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Use of Glass for Structural
Glazing
To Measi College Students7th May, 2103
SriRam N
IGBC - AP
Saint-Gobain Glass India
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Introduction to Facades
Facade is the exterior part of the buildingmeaning face in French
Made up of components or elements
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Facade - Requirements
The facade of a building should
Be safe during construction & use
Retain its appearance throughout its life
Keep out weather & provide comfortable environment
Be correctly designed, planned & installed
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Structural Design/Facade Systems
Types
Material used
Selection of Glass
Safety & Security
Energy performance
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN/FACADE SYSTEM
FRAMED
WINDOWSSTRUCTURAL
GLAZING
FRAMELESS
STRIP
PUNCHED
OPENABLE
UNITIZEDSYSTEM
SEMI UNITIZEDSYSTEM
GAS FIN SYSTEM
CABLE NET SYSTEM
SHELL FRAMEDSYSTEM
SPIDER BOLTEDSYSTEM
TENSION TRUSSSYSTEM
Structural Design/Facade Systems
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Frameless Systems
Bolted systems without any frames
Contemporary designs; Provide unrestricted vision
An image showing the louvre pyramid during day and night
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Types of Frameless Systems
Wide range of visionGlass FinSystem
Cables - Modern
appearance
Cable Net
System
Articulated point fixingSpider Bolted
System
Small mechanicalfixtures
LightweightTension Truss
System
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Continuous Strip of window withsolid wall above & below
Framed glazing with opaque wallson both sides
Windows
TYPES OFWINDOWS
PUNCH STRIP
Glazed openings on solid walls of a building
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Structural Glazing
Bonding facade panels to curtain wall frame
Structural grade silicone adhesive / sealant
STRUCTURAL
GLAZING
TWO- SIDEDGLAZING
FOUR- SIDEDGLAZING
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Semi-unitized System
Mullion & transom - fixed at site
Glass - structurally glazed to sub-frame
Sub-frame - bolted to main frame
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Unitized System
Complete framework with
glass is factory fabricated
Prefabricated unit is
assembled at the site
Brackets secure unitized
units with structure
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Comparison
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Aluminium frames
Curtain wall sections
Gaskets
Sealants
Glass
Brackets & fixings
Vent panels
Pressure equalisation cavity
Setting block
Adaptors
Pressure plates
Cover caps
Thermal break
Elements of Facade System
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Elements of Facade System
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Aluminium Frames
Made from coated aluminium alloys
(aluminium alloy 6061, 6063-T5/T6)
Hollow sections
Corrosion resistant
Easy to design, form & finish
Types of aluminium frame coatings
Anodized aluminium
Electrophoresis painted
Fluorocarbon sprayed
Powder-coated aluminium
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Aluminium Properties
Properties of aluminium
Density: 2.70 g/cm3
Melting point: 660C
Thermal conductivity: 0.5
Thermal emissivity: 3.0 (at 100C)
U Value4-7 W/SqmK
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Thermal Break
Made from fibre glass reinforced polyamide
NeopreneCommonly used material for themal reak
THERMAL
BREAK
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Thermal Break - Benefits
Benefits of thermal breakProvides insulation
Improves energy efficiency
Structurally strong & durable
Watertight & chemically resistant
Same rate of expansion &contraction as aluminium
THERMAL BREAK
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Curtain Wall Sections
Mullion
Vertical section of the frame
Spans from floor to floor
Transfers glazing load to building
Has splice plates to fix transom
MULLIONS
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Curtain Wall Sections
Transom
Horizontal section of the frame
Spans from mullion to mullion
Transfers dead weight of glass to mullion
TRANSOMS
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SpandrelArea between false ceiling & below next floor level
Insulated non-vision area; blocks light
Fixed area; not Openable
Insulated for high thermal insulation
Vision
Area between floor level & false ceiling
Allows Daylight
Can be Ventilated or fixed
Spandrel and Vision Units
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Preformed components made of Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer (EPDM) or Neoprene
Provide a seal when compressed within a joint
Limit air leakage and water penetration
Allow relative movement
Accommodate tolerances
Gaskets
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Gaskets
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To prevent glass metal contact
To prevent water & air leakage through joints
To provide sufficient system space for expansion or
contraction as well as thermal breaks
Gasket - Uses
GASKET
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Used to resist wind, thermal & other stresses
Classified into structural & weather sealants
Staining or non-staining types
One-part or two-part
Sealants
SEALANT
SEALANT
APPLICATION
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A good sealant must have the following properties
Adhesion to substrate material
Ability to deform under stress
Weather resistance
Durability
Sealant - Properties
Cured sealant
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Prevent glass to metal contact in a facade
system
Setting Blocks
SETTING BLOCK
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Setting blocks are used to
Support the dead weight of glass
Prevent glass breakage
Support the entire glazing unit
Setting Blocks - Uses
SETTING
BLOCK
SETTING
BLOCK
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Used in deep joints along with wet sealant
Limit sealant wastage
Controls joint shape
Backer Rod
BACKER
ROD
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Extruded aluminium profile with mechanical screws
Fix glass to main mullion
Alternative to sealant in some cases
Cover Caps
Coated aluminium cap
Used to cover the visible screws
Neat finishing
Pressure Plates
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Made of mild steel or aluminium
Customizable based on the site requirements
Either welded or bolted
Support brackets
Restraint connections
Brackets
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Brackets have many functions
To transfer live/ dead loads to the structure
To connect curtain wall to the structure
To transfer frame load to slabs
Bracket - Functions
Face-mounted bracketSlab-mounted bracket
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Attach curtain wall brackets & windows to structure
Required to connect to steel, concrete or masonry
Selection of fixing depends on load & safety
Fixings
ANCHOR BOLT
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Selection of Glass
GLASS
Strength
and Safety
Energy
Performance
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Selection of Glass
GLASS
Strength
and Safety
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Glass For Exterior Faade
Glass For SafetyAgainst injury &people fallingthrough glass
Against glassfalling
Glass For SecurityOverhead Glazing
Vandalism andburglary
Fire-arm /Explosion & bullet
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Glass types
Types of Glass
Annealed Glass
Heat Strengthened glass
Tempered glass
Laminated glass
Insulation thermal unit (IGU)
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Annealed glass
Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the
microstructure of a material causing changes inproperties such as strength and hardness
Process : Very slow cooling
Reason: Ease & precise cutting of glass
Sketch: Glass manufacturing line
Annealing Lehr
typically 800m -1000m long for
slow cooling
Furnace
Float
Cutting & packing section
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Annealed glass
Benefits
Ease in cutting ofglass
Lower opticaldistortion
Lower waviness
Concern
Not a safety Glass;Breaks as largeSharpe pieces
Least structuralstrength
Tensile Strength40N/Sqmm
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Tempered Glass
Tempering Furnace
loading heating quenching
&
cooling
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Thermally Toughened glass
Heat to 600 - 700C
Quenching fast
cooling through Air
Fast cooling of thesurface
thermally"prestressed" glass
THERMAL TEMPERING
0 compressiontension
t
0.21 tsurface compressioncenter tension
(defines break pattern) (defines strength)
parabolic internal stress profile
T d / h d Gl
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Tempered / toughened Glass
Benefits
Safety Glass; breaksas small , non-sharpedged pieces
High Tensile
strengthTensile Strength
120N/Sqmm
Concern
Cannot be cut posttempering
Increased wavinessand optical distortion
compared to annealedglass
H t St th d l
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Heat Strengthened glass
Heat strengthening process is very similar toToughening, Except that the cooling is done isFaster than annealed glass & slower than temperedglass
Benefits
Better optical distortion & compared
to tempered glass
Concern
Not a safety Glass; Breaks as large Sharpe
pieces
Least structural strength
Tensile Strength 75N/Sqmm
Ch t i ti f P d l
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Characteristics of Processed glass
Characteristics Annealed Glass
Heat Strengthened
glass Tempered Glass
Tensile Strength 40N/Sqm 75N/Sqmm 120N/Sqm
Thermal Stress50C
130C
200C
Safety Glass No No Yes
Breakage Pattern Sharp large pieces Sharp large pieces Small Pieces
L i t d Gl
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Laminated Glass
A composite material consisting oftwo or more sheets of glasspermanently bonded togethergenerally by PVB
Vandalism, explosive & bullet
resistant is formulated by multifoldlaminated combination
Glass Glass
PVB
I l t d Gl P
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Unit is assembled
Insulated Glass - Process
Glass sheets separated by
Spacer bar
Primary/Secondary Sealant
used
Air space provides insulation
Benefits
Energy efficiency
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Use of Glass based on Application
A li ti
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Application
Hs > 0.75m - Any GlassHs
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Application
Laminated Safety Glass - Mandatory
Source : Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Human Safety
Hs 1.5m
Safety Glass - Tempered Glass
Preferred laminated
S l ti f Gl
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Selection of Glass
GLASS
Energy
Performance
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiation emitted by the sun is called electromagnetic radiation
Solar radiation is the sum of
3% ultraviolet (UV) light
42% visible light
55% infrared (IR) light
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1# 2#
reflected
energyre-emitted
energy
re-emitted
energy
directly transmittedenergy
Heat gain
due to Direct
solar radiation
Directly +
Re-emitted energy
= S F / SHGC / g
Visual Light Transmission (VLT)
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Visual Light Transmission (VLT)
Percentage of incident light transmitted
Percentage transmission depends Tint & Coating
Light Transmitted
out
Factors affecting SOLAR FACTOR (SF) or Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
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g ( ) ( )
Visual Light Transmission (VLT)
Clear
SHGC = 0.84
VLT = 89%
Green
SHGC = 0.56
VLT = 73%
Blue
SHGC = 0.56
VLT = 56%
Clearsolar control
SHGC = 0.150.68
VLT = 10% - 75%
Greensolar control
SHGC = 0.160.47
VLT = 8% - 54%
Bluesolar control
SHGC = 0.160.47
VLT = 8% - 54%
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Area = 1 m2
T1= 1oC T2= 0
oC
U = 5.7 W/sqm K
Amount of heat
Transferred due to
temperature differenceU Value
U Value
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U Value
Single Glazed Unit
U value 3.8 to 5.7 W/Sqmk
Double Glazed Unit
U value 2.8 W/Sqmk
Double Glazed Unit
U value 1.8 W/Sqmk
Double Glazed Unit
U value 1.5 W/Sqmk
Total Heat Gain
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Solar Incidence Radiation X Solar Factor / SHGC of glass
Temperature Differential across Envelope X U Valueof Glass
+
Total Heat Gain
Total Heat Gain in Watts / square meter
=
HEAT GAIN DUE TO
SOLAR FACTOR
HEAT GAIN DUE TO
U value
SOLAR FACTOR + U Value
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Performance
COATING TECHNOLOGY
- Online Coating Technology
- Offline Coating Technology
Online Coating Facility
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Online Coating Facility
Coating during the manufacturing of glass at 650-700
C
Coating is done at the End of float bath area before annealinglehr
Solar Control PropertiesMaximum 2 Coating LayersPoor Spectral selectivity (Light transmission & SHGC ratio)
Online
Coating
Manufactured during manufacturing of glass it self.
Process of manufacturing known as pyrolysis
CVD Coating
Offline Coating Facility
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Offline Coating Facility
Spectrally Selective coatings (X10-9)mm(Nano- metric thickness)
Post temperable CoatingCan betempered, Heat strengthened & laminated
Solar + Thermal Insulation Coating
Single Silvered Low-e
Double Silvered Low-e
Offline
Coating
Manufactured in a separate process (offline) by
Magnetron sputtering on to raw glass
Nano-Multi layered coating
Electron Microscope
Energy Performance Comparison
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gy p
Solar
incident
energy =
415 W/sqm
Temperature
differential
= 8 C
Clear GlassIn SGU
SF / SHGC /g: 0.85
U Value: 5.7 W/sqm K
400 W/sqm
354
46
Solar Control
SF / SHGC /g:0.40
U Value: 5.7 W/sqm K
212 W/sqm
166
46
Solar control+
Low-e
SF / SHGC /g:0.25
U Value: 1.6 W/sqm K
117 W/sqm104
13
Solar Factor contributes to over 80% of Heat Gain
Energy Performance Comparison
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gy p
Glass area
1000m2
Electricity
onsumption
For cooling0.6 kWHr / TR
Operation
Hours
8 Hrs for
240 days
Base
61,056
92,160
114 TR
61 TR
34 TR
131,328
70,272
39,168
Savings Annual
Electricity
Consumption
kWHrAC tonnagefor Cooling
Annual
ElectricityConsumption
kWHr
Clear Glass
In SGU
Solar control
Solar control+
Low-e
Reduced Capital investment on Cooling design
Reduces operation cost
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To Summarize
We have seen
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We have seen
Structural Design/Facade Systems
Framed System
Frameless System
Windows
Structural GlazingFabrication types (unitized / Semi unitized)
Fabrication materials
Selection of Glass
Safety & Security
Application
Energy
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Thank You..!!