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MATTER
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STRUCTURE OF MATTER• According to the modern atomic
model, protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, and electrons are found outside the nucleus in a region called the electron cloud.
• Protons have a positive charge.
• Electrons have a negative charge.
• Neutrons are neutral, they have no charge.
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• Protons and Neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks. There is an up quark and a down quark held together by particles called gluons.
• Protons have more up quarks than down quarks.
• Neutrons have more down quarks than up quarks.
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ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS• The first energy level,
closest to the nucleus, can hold only 2 electrons (e-).
• The second energy level can hold only 8 e-.
• The third energy level is stable when it has 8 e-. (can actually hold 18 in all, but only after the fourth energy level has at least 2)
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ISOTOPES
• Two or more atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
• If they have the same # of protons, they have the same atomic #, which means they are all the same element.
• If they have different numbers of neutrons, they have different mass numbers.
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HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
Atomic # =
Mass # =
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IONS• Charged atoms (or groups of atoms) are called ions.
• An atom becomes charged by either gaining or losing one or more electrons.
• An atom that has lost one or more e- is a positive ion (cation). The atom now has more protons than e-.
• An atom that has gained one or more e- is a negative ion (anion). The atom now has more e- than protons.
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0+1
+1 cation
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0 -1
-1 anion
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+1
+1 cation
-1
-1 anion
The oppositely charged ions will now attract each other and make an ionic chemical bond. This forms sodium fluoride…the stuff in your toothpaste that kills bacteria.
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Generally, atoms do not gain or lose protons.An atom will become an ion only by gainingor losing e-. The number of protons (or neutrons) will only change during nuclearfission, nuclear fusion, or radioactive decay.
What charge will an atom have if it loses 3 e-?
What charge will an atom have if it gains 2 e-?
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• The smallest unit of any substance (example: water) that still retains the properties of the substance is a molecule. A molecule is any two or more atoms combined by sharing electrons. (non-metals only, even two of the same element)
• A compound is any two or more different elements combined.
• Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms, not the destruction or creation of them.
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a representation of one molecule of a substance by showing the symbol of each element in the substance and the number of each element in the molecule
Example: H2O is the formula for water because it represents one molecule of water. If you broke the substance down any farther, it would not be water.
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If you have a formula like C7H5(NO2)3 , you would have 7 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 3 nitrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Any time you have atoms inside a parenthesis ( ) with a subscript number after the ( ), you multiply the number after the ( ) by the number of each element inside the ( ) to obtain the total number of atoms for each element inside the ( ).
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The group of atoms inside the ( ) is called a polyatomic ion.
more than one atom has a charge
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1 s2
2 s2 p6
3 s2 p6 d10
4 s2 p6 d10 f14
5 s2 p6 d10 f14
6 s2 p6 d10 7 s2 p6
Energy level
orbital
Maximum # of e- the orbital can contain