Matter
The QuestionsWhy do is the sun hot?Why does wood burn whereas rocks do not?What is flame?How does soap work?Why does soda frizz when you open the
bottle?
MatterDefine as the “stuff” of which the universe is
composed, has two characteristics: It has a mass and it occupies space.
Three states of matter:SolidLiquidGas
The Three States of MatterStateState DefinitionDefinition ExamplesExamples
SolidSolid Rigid, has a fixed shape and Rigid, has a fixed shape and volumevolume
Ice cube, diamond, Ice cube, diamond, iron bariron bar
LiquidLiquid Has a define volume but takes Has a define volume but takes the shapes of its containerthe shapes of its container
Gasoline, water, Gasoline, water, alcohol, bloodalcohol, blood
GasGas Has no fixed volume or shape; Has no fixed volume or shape; take the shape and volume of take the shape and volume of its containerits container
Air, helium, oxygenAir, helium, oxygen
Physical and Chemical Properties and ChangesPhysical properties
Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.
E.g Temperature, color, amount, melting point, solubility….
Chemical propertiesCharacteristic that do involve a change in
chemical makeupE.g rusting of iron, combustion etc…
ExamplesClassify each of the following as a physical or
a chemical propertyThe boiling point of a certain alcohol is 78oCDiamond is very hardSugar ferments to form alcoholA metal wire conducts an electric current
Physical ChangesInvolves a change in one or more physical properties, but no change in the
fundamental components that make up the substance
Solid liquid gas
Chemical ChangeInvolves a change in the fundamental
components of the substances; a given changes into a new different substance or substances
Also called as chemical reactionsE.g Combustion of propanePropane + oxygen gas Carbon dioxide +water
vapor
ExampleClassify each of the following as a physical or
a chemical changeIron metal is meltedYou make scrambled eggsWood burns in airA rock broken into smaller pieces
3.3 Elements and CompoundClassify as a pure substance
Have a constant composition
Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substance by chemical method
Compound is a substance that composed of 2 or more elements or any substance that can be broken down into elements
element + element compoundcompound element + elements + ….
3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances Mixtures: formed when 2 or more
substances are blended together in some random proportion
Individual substances do not undergo a chemical change
Homogeneous mixture (solution) has uniform properties throughout.
E.g – water-base solutionsAir: mixture of N2(g), O2(g)
Heterogeneous mixture has regions with different composition
E.g – Sand with sugar, water with gasoline, dust with air
ExamplesIdentify each of the following as a pure
substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixtureGasolineBrassPure apple juiceChocolate chip cookies
3.5 Separation MixturesPhysical methods
DistillationFiltration
GravitySuction
Common separationHomogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture
DistillationSeparate solid from
liquidVolatile substance is
readily separated through heating
Composition of each individual substance does not changed
E.g – Separation of salt water
If two solutions are volatile then distillation cannot be achieved
FiltrationUsed to remove
impurities from solutionImpurities (larger
solid particles) stay on the filter paper
Water goes through the paper
E.g – sand and seawater
Summary Matter
Homogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous
mixture
Physical methods
Pure Substances
Elements Compounds
Chemical methods