Download - Matter Cycles Through The Biosphere
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Matter Cycles Through The Biosphere
Mr. Alvarez
September 29, 2014
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Biosphere
Biosphere- the region of our planet where life resides
Biogeochemical Cycles- the movements of matter within and between ecosystems involve biological, geological, and chemical processes.
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The Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle- The movement of water through the biosphere
Transpiration- The release of water from leaves
during photosynthesis
Evapotranspiration- the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration
Runoff- Water moving across the land surface and into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean
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Carbon Cycle
• There are 4 main types of processes that move carbon through its cycle
1. Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition, that take up and release Carbon and Oxygen
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Carbon Cycle cont.
2. Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release CO2 to the atmosphere and oceans
3. Mixed processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversions under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground
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Carbon Cycle cont.
4. Human activities such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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Top Carbon Storage Reservoirs:
1. Marine sediments & rocks (& shells)
2. Oceans (dissolved)
3. Fossil Fuels
4. Soil organic matter
5. Forests
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Macronutrients
Macronutrients- Six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
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Nitrogen
Limiting Nutrient- a nutrient required for growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients
Nitrogen is used to form amino acids, building blocks of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Make up 3 percent of total body weight
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Nitrogen Fixation
• Earth’s atmosphere is 78 percent Nitrogen by volume – Most of this is in gaseous form, N2, which is
unusable
Nitrogen Fixation- converting N2 gas directly into ammonia (NH3) First step in the nitrogen cycle
Occurs in organisms such as cyanobacteria and certain bacteria that live within the roots of legumes (peas, beans, some trees)
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Nitrogen Fixing Organisms
• Nitrogen-fixing organisms use the fixed nitrogen to synthesize their own tissues, then excrete excess – Cyanobacteria = water – Bacteria living within plant roots = soil
• Plant provides glucose to bacteria
• Organisms that fix nitrogen can break N2 bond using enzymes – Also adds hydrogen to make NH3
– NH3 is converted into its ionic form, ammonium (NH4+) in the soil
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Two Abiotic Ways of Nitrogen Fixation
1. Lightning or combustion reactions convert N2 into Nitrate (NO3
-), which is usable by plants
– Nitrate is carried to earth’s surface during precipitation
2. Humans synthesizing Nitrogen Fertilizers
– Humans now fix more nitrogen than is fixed in nature
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Nitrogen Cycle continued
• After producers obtain fixed nitrogen, the assimilate it into their tissues (step 2)
• Consumers obtain nitrogen by eating producers
• Then, producers and consumers die and decompose (step 3)
– Ammonification- fungal and bacterial decomposers use nitrogen-containing wastes and dead bodies as a food source and excrete ammonium
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Nitrogen Cycle cont.
Nitrification- nitrifying bacteria converts ammonium into nitrite (NO2
-) and then into nitrate (NO3
-) (step 4) Leaching- the transportation of dissolved
molecules through the soil via groundwater Nitrate ions are repelled by negatively charged soil
particles
Denitrification- bacteria convert nitrate in a series of steps into gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually N2. This is emitted into the atmosphere
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Human Impacts on N cycle:
1.Commercial fertilizer overuse
(fixed-N) = mobility
– Eutrophication & fish kills
– Groundwater contamination
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Human Impacts on N cycle 2.Combustion of Fossil Fuels
NOx emissions from autos
Global warming & Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acid rain
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Phosphorus
• Phosphorus is a major component of DNA and RNA as well as ATP
• Limiting Nutrient second only to Nitrogen
• Also added to soil in the form of fertilizer
• Weathering of rocks is a natural source of phosphorus
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The Phosphorus Cycle
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Excess Phosphorus
Algal Bloom- rapid growth of algae – Can result from adding even small amounts of
Phosphorus to aquatic ecosystems
• Algal Blooms quickly increase the amount of biomass in the ecosystem
• Algae eventually dies, initiating a massive amount of decomposition, which consumes a large amount of oxygen which leads to Hypoxic Conditions – Hypoxic Conditions- areas of low oxygen
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Disturbance
• Disturbance- an event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents that results in changes in population size or community composition
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Types of Disturbances
Natural
• Hurricanes
• Ice storms
• Tsunamis
• Volcanic Eruptions
• Forest Fires
Anthropogenic Disturbances
• Human Settlements
• Agriculture
• Air pollution
• Clear-cutting of Forests
• Removal of entire Mountaintops for Coal Mining
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Watershed Studies
• Watershed- all of the land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake or wetland
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Resistance versus Resilience
• Resistance- the measure of how much a disturbance can affect the flows of energy and matter – When a disturbance influences populations and
communities, but has no effect on the overall flows of energy and matter = high resistance
• Resilience- the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance – A highly resilient ecosystem returns to its original state
rapidly
• Restoration Ecology- A new scientific discipline that is interested in restoring damaged ecosystems
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
• Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis- ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels
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Ecosystem Services
• Instrumental Value- something that has worth as an instrument or a tool that can be used to accomplish a goal – The value of items such as lumber or
pharmaceutical drugs
• Intrinsic Value- something that has worth independent of any benefit it may provide humans – Moral value of an animal’s life
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Provisions
Provisions- goods that humans can use directly
Lumber
Food crops
Medicinal plants
Natural rubber
Furs
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Regulating Services
Regulating Services- The service provided by natural systems that helps regulate environmental conditions.
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Support Systems
Support Systems- The support services that natural ecosystems provide such as pollination, natural filters and pest control.
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Resilience
Resilience- Resilience of an ecosystem ensures that it will continue to provide benefits to humans. This greatly depends on species diversity.
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Cultural Services
Cultural services- Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people