuli
motororientation
noveltydetection & reward
executiveorganization
Faculty Meeting
Monayawns
you turneyes toward
Mona
is thenew
behavior?
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Mathison - SDSU 8
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto
stimuli
motororientation
noveltydetection & reward
executiveorganization
Faculty Meeting
Monayawns
you turneyes toward
Mona
is thenew
behavior?
Does thisrequire/merit continued attention? Prioritizing
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Mathison - SDSU 9
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse Orient Detect Execute
reactionto stimuli
motor orientation novelty detection & reward
executiveorganization
During this process, there are many things that can go wrong if the brain isn’t working properly.
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Mathison - SDSU 10
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain
Arouse
Orient Detect Execute
-ability to suddenly increase alertness
Reticular Activating System
brain stem
frontal lobe
limbic system
sense organs
Hippocampus filters incoming stimuli to determine danger
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Mathison - SDSU 11
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse
Orient
Detect Execute
-focus body’s sense organs on novel object in question (motor orientation in involuntary)
disengage ---- move-----engage
thalamus(direct attention to new stimulus & inhibit less important ‘noise’)
basal ganglia & frontal parietal lobe(help us shift focus)
posterior parietal cortex(disengage)
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Mathison - SDSU 12
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse
Orient
Detect Execute
-focus body’s sense organs on novel object in question (motor orientation in involuntary)
disengage ---- move-----engage
Balint’s Syndrome - inability to focus on multiple objects at one time due to damage of the posterior parietal cortex. “Can’t see forest for trees.”
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Mathison - SDSU 13
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
limbic system
Nucleus Accubens -small cluster of cells in the forebrain connected to amygdala. These cells have highest concentration of dopamine in brain.
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Mathison - SDSU 14
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
Nucleus Accumbens is a central player in the reward system. It is the principle pleasure center of the brain.Amphetamines & cocaine achieve their pleasurable effect by changing the concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. ADHD drugs such as Ritalin, Dexedrine & Cylert enhance the concentration and action of dopamine which, in this case, allows for better sustained attention.
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Mathison - SDSU 15
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
Chocolate, coffee, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, morphine, Percodan & Dilaudid all increase the availability of dopamine in our system - generated in large part by the little group of cells called the nucleus accumbens in our forebrain.
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Mathison - SDSU 16
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
Monkeys with lesions in the nucleus accumbens are unable to sustain attention, which hinders then in performing tasks that are not immediately rewarded. This affects their motivation (i.e. peeled nut/hoarding study).
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Mathison - SDSU 17
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
Persons with ADHD are often impulsive and quick to act because they are hooked on immediate feedback. In a sense, they are addicted to the present, unable to delay gratification.
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Mathison - SDSU 18
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient
Detect
Execute
-the detection of novelty & reward
A faulty novelty & reward system causes an addict or the obsessive-compulsive person to feel that every new drink or situation is novel and exciting no matter how many time the stimulus has been encountered. (In OCD this is compounded by brain treating novel event as dangerous.)
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Mathison - SDSU 19
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient Detect
Execute -commands our actions & integrates our attention with short and long term goals
Anterior cingulate gyrus (executive secretary)1) gross prioritizer2) directs attention3) initiates action
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Mathison - SDSU 20
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient Detect
Execute -commands our actions & integrates our attention with short and long term goals
Prefrontal Cortex (the CEO)1) creates working memory (organizes &
structures, remembers self in future, consequence evaluator, stops procrastination)
2) time estimator (processes details)
3) monitors behavior (self-talk, oberserver)
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Mathison - SDSU 21
Attention & ConsciousnessJohn Ratey’s A User’s Guide to the Brain Arouse Orient Detect
Execute -commands our actions & integrates our attention with short and long term goals
Orbitofrontal Cortex (the great inhibitor)
1) sustains attention-stops distractions2) stops over-focus & being ‘stuck’3) error catcher4) organizes how to behave
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Mathison - SDSU 22
Attention & Consciousness
Life experiences and our brain’s chemical composition and functioning create the differences we see in one another. For example, your general ability to concentrate may be better than mine. On the other hand, I may be a better observer of people. While different, most of us fall somewhere within the ‘normal’ spectrum of human behavior. Understanding the brain helps us see our own behaviors and the behaviors of those around us with greater respect and empathy.
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