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Introduction To Organic Chemistry
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Lecture 112.1 Introduction
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, H,
O, N, P, S and halogens.2. State the ability of carbon to form 4 covalent bonds with
other carbons or elements.3. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated organic
compounds. 4. Give examples of organic compounds used in medicine,
engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.
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WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.Organic compounds contain H as well as C, while other common elements are O, N, the halogens, S and P.There are many varieties of organic compounds ( more than 10 millions!!!)They may exist as simple or complex molecules; as gases, liquids or solid and coloured or colourless.
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Examples :- CH4
methane (a component of natural gas)
methyl salicylic acid (aspirin-a drug)
OCOCH3
COOH
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CH2 C
O
NH
O
S
N
COOH
penicillin (an antibiotic)
Cl CH Cl
CCl3
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane(DDT- a pesticide component)
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All organic compounds consist of carbon atom.
Properties of carbon atom:
-has 4 valence electrons.
-can form 4 covalent bonds.
C C
Single bond
C C C C
Double bond Triple bond
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Hydrocarbons
saturated unsaturated
Contains only single bonds ( -C-C- )
Examples: alkanes,
cycloalkanes
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (-C=C-) or triple bond (-C C-).
Examples: alkenes, alkynes.
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Uses of organic compounds
Medicine Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial and fungal infections
Engineering Gasoline-as a fuel for internal combustion engines.
Biotechnology Genetic information like DNA
Agriculture DDT-as insectisides to kill harmful insects.
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Lecture 2:12.2 Molecular and Structural Formulae
Learning Outcomes:At the end of the lesson the students shouldbe able to :
Define structural formula.Draw structural formula in the form of expanded, condensed and skeletal structures based on the molecular formula.Explain primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) and quaternary (4°) carbon.
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Structural formula shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded to each other.
3 types of structural formula:• condensed structure
• expanded structure
• skeletal structure
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2- Dimensional formula
Condensed StructureDoes not show single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, but double and triple bonds are shown.All atoms that are attached to a carbon are written immediately after that carbon.
C4H9Cl CH3CHCH2CH3 (Condensed structure)
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H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2
H2CH2C
Examples:
ii) Cyclohexane, C6H12 iii) Aldehyde, CH3CHO
CH3CH
O
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Expanded Structure
Expanded structures indicate how atoms are attached to each other but are not representations of the actual shapes of the molecules.
C4H9Cl
Molecular
Formula
Expanded structure
C C C C
H H
H H HCl
H H H H
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Examples:
i) Alcohol (C2H6O)
ii) Carboxylic acid (C3H6O2 )
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
OH
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
O
OH
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Skeletal StructureShows only the carbon skeleton.Hydrogen atoms are not written. Other atoms such as O, Cl, N etc. are shown.
i) CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3 = Cl
ii) =H2C CH2
H2C CH2
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3- Dimensional formula ( wedge – dashed wedge – line formula )
Describes how the atoms of a molecule are arranged in space.
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Example : Bromoethane
or or
Indication :-
:bonds that lie in the plane
:bonds that lie behind the plane
:bonds that project out of the plane
C
Br
H
H
H
C
Br
HH
HC
H
BrH
HC
H
HBr
H
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A carbon atom can be classified as
primary carbon(1o) →bonded to 1 C
secondary carbon(2o) → bonded to 2 C
tertiary carbon(3o) → bonded to 3 C
quarternary carbon(4o) → bonded to 4 C
Classification of C atoms:
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H C H
CH3
H
10 carbon10 carbon
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H C CH3
CH3
CH3
30 carbon
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11
1
11H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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2
2H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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43H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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CH3(CH2)CCl(CH3)2
Question
Condensed Structure
Expanded Structure
Skeletal Structure
O
C
H
HH
C CH
H
H
CH3
CH3