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Matter and Energy
In Ecosystems
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3 Ecosystem Necessities
Recycling of Matter (nutrient cycles).
Flow of Energy (food chain).Gravity (keeps everything
here).
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MatterAnything that has mass and
takes up space. Examples: solids (nutrients),
liquids, gases.
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EnergyThe ability to do work.Potential energy- stored
energy.
Ex. food, gasoline.
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Kinetic energy- movement.
Ex. exercise, a car rolling.
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High quality energyOrganized, concentrated.Ex. Petroleum, electricity,
nuclear fission, food.
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Low quality energyDisorganized, not
concentrated.Ex. Low temperature heat,
dispersed geothermal energy.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
1st law- conservation of energy. Energy input always equals energy output.
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2nd law- energy degrades as it is changed from one form to another.
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Energy Chain
fuelheatsteamkinetic energyelectricity
falling waterkinetic energyelectricitylightheat
windkinetic energyelectricitylightheat
sunlightplant tissuekinetic energyheat
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Energy In Ecosystems
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Energy in EcosystemsFood Chains- show the movement of energy from one feeding level (trophic level) to the next.
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Food Web- interlocked food chains.
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Trophic levelsProducers- harness energy from the sun to produce their own food. Ex. plants, phytoplankton.
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Primary consumers- eat producers harnessing their energy (biomass). Herbivores.
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Secondary consumers- eat primary consumers. Primary carnivores.
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Tertiary consumers- eat secondary consumers. Secondary carnivores.
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Decomposers- break down dead matter and waste from the other levels. Bacteria and fungi.
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Ecological PyramidsPyramid of numbers- counting
the number of organisms at each trophic level to yield information about the ecosystem.
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Pyramid of biomass- measures the dried weight of all organisms at each trophic level.
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Pyramid of energy flow- measures the amount of usable energy at each trophic level.
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10% Rule
Only 10% of the biomass at one level is available to the next level. 90% is used for energy, to build more biomass, or is lost as waste.
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Ecosystem Productivity
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Gross Primary ProductivityRate at which producers capture and store energy as biomass.
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Net primary productivityGross productivity minus
the rate at which biomass energy is used during aerobic respiration.
Income available to other trophic levels.
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High production ecosystemsMarshesSwampsEstuariesTrop. Rain Forest
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Low productivity ecosystemOpen oceanTundraDeserts
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Matter in Ecosystems
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Biogeochemical CyclesShow the movement of nutrients through the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.
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Gaseous CycleNutrient time predominates in the atmosphere
Ex. Hydrological, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
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Sedimentary cycle
Nutrient time predominates in rock.
Ex. Phosphorus, sulfur.
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Law of the Conservation of MatterMatter cannot be destroyed, only rearranged.
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High Quality Matter
Concentrated and refined.
Ex. Aluminum can, gasoline.
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Low Quality Matter
Disorganized, unconcentrated.
Ex. Aluminum ore, crude oil.
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Organic compoundsContain carbon and hydrogen and form living tissue.
CHONPS- most common atoms in life (macronutrients).
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Inorganic Compounds
Do not contain C and H bonded. Make up non-living matter.
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Carbon Cycle
Process driven (photosynthesis and cellular respiration).
Gaseous cycle.
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Importance of CarbonIs a key component of organic molecules.
Is an ingredient of photosynthesis.
Is part of the greenhouse layer.
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Human caused problems
Burning fossil fuels releases stored carbon gases increasing the greenhouse effect.
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Nitrogen CycleProcess driven (decomposition, nitrification, denitrif., ammonification).
Gaseous cycle.
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Importance of nitrogenImportant molecular component (DNA and RNA).
Important for plant growth.
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Human caused problems
Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen gases which can become acid rain… also a green house gas.
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Nitrogen fertilizer runoff can cause fish kills.
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Phosphorus cycle
Process driven (weathering, decomposition).
Sedimentary Cycle.
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Importance of Phosphorus
Important cellular component (DNA and RNA).
Plant growth and development.
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Human caused problems
Phosphate fertilizer runoff cause fish kills.
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Sulfur Cycle
Process driven (erosion, decomposition).
Sedimentary cycle.
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Importance of Sulfur
Important ingredient in organic molecules.
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Human caused problems
Burning coal releases sulfur gases which cause acid rain.
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Hydrological cycle
Movement of water through an ecosystem.
Heat (sunlight) driven.
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Importance of waterIt is a great solvent.Diffuses nutrients and waste in living tissue.
Ingredient of photosynthesis.
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It is a great coolant.It is habitat for living organisms.
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